Cadmium Sulfide Nanoparticles Research Articles

Micellar mediated preparation of cadmium sulfide (CdS) nanoparticles: Influence of cleavable spacer based cationic gemini surfactant

Cleavable spacer (s = diamido) based cationic gemini surfactant (with different alkyl tail lengths (m) abbreviated as g1; m = 12, g2; m = 14 or g3; m = 16), in aqueous micellar solution, was used to control the size and morphology of cadmium sulfide (CdS) nanoparticles (NPs), via modified chemical precipitation technique. The purity and stability of all CdS NPs were characterized by EDAX, FT-IR, TGA and zeta potential (ζ). By varying the geminis, significant size reduction (2–6 nm), enhanced capping capacity, and higher energy band gap (∼4.1 eV) have been found in CdS-g1 compared to other NPs, by using Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), TEM, XRD and UV–visible spectroscopy. Photoluminescence (PL) spectra revealed an emission at 525 and 630 nm, showing the effect of geminis m concerning surface states of NP. Additionally, antioxidant and antimicrobial (on Gram-negative (E. coli and P. aeruginosa) and Gram-positive (S. aureus and B. subtilis) strains) activities of CdS NPs were examined by DPPH radical scavenging and agar plating-spot disc inoculation method, respectively. The results recommended a significant antioxidant activity in CdS-g1 with 45.6 %, while, selective antimicrobial activity was obtained on E. coli and S. aureus in all NP systems.

Assessing the toxicity of green Agaricus bisporus-based Cadmium Sulfide nanoparticles on Musca domestica as a biological model

The common housefly, Musca domestica, known for transmitting over 100 infections, was studied using green-synthesized Cadmium Sulfide nanoparticles (CdS NPs) from Agaricus bisporus. These CdS NPs were tested on third-instar larvae under laboratory conditions using dipping and feeding methods with concentrations (75, 100, 125, 150, 175, and 200 µg/mL). The toxicity, measured by LC50, was found to be 138 µg/mL for dipping treatment and 123 µg/mL for feeding treatment. Analysis with an energy-dispersive X-ray microanalyzer confirmed Cd accumulation in the larval midgut, indicating penetration of CdS NPs into the organism, which may potentially increase their toxicity. CdS NPs caused disruptions in Heat Shock Protein 70, cell apoptosis, and various biochemical components. Scanning electron microscopy revealed morphological abnormalities in larvae, pupae, and adults exposed to CdS NPs. Ultrastructural examination showed significant midgut tissue abnormalities in larvae treated with 123 µg/mL of CdS NPs. Our study demonstrated that green-synthesized CdS NPs from A. bisporus can effectively control the development of M. domestica larvae.

In Situ Growth of CdS Nanoparticles Between g‐C3N4 Layers for Photocatalytic Reduction of Nitrobenzene

AbstractPhotocatalysis technology is green and sustainable for reduction of nitrobenzene to aniline. However, the photocatalytic activity of pure carbon nitride is limited by the high photogenerated carrier recombination rates. Carbon nitride nanosheets (CNN) were prepared by prepolymerization and high temperature calcination and cadmium sulfide (CdS) nanoparticles were in situ grown between the layers of carbon nitride for facilitating the separation and transfer of charges. As a result, the optimal composite catalyst (CdS/CNN‐2) exhibited superior photocatalytic activity with nitrobenzene reduction rate of 83 % within 60 min. This work presents an effective strategy for designing catalysts for the photocatalytic reduction of nitrobenzene.

