Cairo City Research Articles

Development of bio-based lightweight and thermally insulated bricks: Efficient energy performance, thermal comfort, and CO2 emission of residential buildings in hot arid climates

This study explores the viability of using industrial wastewater sludge (IWWS), generated by the mycelium treatment of dyeing wastewater, for the fabrication of lightweight and thermally insulating bricks. The pulverized IWWS was used at various replacement ratios of 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 wt% of clay. The mixture was subjected to firing temperatures of 700, 800, and 900 °C. The effect of applying IWWS to the brick characteristics is assessed through an examination of the physico-mechanical and thermal properties. The utilization of IWWS resulted in a significant enhancement in apparent porosity (34.4 %), cold water absorption (25.6 %), boiling water absorption (28.5 %), linear drying shrinkage (5.1 %), and linear firing shrinkage (7.9 %) using 20 % IWWS at 900 °C. Furthermore, the density, compressive strength, and thermal conductivity were reduced as the substitution IWWS ratio increased, reaching up to 1662.9 kg/m3, 11.56 MPa, and 0.198 W/m.K., respectively, using 20 wt% IWWS at 900 °C. The effect of fabricated fired bricks (FBs) on the thermal insulation, CO2 emissions, and energy consumption of residential buildings was tested. This is accomplished by using energy modeling tools, such as Honeybee, Ladybug, and Climate Studio (Grasshopper plugins), in addition to Galapagos for optimizing wall design. The suggested wall design is being used in a communal residential building located in two distinct climatic regions, namely Cairo in Egypt and Jazan in Saudi Arabia. According to the projected mean vote (PMV) and anticipated percentage of discontent (PPD) measures, the utilization of fabricated FBs as wall materials exhibits significant improvements in thermal comfort. Furthermore, they lead to a 6 % and 7 % drop in CO2 emissions in Cairo and Jazan cities, respectively, as well as a significant 38.8 % and 39 % reduction in energy consumption in Cairo and Jazan cities, respectively. Therefore, the use of fabricated FBs demonstrates itself as a feasible and environmentally friendly choice for building construction.

Effect of telehealth education on women’s knowledge regarding risk factors and early detection of breast cancer

Background The most frequent cancer that affects women worldwide is breast cancer (BC). Through comprehension of risk factors and early detection approaches, women can become more adept at managing their journey toward breast health. Aim The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of telehealth education on women’s knowledge regarding risk factors and early detection of BC. Design A quasi-experimental (pre- and post test) design was used to achieve the current study aim. Setting The current study was carried out at family health centers in Cairo City, Egypt. Sample A purposive sample of 300 women was recruited for the current study. Tools Two tools were used for data collection. Tool (I): Demographic and medical-related data form and Tool (II) BC Knowledge Questionnaire. Results The current findings disclosed that there were statistically significant differences between all knowledge dimensions’ mean scores of BC risk factors related to knowledge pre-, post-, and follow-up telehealth sessions (P value= 0.0001). Also, the study finding indicated that 73% of participants got a satisfactory knowledge level regarding BC risk factors and early detection after sessions, which increased to 86.7% after 3 months. Conclusion The implementation of telehealth education has a significant effect on improving women’s knowledge regarding BC risk factors and early detection. Recommendations Promotion and development of telehealth education programs to raise women’s knowledge about BC risk factors and early detection

Methodology for microclimatic urban canyon design case study surrounding MUST university campus in Cairo

ABSTRACT Climate change is a major issue all over the world which has a great impact on global warming especially in countries with hot arid climates like Egypt. With rapid urbanization, streets in Greater Cairo and new cities are mostly car-oriented, which increases the Urban Heat Island(UHI) and, hence, affects the overall outdoor thermal comfort. Looking at the urban development in recent years, almost 10 new private universities are in operation in Cairo’s new cities together with a number of large recreational projects where they lack the appropriate vegetation surrounding their borders which in turn increases the UHI effect, decreasing the walkability’s thermal comfort and in turn contributes poorly to the surrounding climate. This paper focuses on the urban canyons in streets surrounding universities as they usually have high traffic rates in terms of both vehicular and pedestrian flows. This large flow of pedestrians necessitates taking into consideration the thermal comfort of the users. MUST University in the Al-Motamayez district on the 6th of October city was chosen as a case study. This case study is considered the basis for achieving an understanding and developing a methodology approach for such studies by using Envi-Met software for the simulation of different scenarios focusing on choosing trees appropriate to the climate zone of the city. Results for the simulation of suggested scenarios of intervention show a 30% improvement toward thermal comfort, which could be considered a first step for future guidelines development toward achieving thermal comfort and decreasing UHI.

