Cage Slip Research Articles

Study on the vibration characteristics of double-row tapered roller bearings for high-speed rail axle box

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to establish a dynamic model considering the actual operating conditions of the train and to study the dynamic performance and vibration characteristics of axle box bearings under different operating conditions.Design/methodology/approachIn this paper, based on the internal contact characteristics of double-row tapered roller bearings, a dynamic model considering the actual operating conditions of the train is established. The correctness of the model is verified by the vibration test of the bearing. Comparative analysis was conducted on the effects of axial force, radial force and rotational speed on the angular velocity of the cage, slip rate and vibration acceleration level of the inner ring.FindingsAs the force increases, the slip rate of the cages on both sides decreases, and the vibration acceleration level of the inner ring increases. With the increase of rotational speed, the cage slip rate of the axle box bearing increases and the vibration acceleration level of the inner ring increases.Originality/valueA dynamic model is established considering the actual operating conditions, and the dynamic performance and vibration characteristics of the axle box bearing under different operating conditions are analyzed by numerical method. The research content can provide reference for the parameter design of high-speed railway bearings.Peer reviewThe peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/ILT-03-2024-0085/

Dislodgment Effects of Different Cage Arrangements in Posterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion: A Finite Element Study.

The vertebral cage has been widely used in posterior lumbar interbody fusion. The risk of cage dislodgment is high for patients undergoing lumbar fusion surgery. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to use a lumbar fusion model to investigate the effects of cage dislodgment on different cage arrangements after PLIF. Finite element analysis was used to compare three PEEK cage placements, together with the fibula-type cage, with respect to the four kinds of lumbar movements. The results revealed that a horizontal cage arrangement could provide a better ability to resist cage dislodgment. Overall lumbar flexion movements were confirmed to produce a greater amount of cage slip than the other three lumbar movements. The lower part of the lumbar fusion segment could create a greater amount of cage dislodgment for all of the lumbar movements. Using an autograft with a fibula as a vertebral cage cannot effectively reduce cage dislodgment. Considering the maximum movement type in lumbar flexion, we suggest that a horizontal arrangement of the PEEK cage might be considered when a single PEEK cage is placed in the fusion segment, as doing so can effectively reduce the extent of cage dislodgment.

Finite Element Analysis of Solid and Hollow Roller Bearings to Predict the Influence of Contact Factors on Cage Slip

This study examines the influence of contact factors such as bearing deformation, contact width and contact pressure on cage slide in cylindrical roller bearings. A cylindrical shaped roller bearing test setup is designed in order to determine the operating speed of bearing components under varying working circumstances. Solid and hollow roller bearings are analyzed using finite element technique, and the contact parameters are obtained. The cage slip obtained by experimental work is correlated with the contact parameters of hollow and solid shaped roller bearings. The specific load acting on solid rollers at various angular positions and the corresponding bearing deflection are obtained by FEA and the bearing run out is estimated. A new methodology is developed for deriving the contact mechanics of hollow roller to predict contact pressure and contact width from the roller deflection. The effect of hollowness on these parameters is derived and the corresponding cage slip is correlated. The effect of hollowness on bending and resultant stresses is obtained by numerical and analytical methods to correlate the stability of hollow roller bearing with the percentage of hollowness.

Angular contact ball bearing skidding mechanism analysis and diagnosis considering flexible rotor characteristics

Bearing skidding is a frequent phenomenon in rotating machinery, which causes equipment motion instability and bearing wear failure. Due to the difficulties in the manufacture of high-speed flexible rotor test rig, measurement of bearing motion parameters and complex structure of angular contact ball bearing (ACBB), which makes the research on double-piece inner ring ACBB skidding challenging. This paper studies the ACBB skidding mechanism from the aspect of rotor characteristics, and first finds the resonance skidding phenomenon. Firstly, a high-speed flexible rotor test rig is designed and built to study the ACBB skidding mechanism, and the influence of foreign matter on the bearing cage slip rate is systematically studied. Then, the bearing cage speed considering the influence of lubricating oil pollution is accurately measured based on the adaptive fractional short-time Fourier transform. Finally, bearing skidding diagnosis under variable working conditions is realized based on the deep meta-transfer learning with feature enhanced generative adversarial network and average deflection power threshold. These proposed strategies systematically solve some problems in the research field of ACBB skidding, which has high practical significance and theoretical guidance value.