Effective charge separation in CdS@PANI heterostructure for ultrafast visible light-driven photocatalytic reduction of uranium(VI)

The efficient treatment of uranium-containing wastewater provides guarantee for sustainable development of nuclear energy. In this work, a heterogeneous interface structure for photocatalytic reduction of U(VI) was proposed by in-situ decoration of cadmium sulfide (CdS) nanoparticles on polyaniline (PANI) nanorods. The strong coupling between CdS and PANI precisely modulated the interface electronic structure, which promoted the photogenerated charge separation. Multiple spectroscopic characterizations revealed that the interfacial charge polarization with the electrons gathering at the CdS surface and the holes gathering at the PANI, facilitating the performance of photocatalytic reduction of U(VI) under visible light irradiation. The optimal CdS@PANI-10 shows ultrafast U(VI) reduction with efficiency of over 96 % in 5 min. Moreover, the photocatalytic reduction of U(VI) over CdS@PANI-10 can also be activated by direct natural sunlight irradiation. The improvement of catalytic activity of CdS@PANI nanocomposite is due to faster charge separation and migration at the interface between CdS and PANI, as well as the formation of Type-II heterojunction, which was also beneficial for suppressing the CdS photocorrosion. This work introduces a potential strategy to design advanced photocatalysts with efficient electrons and holes separation toward practical application in uranyl ion conversion.

Preparing of Cadmium Sulfide Nanoparticles and Studding their Optical and Structural Properties

Thin films of cadmium sulfide CdS have been deposited on glass substartes through chemical bath deposition, the films was examined using UV-Visible spectrometer and x-ray spectroscopy. the calculation of the energy gap show that it increases with deposition temperature and the x ray spectrum show also that the grain size decreases with deposition temperature, where the minimum grain size recorded was 26.17nm.

Bacteria-photocatalyst biohybrid system for sustainable ammonium production

Although the Haber–Bosch process supports the growth of modern agriculture with abundant ammonia and fertilizer production, substantial energy consumption and enormous greenhouse emissions demand an alternative and sustainable approach. Here, we report a novel approach that combines the non-photosynthetic bacterium Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 (S. oneidensis MR-1) with cadmium sulfide nanoparticles (CdS NPs) to enable the photosynthesis of ammonium (NH4+) from nitrate (NO3−) using photoexcited electrons as donors. The NO3− reduction efficiency reached almost 100%, with an NH4+ production selectivity of over 90%. The maximum instantaneous quantum efficiency was 3.01% under light irradiation. The reverse metal-reducing (Mtr) pathway is responsible for the transfer of photoexcited electrons to intracellular compartments. Parallel reaction monitoring analysis illustrated that NO3− to NH4+ was produced via the dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA) pathway in S. oneidensis MR-1. This study provides a facile strategy for light-driven ambient NH4+ synthesis and solar-to-chemical conversion.

Enhanced photocatalytic removal of Cr(VI) and Rhodamine B from water using plant-mediated CdS nanoparticles: Mechanistic insights and environmental applications

Photocatalytic remediation using semiconductor nanoparticles presents a promising approach for water purification. In this study, cadmium sulfide (CdS) nanoparticles were synthesized via a plant-mediated approach and evaluated for their efficacy in removing Cr(VI) and Rhodamine B contaminants from aqueous solutions under visible light irradiation. The CdS nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), which confirmed the presence of the cubic phase with a crystallite size of 10 nm. UV–visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) indicated bandgap energy of 2.4 eV, facilitating visible light absorption. Photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy revealed reduced recombination rates of photogenerated charge carriers, enhancing photocatalytic efficiency. The synthesized CdS nanoparticles demonstrated efficient removal of both Cr(VI) and Rhodamine B, achieving degradation efficiencies of 92 % and 95 %, respectively, within 120 min under optimized conditions. Mechanistic insights suggest the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and electron-hole pairs (e-/h+) contributing to pollutant degradation. This study underscores the potential of plant-mediated CdS nanoparticles as effective photocatalysts for environmental remediation applications.