Smart monitoring technique for solar cell systems using internet of things based on NodeMCU ESP8266 microcontroller

Rapidly and remotely monitoring and receiving the solar cell systems status parameters, solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity, are critical issues in enhancement their efficiency. Hence, in the present article an improved smart prototype of internet of things (IoT) technique based on embedded system through NodeMCU ESP8266 (ESP-12E) was carried out experimentally. Three different regions at Egypt; Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira cities were chosen to study their solar irradiance profile, temperature, and humidity by the proposed IoT system. The monitoring data of solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity were live visualized directly by Ubidots through hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) protocol. The measured solar power radiation in Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira ranged between 216-1000, 245-958, and 187-692 W/m<sup>2</sup> respectively during the solar day. The accuracy and rapidity of obtaining monitoring results using the proposed IoT system made it a strong candidate for application in monitoring solar cell systems. On the other hand, the obtained solar power radiation results of the three considered regions strongly candidate Luxor and Cairo as suitable places to build up a solar cells system station rather than El-Beheira.

The correlates of smartphone use for transportation purposes in Egypt and Lebanon

The determinants of smartphone use for urban transportation purposes in developing countries, particularly in the cities of the Middle East and North Africa, have not been thoroughly investigated so far. This study aims to clarify the individual, mobility, and perception-related correlates of smartphone use specifically for ordering vehicles via ride-sourcing in medium-sized and large cities as well as the megacities of the region. The four cities of Cairo and Alexandria in Egypt and Beirut and Jounieh in Lebanon were taken as case-study cities. An overall sample of 3,285 face-to-face interviews was undertaken between late 2022 and early 2023 using a questionnaire focusing on individual, household, mobility, and perceptions of the respondents. The research depends on a chi-square test of independence and Binary logistic regression to answer three research questions: Are the levels of smartphone use for transportation purposes significantly different in the countries of Egypt and Lebanon? What are the correlates of smartphone use for transportation purposes in the four case-study cities? What are the differences among the correlates of smartphone use for transportation purposes in the four case-study cities? The results of a Chi-square test of independence show that there is a highly significant difference between the smartphone use levels for transportation purposes among the four case-study cities: in subsamples in the Egyptian and Lebanese capitals, there is a stronger tendency to use smartphones for transportation. Moreover, the model fit based on Binary Logistic regression shows that age, trip generation for non-commute purposes, perceived ease of using ride-sourcing apps, perceived security when using public transportation, education status, and gender are significantly correlated with smartphone use. These explanatory variables function somehow differently in the case-study cities, but in general, there are strong similarities among the four cities. In conclusion, the results of this study can be used to reduce personal car use and strengthen shared mobility in the cities of the Middle East and North Africa region.

Experimental study for the consolidation of load-bearing limestone walls applied to the building of Wekalat (Caravan Sarai) Uda-Basha in the city of Cairo

Experimental study for the consolidation of load-bearing limestone walls applied to the building of Wekalat (Caravan Sarai) Uda-Basha in the city of Cairo

Scholarly Rigour in Gelatin Silver: K. A. C. Creswell’s Photographs of Islamic Architecture

This article critically considers the aesthetics, process, and distribution of K. A. C. Creswell’s photographic collections of Islamic architecture. Creswell (1879–1974), a British university professor in Cairo from 1931 until his death, is considered one of the founders of the field of Islamic architectural history. As a young scholar in the 1910s, he took thousands of photographs of Islamic architectural sites, mainly in Egypt, which he then duplicated and deposited into major institutions of art historical study: Harvard University, the Victoria and Albert Museum, the Villa I Tatti, the Ashmolean Museum, and the American University in Cairo. While he strove to objectively document historical sites through photography, Creswell also inadvertently captured aspects of everyday life in the city of Cairo. These slips of modernity in his photographs highlight how he ‘personally re-created’ distinctive study images that are not solely documents of architecture. His choice of camera, lens, angle, shutter speed, lens filter, cropping, and printing generated an identifiable photographic style that marked these images within the field of art historical study. These five photographic collections, spread across three continents, thus exhibit how photography facilitated the incorporation of the field of Islamic art into the wider field of art history.

