Cadmium Borate Research Articles

Effects of acoustic shock waves on the structural and optical properties of cadmium borate

Cadmium borate (CdB₂O₄), an inorganic compound combining transition metals and non-metals, has a broad range of optical applications. In this study, CdB₂O₄ was subjected to acoustic transient pressure using a semi-automatic Reddy tube, with shock pulses applied at counts of 100, 200, 300, and 400 at a Mach number of 1.5, corresponding to a transient pressure of 0.59 MPa and a temperature of 520 K. Control and shock-treated samples were analyzed using XRD, Raman, FTIR, SEM, UV-DRS, and photoluminescence spectroscopy to investigate shock wave effects. The XRD analysis revealed peak disappearance, the formation of new peaks, increased crystallinity, and instability in crystallite size. Raman spectroscopy showed peak disappearance, shifts, and broadening of lattice modes. SEM indicated increased particle size and agglomeration under shock conditions, consistent with changes in crystallinity. UV-DRS analysis shows a slight change in their band gap. Photoluminescence exhibited fluctuating trends in luminescent properties after the shock treatment. The findings reveal that CdB₂O₄'s structural and optical properties are sensitive to acoustic pressure, suggesting its potential for tailored optical behavior in specific applications. These results enhance our understanding of how acoustic pressure affects CdB₂O₄ and open new possibilities for optimizing its use in high-pressure applications.

Effect of Rare Earth Ion Doping on ac Conductivity and Dielectric Properties of Lithium Cadmium Borate Glasses

Effect of Rare Earth Ion Doping on ac Conductivity and Dielectric Properties of Lithium Cadmium Borate Glasses

Nitrogen-doped cross-linked carbon nanosheets-loaded CdB2O4 nanoparticles as efficient sulfur host for lithium–sulfur battery

Three-dimensional interconnected nitrogen-doped carbon nanosheet-(NCNs) loaded cadmium borate (CdB2O4) nanoparticles were prepared using a soak-dry-calcine process. CdB2O4 nanoparticles were well dispersed and anchored on the carbon nanosheets. Applied in sulfur cathode of lithium–sulfur battery, the CdB2O4–based composite delivered a stable capacity of 666.8 mAh g−1 over 400 cycles at 0.5 A g−1 with a high coulombic efficiency of 99%. It maintained 449.9 mAh g−1 at 1.0 A g−1 after 500 cycles, with a decay rate of 0.065% per cycle. The superior electrochemical performance of the nanocomposite was due to the abundant mesopores, which could encapsulate more active sulfur and alleviate the volume expansion caused by discharge procedure. Furthermore, the CdB2O4 nanoparticles anchored on the nanosheets effectively confined the lithium polysulfides and exhibited a high electrocatalysis effect toward the conversion of polysulfides in the charge–discharge process.

Optical properties of the B2O3–CdO–ZnO–Li2O glasses modified with MoO3

Using optical investigations, this report analyzes the impact of MoO3 on lithium zinc cadmium borate glasses. The authors made glasses with the formula 60B2O3–20CdO–10ZnO–(10-x)Li2O–xMoO3 (Where x = 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 & 2) and the samples were employed to UV–Visible and Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) experimental instruments. In order to determine the band gap, refractive index, and Urbach energy, optical absorption spectra are used. With the MoO3 in these glasses, the band gap was lowered while the refractive index improved. High MoO3 concentrations with high refractive indices make these glasses useful for optical applications. Two resonance signals were visible in the EPR spectra, one at g = 4.2 and the other with g = 1.95. The second signal shows that Mo5+ ions have occupied the sites of octahedral coordination with a mild axial distortion and C4V symmetry.

Synthesis of Co2+ doped Cadmium borate nanopowder for luminescent applications

Nanoparticles embedded in host materials exhibit a wide variation in properties, viz., photocatalytic activity, luminescence to name a few. In the present study, Cadmium borate was taken as a host in which addition of Cobalt (Co2+) was done through precipitation method. X ray diffraction (XRD) studies revealed only Cadmium borate peaks (indicating the replacement of Co2+ ions at Cd2+ sites, forming a substitutional solid solution), while morphology was found to be agglomerated irregular particles. Photoluminescent studies indicated their possible application for yellowish green coloured emission.