Direct evidence for the occurrence of indigenous cadmium-based nanoparticles in paddy soils

Speciation of heavy metal-based nanoparticles (NPs) in paddy soils greatly determines their fate and potential risk towards food safety. However, quantitative understanding of such distinctive species remains challenging, because they are commonly presented at trace levels (e.g., sub parts-per-million) and extremely difficult to be fractionated in soil matrices. Herein, we propose a state-of-art non-destructive strategy for effective extraction and quantification of cadmium (Cd)-NPs – the most widespread heavy metal in paddy soils – by employing single particle inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (spICP-MS) and tetrasodium pyrophosphate (TSPP) as the extractant. Acceptable extraction efficiencies (64.7–80.4 %) were obtained for spiked cadmium sulfide nanoparticles (CdS-NPs). We demonstrate the presence of indigenous Cd-NPs in all six Cd-contaminated paddy soils tested, with a number concentration ranging from 2.20 × 108 to 3.18 × 109 particles/g, representing 17.0–50.4 % of the total Cd content. Furthermore, semi-spherical and irregular CdS-NPs were directly observed as an important form of the Cd-NPs in paddy soils, as characterized by transmission electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (TEM-EDX). This research marks a significant step towards directly observing indigenous Cd-NPs at trace levels in paddy soil, offering a useful tool for quantitative understanding of the biogeochemical cycling of heavy metal-based NPs in complex matrices.

Oriented construction between crystal facet homojunction and S vacancies on CdS for boosting photocatalytic H2 evolution

Though the different exposed crystal facets of cadmium sulfide (CdS) catalysts have been demonstrated to enhance their photocatalytic activity, the mechanism behind H2 evolution on these diverse facets remains elusive. Here, we synthesized CdS photocatalysts with co-exposed (101) and (002) crystal facets, incorporating S vacancies via a hydrothermal method within the temperature range from 80 to 240 °C. The resulting CdS nanorods exhibited exposed (002) and (101) crystal facets, demonstrating abundant S vacancies, and showcased a notable photocatalytic hydrogen (H2) evolution activity of 467.67 μmol g−1·h−1—approximately 144 times higher than that of CdS nanoparticles. Both experimental results and density functional theory (DFT) calculations showed the significance of co-exposed (101) and (002) crystal facets as self-constructed crystal homojunctions on CdS, facilitating efficient spatial separation of photogenerated charges. Additionally, co-exposed (101) and (002) crystal facets with S vacancies, stemming from the mismatched lattice, were observed to enhance the adsorption of water (H2O) molecules. This, in turn, reduced the energy required for H2 dissociative adsorption, providing thermodynamic advantages. The understanding of the synergistic effect between self-constructed (101) and (002) facet junctions and S vacancies on CdS for boosting photocatalytic H2 evolution holds promise for expanding the applications of CdS-based materials in various photocatalytic processes.

Photovoltaic Cell Prepared from Nanoparticles of CdS/CdTe on ITO Substrate and its Characterization

CdS/CdTe based photovoltaic cell has shown the markable efficiency. The CdS/CdTe nanoparticles are being synthesized and deposited on the ITO glass plate. ITO glass has a large bandgap of about approximately 3.6 eV and is suitable to use in the fabrication of photovoltaic cell. As ITO behaves as negative terminal, it is used as front layer for capturing the light intensity. During fabrication of photovoltaic cell, the deposition of Cadmium sulphide and Cadmium telluride nanoparticles layer was done by brush painting technique. The CdS layer is used as window layer and CdTe acts as absorbing layer. The window layer’s primary function is to absorb light particularly in the visible region of the spectrum to generate electricity. The CdS layer forms p-n junction with the CdTe layer. The nanoparticles of CdS and CdTe have been synthesized first and optical characterization was carried out using UV-visible spectroscopy to obtain bandgap of CdTe and CdS. Structural characterization was being obtained by XRD. The size of the nanocrystallites of CdS and CdTe have been obtained by Debye Scherrer equation and the result was 1.64 nm and 4.09 nm respectively. The CdTe layer which was used as absorbing layer consists of high optical absorption coefficient with high mobility, good carrier lifetime and an enhanced properties of crystallographic. Silver paste was used as a back contact for good conduction.

