Removal Of Cadmium Ions Research Articles

Cadmium ion (Cd+2) removal from produced water using ion technique: Amberlite IR-120H and modified amberlite IRA-400 Cl- resins

This study to characterizing the physical and chemical properties of the produced water in Nafoora field, Gulf Company in the Libyan, also, level of concentrations of selected heavy metals have been measured. To do that, different techniques have used. Results have showed pH, Conductivity, salinity, TDS, and turbidity levels were 6.2 ± 0.19; 1473 µS/cm; 1.8; 79000 mg/l; and 40± 4.18 NTU respectively. The levels of the anions ranged as follows: Cl- (15300 mg/l); NO3- (1 mg/l) and SO42- (120 mg/L). While the concentration of some ions metals were found as follows: K+ (1400 mg/l); Na+ (360000 mg/L) and Ca+2 (8570 mg/l). Some heavy metals were also estimated and found as follows: Cd (1.2 mg/l); Fe (3.1 mg/l); Cu (2.3 mg/l); Ni (0.3 mg/l) and Pb (0.1 mg/l). Ion exchange technique was used to remove the cadmium metal ion from produced water using Amberlite IR-120H and modified Amberlite IRA-400 Cl resins. Optimization pH, temperature and contact time using lame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) approach for measuring the concentrations of Cd ion. Experiments showed that the Amberlite IR-120H resin has maximum removal efficiency for Cd at pH 7, 80 oC and 30 min respectively, while pH 7, 80 oC and 120 min are the most appropriate conditions for modified Amberlite IRA-400 Cl- resin. The results obtained show that the Amberlite IR 120 H as a strong cation-exchange resin has greater Cd removal ability (96.3%) and fast as compared to the modified Amberlite IRA-400 Cl- resin (73%).

Design and characterize ion-imprinted smart polymers from carboxymethyl chitosan for selective removal of cadmium (II) ions

Design and characterize ion-imprinted smart polymers from carboxymethyl chitosan for selective removal of cadmium (II) ions

Fixed-Bed Columns of Avocado (Persea americana Hass.) Seed and Peel Biomass as a Retainer for Contaminating Metals

This study evaluated the adsorbent capacity of the Ecuadorian avocado (Persea americana Hass.) seed and peel wastes as an alternative method for cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), and nickel (Ni) ion removal from aqueous solutions. The laboratory microscale process was performed using fixed-bed columns containing 1 g of 600 μm particles of biomaterial pretreated with ethanol and ethylene glycol. Subsequently, metal solutions of different concentrations were eluted and measured by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy. Results showed that fixed-bed columns allow efficient adsorption of Pb (2.6 mg/g) with ethanol pretreatment. Lower adsorption capacity was achieved for Cd, Hg, and Ni ions. Favorable adsorption with high retention capacity was found for Pb+2 for the ethanol pretreated bio-adsorbent at higher concentrations (120 mg/L). Lower removal percentages were found for Cd+2, Hg+2, and Ni+2; Ni showed the lowest adsorption capacities and negative RL values, suggesting inefficient adsorbent development. Regeneration of Cd, Hg, and Pb ions from avocado peel and seed showed the highest recovery when 1 mol/L HCl solution was used. Regarding the adsorption isotherms, the Langmuir model was the one that best fit our data, demonstrating that adsorption takes place in a uniform monolayer and that each contaminant ion occupies a single site.

Removal of Cadmium (II) Ions by Beaded Materials of Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana Linn) Modified with Magnesium Oxide (MgO) and Titanium Dioxide (TiO2)

Removal of Cadmium (II) Ions by Beaded Materials of Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana Linn) Modified with Magnesium Oxide (MgO) and Titanium Dioxide (TiO2)

Removal of cadmium ions from synthetic wastewater samples by copper ferrite magnetic nanoparticle–assisted batch-type adsorption-based removal strategy

Removal of cadmium ions from synthetic wastewater samples by copper ferrite magnetic nanoparticle–assisted batch-type adsorption-based removal strategy

 Synthesis and Characterization of Chitosan-Based Schiff Base and Cu(II) Complex from Shrimp Shells and its Application on Catalysis and Bio-sorption