Electrical Characterization of Sodium Cadmium Borate Glasses Doped With TiO2

Electrical Characterization of Sodium Cadmium Borate Glasses Doped With TiO2

Radiation, Crystallization, and Physical Properties of Cadmium Borate Glasses

The melt-quenching method has been used to fabricate Na2B4O7 - CdO glass system. The XRD diffractometer procedure was used to check the status of these samples. Inter-ionic distance (Ri) between Cd–Cd, Polaron radius rp, and inter-nuclear distance ri reduced with Cd content due to reducing molar volume. Ionicity Ib decreased and covalent glass character increased as CdO in the glass matrix increases. As the CdO contents increase, the values of Tg, Tc, and TP have been increased. All expected phases are displayed in the XRD patterns. SEM has studied the morphology of the vitreous ceramic. It has been noted that the velocities and elastic modulus of glass-ceramics samples are increased. The structural nature of the developed phase was monitored in spectroscopic FT-IR investigations of the glass-ceramic samples. Mass attenuation Coefficient (μ/ρ) increases with CdO-content increase. The Zeff values increase gradually at higher energy because of X-ray K-edges. Hence, the increase in CdO content can be developed the γ -radiation. According to our data, G7 is the best sample for shielding properties.

Optical parameters, antibacterial characteristics and structure correlation of copper ions in cadmium borate glasses

Binary base borate glass of nominal composition (45CdO.55B2O3 mol%) and other samples containing up to 1.6 mol% CuO were successfully prepared using melt annealing route. Fourier transforms infrared (FTIR) spectra of the prepared glasses were studied to identify the structural building groups within the glasses and the role of Cu ions in the matrix arrangement.UV spectra of studied glasses reveal two intense narrow bands originally located at about 235 and 310 nm attributed for the presence of trace iron impurities present on the chemical used for preparation even in the ppm level. Additional analyzed broad visible band centered at about 780 nm appears in the spectra of CuO doped glasses and exhibit splitting at high CuO content. Optical energy gap and other physical parameters including refractive index, density, molar volume, molar refraction, electronic polarizability, and optical basicity reveal strong correlation with copper ion speciation.Both experimental and deconvoluted FTIR spectra of the studied glasses reveal characteristic absorption bands indicating the presence of both triangular and tetrahedral borate groups in their separate vibrational sites. The presence of Cu ions within the doping level is observed to cause no changes in the main characteristic IR bands but limited changes in the intensity of some bands and loosing of the splitting are observed.Antibacterial studies disclose diverse inhibition zone associated with an increase of CuO content and type of bacteria under examination connected with their activity index percent.

FTIR, optical, and thermal studies of cadmium borate glass doped with Bi2O3 and effects of gamma irradiation

Bi2O3-doped glasses from CdO-B2O3 glasses were prepared by the melt-annealing method. Optical and FTIR spectroscopic properties of the prepared glasses were measured before and after gamma irradiation (dose 6 M rad). The undoped glass reveals distinct UV absorption within the spectrum of the undoped glass and extended to visible peaks upon the increase of the dopant Bi3+ ions. The extended identified UV to visible absorption is related to absorption of both trace Fe3+ ions and Bi3+ ions. Fourier transform IR spectra of the prepared glasses reveal distinct and composite vibrational bands within the wavenumber range 400–1650 cm−1 indicating the presence of both triangular and tetrahedral borate groups within their specific different wavenumbers and supporting the assumption of the role of CdO to convert some of the BO3 groups to BO4 groups. The introduction of Bi2O3 shows interfered vibrational bands due to additional structural BiO6 and BiO3 groups within their characteristic sites at about 450–480 cm−1 and 860–920 cm−1 and is assumed to be mixed or interfered with the two coordinated borate species. The effect of gamma irradiation on the optical spectra differs between the undoped and Bi2O3-doped glasses showing some shielding behavior in the latter Bi2O3-containing samples.