Chitosan-mediated tailoring of cadmium sulphide nanoparticle: Synthesis, properties, and interactive mechanisms

This study explores the synergistic effects of chitosan-coated cadmium sulphide (CdS) nanoparticles (NPs) at varying concentrations on their structural, optical, and photocatalytic properties. CdS NPs are known for their promising photocatalytic potential, but their practical application often requires stability enhancement and reduced toxicity. Chitosan, a natural biopolymer, offers unique advantages such as biocompatibility and heavy metal adsorption capabilities, making it an attractive candidate for surface modification of CdS NPs. Our investigation reveals that chitosan-coated CdS NPs exhibit concentration-dependent changes in their crystalline structure, bandgap energy, particle size, and vibrational characteristics. Notably, CdS NPs synthesized with 1.5 g chitosan concentration display the smallest bandgap and particle size, suggesting optimal photocatalytic activity. This research provides valuable insights into tailoring CdS NPs for efficient visible light photocatalysis, with implications in environmental remediation and energy conversion.

Semiconductor Nanoparticle Anchored Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes for a Bolometer.

The bolometer is developed using single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) anchored with semiconductor nanoparticles of cadmium sulfide, stannous disulfide, and zinc oxide (ZnO). The bolometric responses were recorded at varying temperatures from 10 K to room temperature. The anchored SWCNTs provided a higher temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) than pristine SWCNTs. The largest TCR is recorded from SWCNTs/ZnO (-0.11%/K) at room temperature, which is 200% higher than pristine SWCNTs. The largest photoresponsivities of SWCNTs/ZnO under near-infrared (NIR) and wide wavelength source (200-1200 nm) illuminations are 5.06 and 37.51 mV/W, respectively. The extraordinary performance of SWCNTs/ZnO stands out at ∼17 × 104% under IR illumination. The study presents a significant advancement in the development of high-performance SWCNT bolometric materials by anchoring with semiconductor nanoparticles.

Green synthesis of CdS/flaxseed mucilage nanocomposite films using gamma irradiation for packaging applications

Abstract The most common ways to produce nanoparticles are through chemical and physical processes, which can be expensive and environmentally hazardous. Using plant extracts (green synthesis) as reducing and capping agents is a simple, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly method of lowering the usage of dangerous chemicals in the synthesis of metal nanoparticles. This study covers the environmentally friendly synthesis of cadmium sulphide nanoparticles (CdS NPs) using a blend of flaxseed extracts (FM), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and chitosan (Cs). The composites are then exposed to gamma irradiation at doses of 20 kGy and 40 kGy. UV–VIS absorption spectroscopy, SEM, HRTEM, EDX, and FTIR were used to analyse the produced nanocomposite films. UV–Vis absorption spectra showed considerable surface Plasmon resonance (SPR) bands at 396–440 nm, indicating that CdS NPs had been successfully synthesized. A progressive red shift in wavelength was noted, along with the broadening of the absorption band as the irradiation dose increased. Transmission electron microscopy pictures revealed that the generated CdS nanostructures were dispersed as spherical nanoparticles with remarkable structural homogeneity. Tensile strength and elongation measurements of the films revealed that the inclusion of CdS NPs improved their mechanical properties. The addition of CdS NPs to the current blends limits biodegradation in soil. Thermal gravimetric analysis findings showed that CdS NPs included in FM/PVA films had improved thermal stability. The antimicrobial activities of the tested films were performed against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans. The results revealed that all of the films exhibited more antibacterial activity against S. aureus than the two others, with the highest activity observed in nanocomposites with a high concentration of CdS.

Metal-Based Nanomaterials for the Sensing of NSAIDS.

Cadmium sulfide and zinc oxide nanoparticles were prepared, characterized and used as electrode modifiers for the sensing of two non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs): naproxen and mobic. The structural and morphological characterization of the synthesized nanoparticles was carried out by XRD, UV-Vis spectroscopy, FTIR and scanning electron microscopy. The electrode's enhanced surface area facilitated the signal amplification of the selected NSAIDs. The CdS-modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) enhanced the electro-oxidation signals of naproxen to four times that of the bare GCE, while the ZnO-modified GCE led to a two-fold enhancement in the electro-oxidation signals of mobic. The oxidation of both NSAIDs occurred in a pH-dependent manner, suggesting the involvement of protons in their electron transfer reactions. The experimental conditions for the sensing of naproxen and mobic were optimized and, under optimized conditions, the modified electrode surface demonstrated the qualities of sensitivity and selectivity, and a fast responsiveness to the target NSAIDs.