Research on H7006C Angular Contact Ball Bearing Slipping Behavior under Operating Conditions

During operation, angular contact ball bearings exhibit slipping behavior, which accelerates bearing wear and reduces the bearing’s overall service life. This paper focuses on studying the degree of slippage and the variation in slippage rate in the H7006C angular contact ball bearing under constant inner ring speed and angular acceleration conditions. To achieve this objective, the study defines the contact between rolling elements, inner and outer rings, and the cage as flexible. A rigid–flexible coupling slippage dynamic simulation model is then developed, which utilizes cage slippage rate as the evaluation index. The analysis method of cage slippage rate change is established through the Gaussian function fitting method. By comparing simulation and testing results, the effectiveness of the analysis method of angular contact ball bearing slip behavior is validated. On this basis, the influence law of bearing speed and acceleration conditions on the slipping behavior of angular contact ball bearings is further studied. The results of the study show that as the axial load increases at different inner ring speeds, the cage speed increases until it reaches a stable state, while the cage slip rate continuously decreases until reaching a stable state. The higher the inner ring speed, the greater the axial load required for the bearing to enter the steady state. Under different angular accelerations, the cage speed increases with time; when the cage speed increases to stable and constant, the cage slip rate decreases to a stable state, and the higher the angular acceleration, the longer it takes for the bearing to enter the stable state.

Prediction of Frictional Moment of Cylindrical Roller Bearing Using Experimental Data-Driven Artificial Neural Networks

Abstract Accurate prediction of the frictional moment of the bearing contributes to the correct determination of the power loss in drivetrains and the antifriction design of bearings. This paper investigates a method for accurately predicting the frictional moment of the cylindrical roller bearing (CRB) under a wide range of operating conditions. The complex relationship between the bearing frictional moment and multiple operating parameters such as the shaft speed, roller–raceway contact load, cage slip ratio and lubricating property is established using an experimental data-driven artificial neural network (ANN) model. To provide actual data for training and testing the ANN model, the frictional moment and multiple operating parameters of the test CRB are synchronously measured under many test conditions. Compared with the prediction results from conventional physical models, the experimental data-driven ANN model reveals a higher prediction performance of the frictional moment.

Torsional Vibrations in the Resonance of High-Speed Rotor Bearings Reduced by Dynamic Properties of Carbon Fiber Polymer Composites.

The present study deals with the harmful torsional resonance vibrations of textile rotor bearings, the amplitudes of which are reduced mainly by the use of high-capacity damping materials, characterized by an internal hierarchical structure and macroshape, added into the machine mechanical system. The additional materials are polymer matrix composites reinforced either by carbon nanofibers or carbon chopped microfibers and either aramid or carbon continuous fibers. The macroshape is based on a honeycomb with internal cavities. Torsional vibrations arise in mechanical systems as a result of fluctuations in the low-level pressing load of the flat belt driving the rotor-bearing pin and the changing of kinematic conditions within it, which, in the resonance area, leads to cage slip and unwanted impulsive torsional vibrations. Moreover, this occurs during high-frequency performance at around 2100 Hz, i.e., 126,000 min-1. The condition, before the redesign, was characterized by significantly reduced textile rotor-bearing life due to significant impulse torsional vibrations in the resonance area. The study showed a significant reduction in average and maximum torsional amplitudes in the resonance area by 33% and 43%, respectively. Furthermore, the paper provides visualization of the propagation of a stress wave at the microscale obtained by the explicit finite element method to show the dispersion of the wave and the fibers as one of the sources of high damping.