Mechanical and nuclear shielding properties of sodium cadmium borate glasses: Impact of cadmium oxide additive

In this study, highly effective radiation shielding glass materials with different amount of CdO additive were investigated in terms of nuclear shielding performance. Moreover, mechanical properties have been determined. The μm values were computed using XCOM and XMuDat program. The gamma and neutron shielding parameters such as μm, HVL, Zeff, EBF, EABF, SAFE, bco, bico, σco and σabs are calculated to understand the radiation shielding performances of investigated glasses. The results show that μm, Zeff and σabs values increase as the CdO content increases. The S7 sample has the lowest HVL, MFP, EBF, EABF, SAFE, bco, bico and σco values. Therefore, S7 glass sample (70 mol% of CdO) which has also the highest number of bonds per unit volume can be considered as a superior material for radiation shielding applications. The outcomes of this study can be very useful for future applications of investigated glass materials in medical and industrial radiation fields.

Crystallization behavior of glasses from the system CdO-B2O3 with varying CdO contents (30–90 mol%)

A novel study on the crystallization behavior of extended cadmium borate glasses with varying CdO contents (30–90 mol%), has been carried out. Collective structural FTIR spectral measurements were made for the parent cadmium borate glasses and their glass-ceramic derivatives to identify the structural building groups within the prepared glasses and their crystalline derivatives. X-ray diffraction together with scanning electronic microscopic analysis of the prepared glass-ceramic were done to find out the formed crystalline phases upon thermal heat treatment with two-step regime and identifying the morphological features of the formed crystalline phases. FTIR spectral data reveal the appearance of both the vibrational bands due to triangular and tetrahedral borate groups irrespective of the high CdO content but with varying intensities. The tetrahedral borate (BO4) groups are identified to possess their vibrational modes within the wavenumber 800-1200 cm-1 while the triangular borate (BO3) groups are vibrating within the range 1200–1600 cm-1. The glass-ceramics reveal similar FTIR spectra but with distinct sharpness and the generation of a further IR band at 1060 cm-1 due to formed distinct crystalline tetrahedral structures (such as triborate, pentaborate, diborate). X-ray diffraction patterns indicate the formation of main crystalline phases of cadmium borates with increasing the ratio of CdO to B2O3 by increasing the CdO content (CdO·2B2O3 → CdO·B2O3 → 3CdO·2B2O3→ 2CdO·1B2O3). The ease of crystallization of the studied binary CdO-B2O3 glassy system is assumed to be related to the presence of phase separation in this divalent borate glassy system as other related divalent borate glasses and hence thermal heat-treatment of the parent glasses leads to voluminous crystallization.

Effect of doping some lanthanide oxides on optical and radiation shielding properties of cadmium borate glasses

Ce2O3, La2O3 and Nd2O3 and Sm2O3 doped in the cadmium borate host glass were prepared. Some optical and physical properties such as density, molar volume, optical band gap energy, the width of the band tails (Urbach energy) and radiation shielding properties were measured. In addition, the attenuation parameters, are calculated at different photon energies using the XCOM program and practical before and after irradiation. A correlation between the results from density, UV–Vis and FTIR measurements indicates that CdO plays a role as a network modifier and alter within the atomic structure is attributable to the formation of BO4 units. The attenuation parameters are calculated at different photon energies using the XCOM program and measured in experiments. These values show that there is a correlation between theoretical and experimental values. Hence, these results indicate that the samples have gamma-ray shielding in this energy range.