Characterization and participation of biomolecules in CdS-NPs synthesis from an aqueous extract of Fusarium oxysporum with potential application in metal detection

Fungal extracts contain biomolecules that may be used as reducing agents and stabilizers during the synthesis and coating of nanoparticles (NPs). However, fungal extracts are complex in composition; thus, specific applications can be a challenge. The present work aims to partially characterize the biomolecules present in the aqueous extract of Fusarium oxysporum, which is subsequently used for the synthesis of cadmium sulfide nanoparticles (CdS-NPs) with potential application for metal detection. The aqueous extract of Fusarium oxysporum was characterized by UPLC-MS and by its ferric-reducing antioxidant power, NADH, -SH groups, and protein content as well. Synthesis of CdS-NPs was performed using the fungal extract, Cd(NO3)2*4H2O, and two sulfur precursors (S° and Na2SO3). Metal detection (Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) was assessed by CdS-NPs synthesized from both sulfur precursors. Chromatographic analysis evidenced the presence of compounds within 100 to 300 Da, which may be involved in CdS-NPs synthesis. It was confirmed that only CdS-NPs obtained from Na2SO3 were able to qualitatively detect Co2+ at pH 8 and Pb2+, Cr6+, and Fe3+ at pH 4.

Structural Properties, Energy Interaction, and Applications of CdS Nanomaterial Doped with Rare‐Earth Ions

AbstractSpectroscopic analysis of trivalent praseodymium (Pr+3) and neodymium (Nd+3) ions have received very much interest and reveals good fluorescence efficiency in visible and near IR (NIR) region. Cadmium sulfide (CdS) nanomaterial sample doped with Pr+3 and Nd+3 ions are synthesized at room temperature by simple chemical precipitation method. The synthesized sample has been characterized by powder X‐ray diffraction studies, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and energy dispersive X‐ray spectra. Absorption spectra of CdS:Nd3+ and CdS:Pr3+ nanoparticles have been recorded at room temperature. Various parameters such as interplanar spacing, micro strain, dislocation density, distortion parameter, and particle size of nanomaterial are computed. TEM and XRD analysis reveal the spherical structure of the CdS:Nd3+ and CdS:Pr3+ nanoparticles in the prepared samples. Energy interaction parameters of the CdS:Nd3+ and CdS:Pr3+ nanoparticles are computed using UV‐visible absorption spectrum. Actually, CdS nanoparticle amplifies the luminescence intensity of Pr+3, Nd+3 ions by up conversion processes. So energy transfer can be observed from CdS nanoparticles doped with Pr+3, Nd+3 ions. Therefore, the use of pump sources and diode lasers in the UV range can be used to excite these samples to work as lasers. CdS:Nd3+ and CdS:Pr3+ nanoparticles find potential application as a window material for hetero‐junction solar cell, light emitting diodes (LED), biological sensors, address decoders, gas detectors, opto‐electronic devices, etc. CdS nanomaterials are also used as pigment in paints and in engineered plastic due to their good thermal stability.

Leveraging electronic interactions in poly (O-toluidine)/ cadmium sulfide nanocomposite for improved nitrogen dioxide sensing

Detecting nitrogen dioxide (NO2) at room temperature remains challenging for current gas sensor technologies. This study aims to address these limitations by developing chemiresistive sensors based on poly (O-toluidine) (POT)/Cadmium sulfide (CdS) nanocomposites. The combination of POT and CdS nanoparticles creates a specialized architecture to enable swift and sensitive NO2 detection at room temperature. Gas sensing evaluations demonstrated significant performance enhancements including 104/73 s response/recovery times and 73% sensitivity at 60 ppm NO2. The sensors also showed repeatability over cycles and stability over 60 days. Comparative analysis confirmed that integrating POT with CdS amplifies sensitivity and reduces response times compared to using POT alone. This establishes a materials-by-design strategy to surpass existing gas sensing limitations.