In recent years, metal complexes and biopolymers have gained significant attention in environmental applications such as catalysis and heavy metal removal. Chitosan, a biopolymer derived from chitin, is well-known for its biodegradability, non-toxicity, and strong metal ion affinity, which can be further enhanced through Schiff bases to improve its catalytic and adsorption capabilities. The primary objectives of this study were to investigate whether Cu(II) complex of Chitosan Salicylaldehyde Schiff Base CSSB-Cu(II) can act as an efficient catalyst in hydrogen peroxide decomposition reaction and to find out the raw absorbent which has the highest Cadmium ion removal efficiency from among the absorbents Chitin (CT), Chitosan (CS) and Chitosan Salicylaldehyde Schiff Base (CSSB). CSSB was synthesized using the Schiff condensation reaction between the amino group of CS and the carbonyl compound of salicylaldehyde with the elimination of water molecules and it was complexed with Cu(II) ion to produce CSSB-Cu(II) complex. The catalytic effect of the CSSB-Cu(II) complex on the kinetics of the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide was investigated and compared with CSSB. CSSB-Cu(II) showed a better catalytic effect than CSSB and has a pseudo-first-order catalytic decomposition for H2 O2 . CT, CS, and CSSB were investigated as adsorbents for the Cd(II) removal to determine their cadmium removal efficiencies. This study concludes that the removal efficiency of CSSB was greater than that of CS and CT. The equilibrium data agreed more with the Langmuir model than with the Freundlich model. The IR and electronic spectral data confirm the presence of an imine bond and the existence of the complex in square planar geometry.

Synergistic Effect of Chemical and Physical Treatments on Azolla pinnata for Cadmium Ions Removal from Synthetic Wastewater Systems

Synergistic Effect of Chemical and Physical Treatments on Azolla pinnata for Cadmium Ions Removal from Synthetic Wastewater Systems

Development an effective adsorptive treatment strategy for the removal of cadmium from textile wastewater by CuBi2O4@Fe3O4 nanocomposites

In this study, copper-bismuth oxide/iron oxide (CuBi2O4@Fe3O4) nanocomposites were prepared by microwave-assisted synthesis and used as adsorbents for the adsorptive removal of cadmium from textile wastewater. The pH/volume of buffer solution, mixing type/period and adsorbent dosage were optimized univariately to enhance the removal efficiency of the adsorbent and determined as 1.5 mL of pH 8.0 buffer solution, vortexing for 60s, and 30 mg of CuBi2O4@Fe3O4 nanocomposite material. Following the determination of the optimum parameters, equilibrium adsorption studies were performed at five different initial concentrations of cadmium within the range of 0.50 − 10 mg L−1 in textile wastewater. A matrix-matching calibration strategy was utilized for the accurate and precise quantification of cadmium in the wastewater matrix with a R 2 value of 0.9961. The percent removal efficiencies were calculated within the range of 77.2 − 81.5% for the adsorptive removal of cadmium ions from textile wastewater in the equilibrium adsorption experiments. Furthermore, the Langmuir, Freundlich, and Sips adsorption isotherm models were employed for modeling the equilibrium data, and the results showed that all the models fitted well with the experimental data with R2 values higher than 0.99. The simple and efficient batch adsorption process developed was successfully utilized to remove cadmium ions from textile wastewater.

Removal of Copper, Cadmium, and Lead Ions by Adsorption Method using Chitosan from Fish Scales and its Application in Laboratory Wastewater Treatment

Removal of Copper, Cadmium, and Lead Ions by Adsorption Method using Chitosan from Fish Scales and its Application in Laboratory Wastewater Treatment

Microwave-assisted synthesis of γ-alooh nanoflowers as an adsorbent for cadmium removal from domestic wastewater.

In this study, cadmium ions were effectively removed from domestic wastewaters using an adsorptive treatment strategy based on γ-AlOOH nanoflowers. A novel, rapid, and simple procedure was developed for the synthesis of the nanoflowers. Characterization studies were performed using X-ray powder diffraction patterns and scanning electron microscope images. The synthesized nanoflowers were utilized as adsorbent in the batch adsorption experiments. The influential parameters of the adsorption process were optimized, and a flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry (FAAS) system was used to determine maximum percent removal of cadmium ions. Matrix-matched calibration strategy, in which the calibration plot was developed in wastewater medium, was utilized for the accurate and precise quantification of cadmium in the effluent samples. The percentage removal efficiency values were calculated between 84 and 98% for different concentrations of cadmium ions in the wastewater samples. Equilibrium data was fitted to the four different linearization methods of the Langmuir isotherm model, as well as the Freundlich isotherm model and Elovich isotherm model. The best fitting was achieved for the Langmuir model with a high R2 value of 0.9956 and maximum adsorption capacity was calculated as 6.23mg/g.