Towards Achieving Sustainable Environmental Efficiency: Rationalizing Energy used in Educational Buildings of University Campus

The research deals with a practical and analytical study comparing the use of the computer program for digital simulation, Design Builder, to calculate the amount of energy consumption in buildings, as the aim of the research is to conclude the most influential architectural elements in reducing energy consumption in the typical building of Al-Azhar College of Engineering for Girls (CEG). This is done by calculating the amount of energy consumption of the college building with its existing specifications while making architectural modifications to the building to conclude which elements have an impact on reducing energy consumption under the influence of the climatic conditions of the city of Cairo. These architectural elements include treating the glass surfaces and curtain walls in the building and increasing the operating temperature of the air conditioners to cool the building, as it is clear from the simulation results that the greatest reduction in the building’s cooling load is by 40%. The research concludes with recommendations that contribute to energy rationalization in educational buildings on campus, thus achieving efficiency in the internal and external environment.

The revitalization of endangered heritage buildings:A decision-making framework for investment and determining the highest and best use in Egypt.

Egypt's major cities have been losing heritage and historical buildings due to neglect and misuse, prompting non-governmental organizations, academic institutions, and researchers to advocate for adaptive reuse strategies to preserve the cities' heritage and identity. Adaptive reuse involves changing, modifying, or reusing a space based on community needs, business model, location, and proximity to facilities and services. Heritage buildings offer many tangible and intangible benefits that enhance financial returns, making them challenging but feasible and attractive for investors who value authenticity, uniqueness, and sustainability. This study examines how market value, acquisition opportunities, target clients, age groups, and socioeconomic status affect decision-making. A comparative analysis of three buildings in the Egyptian cities of Alexandria and Cairo is utilized to establish development guidelines and decision-making parameters that significantly impact project design and building functions to determine the highest and best use. In order to complete this study, AutoCAD by Autodesk was used for 2D drawings, SketchUp by Trimble for 3D models, Adobe Photoshop for diagram presentation, and Microsoft Office for tables and diagrams. The comparative analysis provided valuable insights into the adaptive reuse of heritage buildings in developing countries. Findings highlighted how cultural heritage preservation could foster socioeconomic development. Key success factors included stakeholder and community engagement, financial viability, and architectural compatibility. The decision-making framework provides a practical tool for evaluating heritage building reuse. The analysis illustrates successful reuse strategies and considerations. Decision-making frameworks and tools offer practical guidance for future investments and decisions. These findings affect heritage conservation and urban development policymakers, planners, and investors. Stakeholders can make informed decisions and implement strategies to preserve cultural and environmental value by realizing challenges and opportunities. This study hopes to inspire more research and help preserve and revitalize heritage buildings in developing countries, preserving their cultural and socioeconomic value.

Optimization of Microclimate Conditions Considering Urban Morphology and Trees Using ENVI-Met: A Case Study of Cairo City

This research aims to optimize the use of trees to enhance microclimate conditions, which has become necessary because of climate change and its impacts, especially for cities suffering from extreme heat stress, such as Cairo. It considers elements of urban morphology, such as the aspect ratio and orientation of canyons, which play an important role in changing microclimate conditions. It also considers both sides of each canyon because the urban shading is based on the orientation and the aspect ratio, which can provide good shade on one side of the canyon but leave the other side exposed to direct and indirect radiation, to ensure a complete assessment of how the use of trees can be optimized. As Cairo city is very large and has a variety of urban morphologies, a total of 144 theoretical cases have been tested for Cairo city using ENVI-met to cover the majority of the urban cases within the city (Stage 1). Then, the same tree scenarios used in the theoretical study are applied to an existing urban area in downtown Cairo with many urban morphology varieties to validate the results of the theoretical study (Stage 2). After testing all cases in both stages, it became very clear that the addition of trees cannot be the same for the different aspect ratios, orientations, and sides of the different canyons. For example, eastern roads should have more trees than other orientations for all aspect ratios, but the required number of trees is greater for the northern side than the southern side, as the southern side is partially shaded for a few hours of the day by buildings in moderate and deep canyons. Northern streets require a very limited number of trees, even in shallow canyons, on both sides. The correlation between the number of trees on each side for the different orientations and aspect ratios shows a strong negative relationship, but the correlation values change between the different sides and orientations. The results of applying trees to an existing urban area show almost the same results as the theoretical study’s results, with very slight differences occurring because of the irregularity of the existing study area. This proves that when adding trees, not only the aspect ratio and orientation but also the side of each canyon should be considered to ensure that pedestrians, in all cases, have better microclimate conditions and that the use of trees is optimized.