Prolific application of green synthesised CdS nanoparticles for the sequestration of cationic dyes from aqueous solution

Synthesis of cadmium sulfide (CdS) nanoparticles using watermelon rind aqueous extract was explored for its effectiveness in eliminating Methylene Blue (MB) and Crystal Violet (CV) dyes from water. The synthesised CdS nanoparticles were characterised with XRD, TEM and EDX and found to be around 10 nm in size with spherical shape. A central composite design was developed to optimise independent variables such as pH, contact time and initial concentrations. The developed quadratic model was found to be significant with p-value <0.0001 and lack of fit >0.005 suggesting the reliability of the model. Isotherm modelling analysis revealed that Langmuir and Freundlich's isotherms provided better explanation for the equilibrium data. The loading capacities of the CdS nanoparticles were found be 227.3 and 185.1 mg g-1, respectively for MB and CV. The experimental data showed a good fit with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, indicating that chemical reactions were the determining factor in controlling the rate-limiting step. Thermodynamic analyses indicated that the process was spontaneous and exothermic. Desorption and regeneration investigations demonstrated that CdS nanoparticles could be successfully regenerated up to 5 times and reused in the adsorption process. The results conclude that the CdS nanoparticles are capable of remediating water containing cationic dyes.
 KEY WORDS: Watermelon rind, CdS nanoparticles, Synthetic dyes, Adsorption, RSM
 Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2024, 38(3), 631-645. 
 DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v38i3.7

Synergistic promotion for the performance of photocatalytic carbon dioxide reduction by vacancy engineering and N-doped carbon nanotubes

The structural devise of photocatalytic materials are closely related to the separation of photogenerated carriers and the transport of charge, which is crucial to enhance the performance of photocatalytic carbon dioxide reduction reaction (CO2RR). Here, a photocatalyst (CdS-SV@Co@NCNT) has been successfully prepared by growing cadmium sulfide nanoparticles with sulfur vacancies on N-doped carbon nanotubes through a simple solvothermal method. The intrinsic electronic structure is regulated by sulfur vacancies to promote photocatalytic activity. Meanwhile, a larger specific surface area of Co@NCNT could expose more reaction sites and shorten the transfer distance of photogenerated carriers. Furthermore, the combination with Co@NCNT could effectively suppress the photocorrosion of CdS. The possible photocatalytic CO2RR path is further speculated by in-situ infrared test results, in which CO2 molecules adsorbed on sulfur vacancies preferentially generate important intermediate COOH*, which is then reduced to CO and CH4. Therefore, it exhibits a high CO yield of 263.3 μmol·g−1·h−1 and trace of CH4 while showing excellent stability. This research provides a novel idea for designing the photocatalysts with highly active and stability for CO2RR.

Zinc oxide‐cadmium(II) sulfide heterostructure as a potential photocatalyst for preparing substituted chromenes and its anti‐liver cancer activity

There are ongoing studies on the potential use of chromene derivatives in liver cancer therapy. They have shown promising results in preclinical studies for liver cancer, including inhibiting tumor growth and inducing apoptosis. Herein, the nanosized hybrid material zinc oxide (ZnO)–cadmium sulfide (CdS) is prepared using a green and ecofriendly procedure. The nanomaterial was characterized by FE‐SEM, transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive X‐ray, DRS, X‐ray diffraction, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The photocatalytic proficiency of ZnO–CdS was then scrutinized in the fabrication of some 4H‐chromenes in a mild condition. The outcomes of this study revealed that the nanophotocatalyst has high photocatalytic reactivity and acceptable reusability in the desired condensation reaction. Furthermore, a preliminary in vitro cellular toxicity assay was performed on ZnO–CdS nanoparticles using HepG2 cancer cell line through MTT assay.