Use of Chitosan-Iron Oxide Gels for the Removal of Cd2+ Ions from Aqueous Solutions.

High-quality water availability is substantial for sustaining life, so its contamination presents a serious problem that has been the focus of several studies. The presence of heavy metals, such as cadmium, is frequently studied due to the increase in the contamination levels caused by fast industrial expansion. Cadmium ions were removed from aqueous solutions at pH 7.0 by chitosan-magnetite (ChM) xerogel beads and chitosan-FeO (ChF) xerogel beads in batch systems. Kinetic studies were best modeled by the Elovich model. The adsorption isotherms obtained showed an inflection point suggesting the formation of a second layer, and the BET model adjusted to liquid-solid systems was adequate for the description of the experimental data. Maximum uptake capacities of 36.97 ± 0.77 and 28.60 ± 2.09 mg Cd/g xerogel were obtained for ChM and ChF, respectively. The studied composites are considered promising adsorbent materials for removing cadmium ions from aqueous systems.

New hybrid adsorbent based on APTES functionalized zeolite W for lead and cadmium ions removal: Experimental and theoretical studies

Water pollution remains a primary worldwide concern, requiring various treatment technologies for efficient and effective remediation. In recent years, zeolites have gained extensive attention as promising materials and approaches for removing heavy metals from wastewater. This study presents a new hybrid adsorbent based on zeolite W (ZW) chemically modified with aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES), demonstrating excellent Pb(II) and Cd(II) removal efficiency, was developed. The prepared zeolites were characterized using several advanced techniques. XPS, NMR, FTIR spectroscopy, elemental analysis and TGA confirmed the successful functionalization via covalent bonds between the zeolite W inorganic surface and the available APTES silanol groups. The adsorption behavior of both metal ions onto the prepared zeolites was well-fitted by the Redlich-Peterson and Langmuir isotherms, and the Pseudo-second order model. Results showed that ZW@APTES provides a larger adsorption capacity than ZW under all studied experimental conditions. The maximum adsorption capacity of ZW@APTES for Pb(II) and Cd(II) reached 421.7 and 253.5 mg/g, respectively. Moreover, batch experiments indicated that ion exchange and surface complexation with weak chemical bonds were the main adsorption mechanisms for Pb(II) and Cd(II). This study demonstrates that APTES-modified zeolite W could be a valuable and promising material for removing heavy metal ions from contaminated water in real-world applications.

A 5,5’‐Thiobis(thiazol‐2‐amine)‐based dithiocarbamate polymer: Straightforward synthesis and application in PVC membrane modification to enhance cadmium and dye removal

AbstractA novel dithiocarbamate polymer (TTDP) derived from bis(2‐aminothiazole) sulfide was synthesized through a straightforward process. The synthesis involved the initial conversion of 2‐aminothiazole into its bis(sulfide), subsequent reaction with chloroacetyl chloride, and final copolymerization with disodium ethylene bisdithiocarbamate. TTDP boasts a high percentage of functional groups containing sulfur, nitrogen, and oxygen, contributing to its hydrophilicity, strong chelation capacity with metal cations, and compatibility with other polymers. Therefore, it was used as a strong candidate for making membranes in water media. According to this, TTDP was blended in ratios 1, 2, 5, and 10 wt% with polyvinyl chloride (PVC; 15 wt%), 2 wt% of polyethylene glycol 4000 in N,N‐dimethylacetamide as polymeric membranes for water‐based applications. The blended membranes were prepared using the casting and immersion precipitation method. The blended membrane showed high fluxes, up to 1052 L/m2 h for 2 wt% of TTDP (in comparison to the bare membrane's 459 L/m2h). Notably, they demonstrated an excellent protein solution flux of 222–269 L/m2 h at 3 bar with 96%–98% bovine serum albumin rejection. Furthermore, these membranes showed remarkable efficacy in removing cadmium ions (up to 98.96% for 5 and 10 wt% TTDP) and synthetic dye methyl orange (up to 84.03% for 2 wt% TTDP).