Novel solar still design using transparent waste bottles

With increasing pressure on the global climate under the high worm gases emissions of fossil fuel, the necessity of using renewable energy is rapidly increasing. This study proposed a new solar water desalination system using waste transparent bottles for freshwater production. Two concentric transparent bottles were used. The inner bottle was cut longitudinally and horizontally placed with upward cut direction and filled with black cotton wick saturated by saline water. The outer transparent tube was cut radially to insert the inner smaller bottle inside and then reassembled using a transparent tap. The proposed device was exposed to the sunrays that reached the black wick and the energy absorbed and transferred to the saline water. After a short time, the water evaporation appears and started to condensate on the inner surface of the outer transparent bottle and collected at the bottom of the bottle by gravity. The proposed device showed moderate performance with 30.28% thermal efficiency and 2.95 L/m2day freshwater productivity under August climatic conditions of Cairo city in Egypt. The proposed device reduced the freshwater cost per liter by almost 66.2%, reaching a very competitive level of $0.0042/L. The proposed device can cover the essential freshwater needs for one person/year with not only a reduction of 21.3 tons/year of CO2 emissions but also with a reuse of 117 kg/year of plastic waste bottles.

A sustainable solution for flood and rain hazard using remote sensing & GIS: New Cairo

Climate changes have exposed many countries to the risks of heavy rains and floods that may lead to the loss of lives and damage to properties. The trend in prioritizing the establishment of stormwater drainage systems in urban areas in Egypt came after the provision and completion of drinking water. This necessitated the implementation of permanent solutions to absorb the unprecedented amounts of rainwater and torrential rain, which were not taken into account when designing the existing sewage networks. Furthermore, there is a lack of water resources and the existing water resources are less than the demand. Therefore, this research study aimed to take advantage of the stormwater that falls on residential neighborhoods by making underground reservoirs or retention ponds to protect these areas from the damage caused by the rains and reusing it in irrigating local green area inside these regions, to achieve sustainable water resources solutions for these areas. Satellite imagery, DEM & ArcGIS are used. A hydrological calculation for 24 different storms, with 4 different return periods for New Cairo City. However, it is the basin of interest that includes public green spaces for rain harvesting and storage for irrigation. For avoiding the risks of heavy rains in a city that hasn’t stormwater networks, and get a sustainable solution by using the water from rainfall for irrigation through using sub-areas of some public green spaces such as retention ponds or ground reservoirs, using the runoff volume shall save approximately 6 days of irrigation per storm.

Alexithymia, resilience and suicidal ideation among patients with obsessive–compulsive disorder

BackgroundObsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) is a psychiatric illness with a considerable risk of alexithymia, and suicide may make this risk worse. This study aimed to assess alexithymia, resilience, and suicidal ideation among patients with obsessive–compulsive disorder. A cross-sectional study was established at the psychiatric outpatient clinic at Zagazig University Hospitals in addition to Abbasyia Hospital for Mental Health in Cairo City. A purposive sample of 140 obsessive–compulsive patients. Five tools were used for data collection, including the socio-demographic questionnaire, the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS), the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20), the Resilience Scale, and the Scale for Suicidal Ideation (SSI).ResultsThe study findings demonstrated that in excess of two-thirds of the studied subjects had mild obsessive–compulsive disorder, slightly more than two-thirds of them suffered from alexithymia, more than half of patients had a moderate level of resilience, and the majority of them had suicidal ideation. Patients’ obsessive–compulsive score was a statistically significant positive predictor for suicidal ideation.ConclusionsA positive and significant correlation was found between patients’ obsessive–compulsive scores and both alexithymia and suicidal ideation scores. Negatively significant correlations were found between resilience and each patient’s obsessive–compulsive score, alexithymia, and suicidal ideation. Therefore, it is recommended implementing longitudinal studies to establish the causality between OCD Sufferers’ resilience, alexithymia, and ideations of suicide.

Urban acupuncture theory for reclaiming urban spaces during the COVID-19 lockdown in New Cairo City

ABSTRACT After the COVID-19 pandemic, human thoughts have changed in all fields worldwide. People started discovering different activities and realizing the essential role of urban spaces. Human needs and behavior changed through interaction with urban spaces. This article examines the importance of urban spaces in pandemics and how minor interventions can significantly impact urban spaces. We analyzed the city’s different zones in New Cairo City, Egypt. This research determined the application of urban acupuncture theory to the residence of a non-expert and listed the key focus areas for a practical acupuncture response. This study analyses the daily human uses of urban spaces and the role of pandemics that changed the functions of these urban spaces, observing and designing a survey evaluating urban spaces’ efficiency before, during, and after the COVID-19 lockdown. The research results came out with the actual role of urban spaces as unfunctional, that concludes a fast and quick intervention after the reclaiming urban acupuncture principles that influential in transforming urban areas into liveable places. The results present a spatial visual analysis highlighting the challenges and benefits of urban acupuncture. The findings of our study can assist desicion-makers in evaluating samll nterventions that can create liveable places for all.