Micro-geometry deviation to reduce the cage slip of high-speed cylindrical roller bearings

Micro-geometry deviation to reduce the cage slip of high-speed cylindrical roller bearings

Analysis of cage slip and impact force in a cylindrical roller bearing with race defects

A cylindrical roller bearing (CRB) dynamic model including the race defects is developed for use in estimating cage slip and roller-cage impact force (IF) for the given defect cases. The model considers roller-race friction under healthy and defective race conditions. Two defect types are adopted to investigate their effects on the cage slip and roller-cage IF. The CRB experiment vibration data is used to evaluate and validate the simulation acceleration. Then the race defect length, depth, and initial phase effects on the cage slip and IF are discussed. The results reveal that CRBs with defects on the surfaces of inner and outer races exhibit distinct cage slips. Under the same defect sizes, the defect on the outer race’s loaded zone has a bigger influence on cage slip. The defect initial phase also changes the cage slip and IF slightly.

Investigation into cage slip and vibration behavior of rolling bearing based on weak magnetic detection

Cage slip and vibration are two key indicators for evaluating bearing health status. However, in actual service, due to the limitations of installation space and interference from harsh environments such as high temperatures and oil mist, it is difficult to detect the cage slip and vibration of rolling bearings. To solve this problem, based on the principle of bearing motion under magnetic field disturbance, a weak magnetic detection method is proposed to obtain mixed feature information about cage motion and bearing vibration. To separate the kinematic characteristics of the bearings, a method of local reconstruction based on intrinsic mode functions and a comprehensive evaluation index based on statistical parameters is proposed to identify the relevant mode including cage motion and vibration behavior. The cage slip and vibration characteristics are obtained by the fast Fourier transform and envelope demodulation technique. The different fault levels of rolling bearings are used to evaluate the performance of the proposed method under variable speed. The results show that the proposed method can identify cage slip and vibration behavior effectively.

Study on cage slip for rolling bearing under speed variation conditions

The rolling bearing failure from cage slip under fast speed variation is an important issue that has drawn a wide interest. To ensure the safe operation, cage slip needs to be detected. However, due to the limit of bearing working environment of high temperature, oil mist, and small mounting space, the conventional methods such as optical fiber, ultrasound, and eddy current detection are not always feasible. This paper presents a novel method to detect cage slip based on weak magnetic detection under the speed variation. The rolling bearing, which is in the earth magnetic field, can be magnetized weakly. By the detection of the weak magnetized bearing on the earth magnetic field disturbance, the roller speed information can be obtained. This method is not affected by the bearing work environment. Then, the signal processing technology based on the ridge detection is proposed. By the speed spectrum of inner raceway, the searched path can be re-grouped. And the searched boundary is determined by assuming the roller pure rolling. Combining the searched path and the boundary, the local neighborhood of the roller rotational instantaneous frequency (IF) is determined. By finding the magnitude maximum of the local neighborhood, the roller IF can be extracted. Finally, the time-varying spectrum of the cage slip can be evaluated under the speed variation. By the comparison with the traditional optical method, it illustrates that the cage slip goes through dramatic changes under speed variation and is almost unchanged under the stabilization stage.

A Study on the Modeling Method of Cage Slip and Its Effects on the Vibration Response of Rolling-Element Bearing

Rolling-element bearings play vital roles in the dynamic vibration performance of the whole machinery. Hence, accurate modeling and assessment of the rolling-element bearing are beneficial for the well understanding of the vibration response of rolling-element bearing. However, cage slip is usually ignored in the traditional rolling-element bearing modeling methods, which has a direct influence on the rotating speed and friction force of the rolling elements. To settle the modeling problem of rolling-element bearing with cage slip, in this study, a nonlinear dynamic model with multiple degrees of freedom of the roller bearing is established. The cage slip, the motion of each roller, nonlinear contact, damping, and friction are taken into consideration. With the proposed method, a nonlinear traction model is presented to describe the friction forces induced by cage slip. Furthermore, both the friction force acting on rolling elements and the effects of cage slip on the vibration response are investigated based on the established model. Some comparisons between the proposed modeling method with cage slip and the classical method without cage slip are made. The results show that the friction force applied to the balls increases with the cage slip, friction coefficient, rotational speed, and radial load. A slight cage slip could be beneficial for reducing the vibration energy of rolling-element bearing; however, it will result in more friction loss and impact components.