Phytochemical preparation of Zinc Stannate nanoparticles by using lemon and grapefruit peels for removal of cadmium ions

The synthesis of Zinc Stannate (Zn2SnO4) nanoparticles may be achieved by utilizing lemon and grapefruit peels, as indicated by the results of this study. This analysis outlines a sustainable, cost-effective, and readily available approach. The Zn2SnO4 nanoparticles were generated biologically and were discovered to have a cubic crystalline structure, as established by structural analysis using Rietveld refinement. TEM microstructural examinations revealed that Zn2SnO4 nanoparticles exhibit a homogeneous distribution and possess an average diameter of around 21 nm. The Zn2SnO4 nanoparticles have an optical energy band gap of 3.05 eV and demonstrate a UV region peak, which showed that Zn2SnO4 nanoparticles were being formed. More precisely, the pH of the solution greatly affects the absorption of Cd2+ ions. Kinetic analysis involves the use of two types of models: pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order. The previous model yields an R2 value of 0.9031 and a rate constant (k1) of 0.41 × 10−2 min−1. However, the pseudo-second-order model provides a better match, as seen by its very high R2 value of 0.9932 and rate constant (k2) value of 4.4 × 10−3 g.(mg.min)−1. In addition, isotherm modeling shows that the experimental data closely match the Freundlich isotherm model.

Theoretical study on equilibrium, thermodynamic, and density functional models for doped and amination@TiO2 removal of cadmium (II) ion from wastewater

Theoretical study on equilibrium, thermodynamic, and density functional models for doped and amination@TiO2 removal of cadmium (II) ion from wastewater

Removal of lead and cadmium ions from water using primary-secondary amine modified magnetic microbeads: Equilibrium, kinetic, and thermodynamic studies

This study developed novel magnetic microbeads based on trimethoxysilylpropylethylenediamine (TSD) as a primary-secondary amine source through a one-pot process. The process involves coating magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (MNPs) with primary-secondary amine (TSD), followed by cross-linking with alginate (Alg). The ternary magnetic microbeads (Alg@MTSD) were used to remove Pb2+ and Cd2+ ions from aqueous media. The nanocomposite was characterized using various techniques, including Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM). Adsorption experiments were conducted under optimal conditions, and isothermal models, including Langmuir and Freundlich, as well as kinetic models, were applied to evaluate the experimental data. The findings indicated that the Langmuir model best fit the adsorption data for Pb2+ and Cd2+ ions, with R2 > 0.99. The maximum adsorption capacities were 68 mg·g−1 for Pb2+ and 51 mg·g−1 for Cd2+. Kinetic studies showed that the adsorption process followed the pseudo-second-order model. Thermodynamic analysis suggested that the adsorption mechanism was physisorption.

Efficacy of Agricultural Residue-Derived Biochar for Tackling Cadmium Contamination in an Aqueous Solution.

This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of biochar, produced from different agricultural residues varying in lignin and cellulose content and subjected to different pyrolysis temperatures, in removing cadmium ions (Cd (II)) from an aqueous solution. This removal process is crucial for protecting human health and the environment. Specifically, the study focused on the adsorption behaviors of Cd (II) by the biochars made from rice husk biochar (RHB), maize straw biochar (MSB), peanut shell biochar (PSB), cottonseed shell biochar (CHB), and mulberry leaf biochar (MLB), which were prepared at 300 °C and 600 °C. The results indicated that the type of agricultural residue used to produce biochar significantly influenced the adsorption of Cd (II). Notably, mulberry leaf biochar prepared at 300 °C (MLB-300) demonstrated the highest adsorption efficiency, achieving a maximum adsorption capacity of 42.2 mg g-1. Batch adsorption experiments assessed the impact of various factors, including system pH, NO3- concentration, and adsorption duration. The adsorption kinetics were better described by the pseudo-second-order model than the pseudo-first-order model. Moreover, the study found that the lignin content of the biochar plays a major role in determining the adsorption capacity. The surface characteristics of biochar, influenced by the types of agricultural residues and preparation temperature, directly impact its adsorption mechanism and capacity. While biochar produced at 300 °C showed optimal Cd(II) adsorption, those processed at 600 °C were less effective, likely due to the loss of functional groups at higher temperatures.

Synthetic Zeolite from Blast Furnace Slag (BFS) as an effective sorbent for simultaneous removal of Cadmium and Copper ions

The main challenge for remediation of metals contaminated water is the application of a proper, effective, low-cost material for decontamination of hazardous metal. In this study, low-cost zeolite derived from blast furnace slag (Z-BFS) by a facile hydrothermal method was investigated for adsorption of copper (Cu2+) and cadmium (Cd2+) ions from aqueous solutions. Furthermore, the characteristics of the prepared Z-BFS were evaluated via different techniques (FT-IR, XRF, XRD, SEM and EDX). The results showed the complete removal of Cd2+ and Cu2+ ions. Notably, the maximum adsorption capacity of metals had the trend Cu2+ (103 mg/g) > Cd2+ (80 mg/g) within 20 min at pH 5.5 and 2 g Z-BFS/l. The experimental data fit well with the pseudo-second order kinetic model elucidating that chemisorption is the rate determining step. The isotherms of adsorption were satisfactorily described by the Langmuir isotherm model indicating the monolayer adsorption process. The thermodynamic study demonstrated that adsorption process is endothermic. The obtained results from this study show that Z-BFS proves to be a proper candidate adsorbent for the removal of Cd2+ and Cu2+ ions from contaminated water.