Loyalty to World Heritage Cities: A Case Study of the Historic Ibn Ṭūlūn Mosque in Cairo (Egypt)

The city of Cairo is famous worldwide for its distinct heritage sites. Its uniqueness, its call effect, and its history are significant. So, it is essential to improve its management of tourism. The main objective of this research is to analyze the satisfaction of visitors to historic mosques in the context of heritage tourism. The study focuses on tourist loyalty from several perspectives: expectations, satisfaction with the city itself and satisfaction with the mosque. The fieldwork was carried out in Cairo (Egypt), specifically in the Ibn Ṭūlūn Mosque. It is more than 2000 years old and is considered the oldest mosque in Cairo and one of the most amazing mosques in the world. There are few studies on mosques from a tourism perspective, which makes this study innovative and a substantial contribution to the literature. The methodology used was based on partial least squares (PLS) structural equation modeling. A structured questionnaire was used to achieve the proposed objective. The results obtained confirmed that satisfaction during their visit to the Ibn Ṭūlūn Mosque positively influenced tourists’ loyalty, and therefore they recommended revisiting it.

Frequency Ratio Model as Tools for Flood Susceptibility Mapping in Urbanized Areas: A Case Study from Egypt

The occurrence of flash floods is a natural yet unavoidable occurrence over time. In addition to harming people, property, and resources, it also undermines a country’s economy. This paper attempts to identify areas of flood vulnerability using a frequency ratio approach. The frequency ratio (FR) model was used to produce flood prediction maps for New Cairo City, Egypt. Using field data and remote sensing data, 143 spatial flooded point sites were mapped to build a flood inventory map. The primary driving criteria for flash floods were determined to be elevation, slope, aspect, Land Use Land Cover (LULC), lithology, stream distance, stream density, topographic wetness index (TWI), surface runoff, and terrain ruggedness index (TRI), in that order of importance. A flood susceptibility map (FSM) has been created using the FR model, which combines geographical flooded sites and environmental variables. Our findings from FSM, roughly a fifth of the city is very highly susceptible to flooding (19.32%), while the remaining 40.09% and 13.14% of the study area rank very low and low risk, respectively. The receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) technique was also used to validate the FSM, and the resulting results showed an area under the curve (AUC) of 90.11%. In conclusion, decision makers can employ models to extract and generate flood risk maps in order to better understand the effects of flash floods and to create alternative measures to prevent this hazard in similar regions. The results of this study will aid planners and decision makers in developing some likely actions to reduce floods vulnerability in this area.

The influence of sustainable building of gated communities on the natural environment and the user: the case of Madinaty city

Nowadays, the world is facing a global issue as a result of the depletion of the environment’s natural resources. This is a consequence of conventional building techniques that exploit these resources without considering the negative consequences on the environment and the future. This is the reason why there is an urge to preserve these resources for the sake of future generations. Sustainability’s main aim is to preserve the environment’s natural resources, like water and energy, to meet current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Based on this, the United Nations initiated a global trend to face this challenge through sustainable building. This paper investigates the positive impact of sustainable building on the environment and the users in order to provide a better quality of life. The case study investigates Madinaty city, which is a gated community situated to the east of Cairo city center. Initially, sustainability is analyzed based on global and local criteria, and its impact on the environment and user is evaluated. Based on the global assessment, the results show that Madinaty has succeeded in achieving sustainable design; however, some issues need to be improved such as housing affordability, availability of services, and preserving the cultural heritage. On the local level, all criteria are met except for the balance between supply and demand. When evaluating these results, it is concluded that Madinaty has succeeded in having a positive impact on the environment and the users, eventually providing a better quality of life.