Analytical consideration of the radial clearance to reduce cage slip of the turbo engine roller bearing

Analytical consideration of the radial clearance to reduce cage slip of the turbo engine roller bearing

Raceway defect analysis of rolling element bearing for detecting slip and correlating the force on rolling element with peak acceleration due to impact

Rolling element bearings are essential components in rotary machinery and tend to have slip during motion diverting from the ideal rolling motion. Persistent slip leads to an increase in the degradation rate of bearing, and hence identifying the same is the subject of this study. A time-domain analysis method to estimate slip in bearings with raceway faults is proposed in this study. A mechanics-based dynamic model of rolling-element bearing is proposed in the study, including cage slip. The simulation results are used to establish a base for cage slip estimation using the proposed methodology, which is further used for slip estimation from experimentally recorded acceleration signals for defective bearings. Additionally, the dynamic model correlates the force on the rolling element with peak acceleration recorded during rolling element-defect interaction. Experimental verification of the correlation advocates using the underlying empirical method for obtaining force from peak acceleration.

Analysis of cage slip in angular contact ball bearing considering non-Newtonian behavior of elastohydrodynamic lubrication

A dynamic model of angular contact ball bearing considering non-Newtonian behavior and interaction between balls and cage is deduced to predict cage slip. And then the cage slip are investigated and compared with measured results under different rotational speeds and axial loads to verify the proposed dynamic model of bearing. It is concluded that the results based on the non-Newtonian behavior of elastohydrodynamic lubrication is more agreement in trend with the tests than that based on the Newtonian assumption, and so the non-Newtonian behavior of elastohydrodynamic lubrication are needed in the cage slip analysis.

Experimental Study on Cage Dynamic Characteristics of Angular Contact Ball Bearing in Acceleration and Deceleration Process

During acceleration and deceleration processes of a bearing, the kinetic relationship of collision and friction between the cage and the rolling element is complex, which has an important influence on the dynamic characteristics and stability of the rolling bearing. In this study, experimental investigation of the dynamic motions of a cage under various external radial loads was performed during acceleration and deceleration for an angular contact ball bearing with a constant axial load of 100 N. In a bearing test rig, cage motion in the axial and radial directions is measured via laser sensors; the bearing inner ring speed and the cage speed are measured by using eddy current and photoelectric speed sensors, respectively. The results reveal that acceleration and deceleration of the bearing significantly affect the dynamic characteristics of the cage. During the acceleration process, there is a critical speed at which the cage forms a circular whirl orbit. When the inner ring speed is lower than the critical speed, the mass center of the cage swings along the guide land but enters a circular whirl orbit once the critical speed is exceeded. Further, the greater the acceleration and radial load, the higher the critical speed. Similar results are revealed during the deceleration process. In addition, the cage slip ratio is proportional to the acceleration. Conversely, the cage slip ratio is inversely proportional to the radial load; however, the increasing radial load has minimal effect on cage slip rate when the radial load is greater than 100 N.