Application of MoS42−intercalated magnetic layered double hydroxide for preconcentration of cadmium and lead from water samples

A MoS42−-intercalated magnetic FeMgAl layered double hydroxide (Fe3O4@MoS42−-FeMgAl LDH) nanocomposite was synthesised via hydrothermal assisted exfoliation. The material was applied as the adsorbent for extraction, preconcentration and removal of cadmium ions (Cd2+) and lead ions Pb2+ from wastewater and river water. The structural properties and morphologies of the adsorbent were determined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), zeta potential and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The parameters influencing preconcentration and the adsorptive removal process were optimised using the central composite design (CCD) method. The concentration of Cd2+ and Pb2+ in the samples was determined using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The preconcentration method developed in the study was ultrasound-assisted magnetic solid phase extraction (UA-MSPE). Under optimum conditions, linearity was 0.1-800 µg/L with a correlation of determination (R2) of 0.9987. The uncertainty of the slope and the uncertainty of the intercept were both lower than the uncertainty of the calibration indicating good precision, selection of standards closest to a blank and wide range. Precision expressed as %RSD for both intra-day (n = 27) and inter-day (n = 9) were found to be 3.3 % and 7.0 % respectively. The limit of detection (n = 10) and limit of quantification (n = 10) of the UA-MSPE/ICP-OES were 0.03 µg/L and 0.10 µg/L. The developed method was applied for real sample analysis. Herein, influent wastewater was reported as 1.77 ± 0.14 and 6.53 ± 0.33 ug/L for Cd2+ and Pb2+, respectively while the effluent was reported at 0.96 ± 0.07 and 2.57 ± 0.13 ug/L, respectively. River water samples were found to be 0.45 ± 0.01 and 1.23 ± 0.04 ug/L, respectively proving that the adsorbent is capable of preconcentrating the target analytes.

Cadmium (II) ion adsorption of an industrial liquid waste-derived ferric oxide loaded with chitosan: Parameters optimization, isotherms, kinetics and thermodynamics

In this work, ferric oxide prepared from an industrial liquid waste was loaded with chitosan, then the as-received ferric oxide loaded with chitosan (FOLWC) was utilized as a novel adsorbing material for the elimination of trace cadmium(II) ion from cadmium(II)-containing solution. First, the microstructure and phase composition of FOLWC was explored. Then, the effects of initial pH, contact time and adsorbent dosage on the cadmium(II) ion adsorption were investigated. An empirical quadratic polynomial equation which could predict the response value of cadmium(II) ion removal efficiency was obtained as follow: W=93.69+11.38A+2.90B+0.99C-1.36AB-1.51AC-0.15BC-7.70A2-2.35B2+1.76C2, where A, B and C represent the initial pH, adsorbent dosage and contact time, respectively. In addition, the optimization study of adsorption parameters was carried out using response surface methodology. The pH value of cadmium(II)-containing solution has a most significant effect on the cadmium(II) ion removal onto from FOLWC. The pH value, contact time and adsorbent dosage corresponding to the optimum conditions were obtained to be 6.77, 15.27 min and 1.71 g/L, respectively. The cadmium(II) ion removal efficiency was reached nearly 100 % on the optimum conditions. The adsorption kinetics result implies that a pseudo-second-order model can be consistent with the adsorption process. The cadmium (II) ion adsorption isotherm accords with Langmuir model. The studied maximum cadmium(II) ion adsorption capacity of 17.08 mg/g by FOLWC reached at 55 ℃. In addition, thermodynamic experimental data indicates that the whole removal process of cadmium(II) ion by FOLWC is not only endothermic but spontaneous as well. The principal adsorption mechanism is surface complexation, where the dominant surface groups including -OH, CO and N-H of FOLWC were replaced by the cadmium(II) ions. In summary, it shows that FOLWC can be taken as an efficient adsorbent for Cadmium ion removal from polluted water.