A mixed-methods approach for the relationship between organizational attributes, reputation, employer brand and intention to apply for a job vacancy

PurposeThis study aims to investigate the direct effect of organizational reputation (OR), employer brand (EB) and organizational attributes (OA) on the intention to apply for a job vacancy (IAJV); further, it examined the mediating effect of employer brand in the OA-IAJV relationship while taking into consideration the moderating effect of organizational reputation.Design/methodology/approachA mixed-method approach was employed, with ten in-depth interviews followed by a questionnaire with additional 356 job seekers in Cairo and Giza cities; the sample includes both fresh graduates and experienced job applicants in the job market. The qualitative analysis confirmed that some respondents use organizational reputation as a signal of its performance. The path analysis technique tests the research hypotheses using a partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM).FindingsThe findings revealed that the most influential variable in the intention to apply is organizational attributes, followed by organizational reputation and finally employer brand. There is a significant relationship between organizational attributes and intention to apply for a job vacancy via employer brand. In addition, the results indicate a noteworthy moderating impact of organizational reputation on the association between employer brand intentions to apply for a job and the relationship between organizational attributes and intention to apply for a job opening.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study contributes to the understanding of the direct and indirect effects of organizational reputation and organizational attributes on intention to apply through the mediating role of the employer brand. This research opens new avenues for recruitment research, considering the moderating effect of organizational reputation on strengthening the impact of the independent variables on the intention to apply and the interaction between the variables affecting the intention. Further, this study focuses on the needs of the job applicants when perceiving the organizational factors and identifies which signals can generate the intention to apply according to the signaling theory.

The revitalization of endangered heritage buildings in developing countries: A decision-making framework for investment and determining the highest and best use in Egypt

Background: Egypt's major cities have been losing heritage and historical buildings due to neglect and misuse, prompting non-governmental organizations, academic institutions, and researchers to advocate for adaptive reuse strategies to preserve the cities' heritage and identity. Adaptive reuse involves changing, modifying, or reusing a space based on community needs, business model, location, and proximity to facilities and services. Heritage buildings offer many tangible and intangible benefits that enhance financial returns, making them challenging but feasible and attractive for investors who value authenticity, uniqueness, and sustainability. Methods: This study examines how market value, acquisition opportunities, target clients, age groups, and socioeconomic status affect decision-making. A comparative analysis of three buildings in the Egyptian cities of Alexandria and Cairo is utilized to establish development guidelines and decision-making parameters that significantly impact project design and building functions to determine the highest and best use. In order to complete this study, AutoCAD by Autodesk was used for 2D drawings, SketchUp by Trimble for 3D models, Adobe Photoshop for diagram presentation, and Microsoft Office for tables and diagrams. Results: The comparative analysis provided valuable insights into the adaptive reuse of heritage buildings in developing countries. Findings highlighted how cultural heritage preservation could foster socioeconomic development. Key success factors included stakeholder and community engagement, financial viability, and architectural compatibility. The decision-making framework provides a practical tool for evaluating heritage building reuse. Conclusions: The analysis illustrates successful reuse strategies and considerations. Decision-making frameworks and tools offer practical guidance for future investments and decisions. These findings affect heritage conservation and urban development policymakers, planners, and investors. Stakeholders can make informed decisions and implement strategies to preserve cultural and environmental value by realizing challenges and opportunities. This study hopes to inspire more research and help preserve and revitalize heritage buildings in developing countries, preserving their cultural and socioeconomic value.

لاهور في قصص غلام عباس .. قصتي" اوور کوٹ: المعطف" و " کتبه: اللافتة" نموذجًا

Every writer has his or her narrative world, or distinct circle. It may be so broad or limited, but this does not matter as the success of the author draws on his or her talent and skill in presenting his or her art within this circle. This should be attained meticulously. Ghulam Abbas relied on his local environment while choosing his world of narration and his circle revolves around the city of Lahore, where he grew up witnessing its joys, sorrows, victories, and setbacks. With outstanding skill, he depicted its problems and cares for its people. Out of this local milieu, he attained worldwide fame through the extreme locality.
 In this respect, he resembles the Egyptian Najib Mahfouz, whose stories and novels took place inside the city of Cairo. The most prominent element in the stories of Ghulam Abbas is shedding light on the city’s cruelty to its people, especially the working class who show contrary to what they hide and try to coexist with that painful reality. This is evident through the “auwwarkaūt” and “katbah” stories. His stories also highlight the image of city life, crowds, high-rise buildings, buying and selling in the city hub, the image of street vendors over bridges, traffic, and jamming during rush hours of employees. The psychological state experienced by the residents of the city is depicted, too. Also handled are the crowded city, the psychological pressures on the simple employees, and the class disparity among the city's people, where the poor aspire to live on a level close to the rich of the city, but no way.. never