Study on the cage slip of rolling bearing using a non-contact method

In this article, a novel, non-contact method is proposed to detect cage slip of rolling bearing. The proposed method can obtain the speed signal of cage and inner raceway by the introduction of weak magnetic field detection technology simultaneously. Meanwhile, to enhance the identified accuracy of cage slip, an adaptive filtering method is developed to suppress noise in weak magnetic field sensor output signal. The method adopts complementary complete ensemble empirical mode decomposition with adaptive noise (CEEMDAN) to decompose the weak magnetic field sensor output signal into a set of intrinsic mode functions adaptively. The intrinsic mode functions contain noisy component of detection signal (noisy intrinsic mode functions) as well as corresponding signal component of the roller and inner raceway (signal intrinsic mode functions). The noisy- and signal intrinsic mode functions are identified by the development of reconstruction criterion. The criterion is determined based on upper boundary of rotational frequency of roller under pure rolling conditions. Then, the noisy intrinsic mode functions are forced to zero, and signal intrinsic mode functions are reconstructed to extract the speed information of roller and inner raceway. An experiment system is developed to verify the effectiveness of proposed method. The experiment result shows that the cage slip decreases with the increment in load under the given speed conditions and increases with the increment in speed under the given load conditions, as well as the cage slip is more serious under given no-load conditions. It shows that the weak magnetic field detection technology can be used to detect the cage slip of rolling bearing.

Validation of combined analytical methods to predict slip in cylindrical roller bearings

This paper presents a combination of models that together calculate the cage and roller speeds of a cylindrical roller bearing. The models consider elastohydrodynamic lubrication and contact elasticity between the roller and raceway, roller centrifugal forces, hydrodynamic lubrication at the cage pocket, and frictional forces. Using these models, the predicted cage and roller speeds and the extent of slip are compared to measurements acquired on cylindrical roller bearings in a commercial gearbox in steady-state and transient operating conditions of a wind turbine. In steady-state conditions at low wind speeds and low lubricant temperatures, cage and roller slip up to 60% occur in the loaded zone of the bearing. In the unloaded zone, up to 80% roller slip occurs. Cage and roller slip then decrease as the lubricant temperature and wind speed increases. In general, the analytical model results match experimental measurements within 10% for lubricant temperatures above 40°C and wind speeds over 10 meters per second. The analytical model is further evaluated during a transient start-up event and highly dynamic emergency stop event and also used to examine changes in the bearing design or lubricant properties. Roller and cage slip in cylindrical bearings is a combined effect of the bearing design, applied load, shaft speed, and lubricant properties and temperature, and can be quickly evaluated with the combined analytical models.

Development of a Novel Detection Method to Measure the Cage Slip of Rolling Bearing

A novel, non-contacted method is proposed to determine the cage slip of rolling bearing. Findings show that the roller and inner raceway can generate weak magnetic field (WMF). The WMF detection technology is introduced into the measurement domain of cage slip. The feature frequency of a roller and inner raceway, which reflect the cage slip, can be extracted simultaneously by the WMF sensor output signal. Here, the roller shares the same feature frequency with the cage. Compared with the traditional optical detection method, the proposed method does not require any pre-processing for rolling bearing. The cage slip is detected under different work conditions. The cage slip, which is determined by the proposed method, is consistent with that of the traditional optical method. It shows that the proposed method can be used to detect cage slip of rolling bearing.

Theoretical analysis of cylindrical roller bearing with flexible rings mounted in groove elastic support

Based on the structural mechanics and rolling bearing dynamics, this paper presented a dynamics model of cylindrical roller bearing with flexible outer ring and a novel elastic support named groove elastic support(GES), and then the load distribution and cage slip ratio of cylindrical roller bearing with GES(BES) were analyzed. The findings are as following: (1) The number of loaded rollers of BES is more than that of cylindrical roller bearing with rigid support(BRS), and the largest contact load between roller and ring of BES is lower than that of BRS. (2) The number of loaded rollers of BES decreases with the groove number, arc beam thickness and outer ring’s thickness. The smaller radial load, ranging from 500N to 1400N in this paper, has no obvious effect on the number of loaded roller for BES and BRS; (3) Under the same condition, cage slip ratio of BES is much lower than that of BRS. Cage slip ratio of BES increases with the groove number, arc beam thickness and outer ring’s thickness. All results reveal that the GES has a large impact on the load distribution and cage slip ratio in cylindrical roller bearing, and will be beneficial to extend the bearing service life under the condition of high-speed and light-load.