Structural FTIR spectra and thermal properties of CdO–B2O3 glasses doped with LiF, CaF2 or TiO2, together with X-ray diffraction and SEM investigations of their glass–ceramic derivatives

Binary cadmium borate (CdO 40–B2O3 60 mol%) glass together with samples with the same basic composition and doped with 2% of either LiF, CaF2 or TiO2 were prepared by melting-annealing technique. Samples of these prepared glasses were thermally heat-treated to convert them to their corresponding glass–ceramic derivatives. FTIR spectral measurements were carried out to identify the constitutional network building units. IR results indicate the identification of both triangular BO3 and tetrahedral BO4 groups in their characteristics vibrational different wavenumbers. These IR vibrational spectra were assigned to their origin and they confirm that CdO like any alkali or alkaline earth oxide shares in the modification of some BO3–BO4 groups to their specific limit. The dopants show minor variations on the IR spectra due to their low percent. X-ray diffraction patterns identify the crystalline phases which were separated during thermal heat-treatment and the dopants were efficient in acting as nucleating agents and sharing in the crystalline phases formed. The base glass–ceramic is composed of cadmium metaborate only while the dopants change this phase to cadmium pyroborate beside a lithium borate or calcium borate phases while with TiO2 forms brookite crystalline phase beside cadmium pyroborate. Thermal expansion measurements for the studied glasses reveal similar progressive increase in thermal expansion coefficient, but the dilatometric softening temperatures exhibit distinct decrease with the dopants supporting the assumption that the dopants are situated in modifying positions. SEM technique was performed to ensure the morphological structures which exist along with addition of different dopants.

Photoluminescent carbon dots based on a rare 3D inorganic–organic hybrid cadmium borate crystal

A 3D inorganic-organic hybridized skeleton cadmium borate [Cden][B5O8(OH)] (1) (en = ethylenediamine) has been solvothermally synthesized. By calcining it, specific shape carbon dots (C-dots) with abundant free radicals were observed. In addition, C-dots in the ethanol phase exhibited variable photoluminescence and showed rare turn on or off effects to Cr3+ ions and CdSe/ZnS quantum dots, but only a turn on effect to Cs+ ions and a turn off effect to CsPbBr3 quantum dots.

Effect of Na2O on Structural and Thermal Properties of Cadmium Borate Glasses

Effect of Na2O on Structural and Thermal Properties of Cadmium Borate Glasses

Experimental and ab initio studies of Cd5(BO3)3Cl: the first cadmium borate chlorine NLO material with isolated BO3 groups.

A nonlinear optical crystal cadmium borate chlorine (Cd5(BO3)3Cl) has been successfully grown through a spontaneous crystallization method. Cd5(BO3)3Cl crystallizes in the noncentrosymmetric space group Cm with isolated BO3 and distorted CdOnClm (n = 4, 5, 7; m = 0, 1, 2) polyhedra. Powder second harmonic generation (SHG) measurements on polycrystalline Cd5(BO3)3Cl indicated that the title compound is phase-matchable in the visible region and exhibits a large SHG response of about 5 × KH2PO4 (KDP). Further optical characterization suggested that the compound has a wide transparent region ranging from UV to near IR with a UV cutoff edge at about 295 nm. In addition, first-principles electronic structure calculations revealed that the macroscopic SHG coefficients of Cd5(BO3)3Cl originate from the cooperative effects of the BO3 groups with asymmetric π-delocalization, the d10 cation Cd2+ with the polar displacement and the Cl- anions.

Synthesis and characterization of γ-irradiated cadmium-borate glasses doped V2O5

In this work, we study the relationship between the optical and magnetic properties for the irradiated and unirradiated V2O5-doped cadmium borate glasses and examined their optical band energy that has compromise of non-bridging oxygen (NBO) and bridging oxygen (BO), V3+, V4+ and V5+, and BO3 units and BO4 units. The induced defects created by γ-rays were characterized by optical and EPR spectroscopy. The dependability of the defects and the tendency for recombination or conversion of the defects besides the environment of optically dynamic V centers was also discussed. It is concluded that the development of both optical and magnetic intensity is related to V4+ ions at tetrahedral sites whereas the decrease in their intensity is recognized to the ligand-metal charge transfer transitions of V4+ ions coupled to V5+. The optical band gap energy (Eg) has been observed to decrease with increasing either V2O5 content or γ-doses. High γ-dose reduces the values of the allowed direct optical band gap Eg of 0.5Mol% V2O5 glass up to 45kGy after which Eg increases, but remain lower than that of un-irradiated glass. Borate glasses under this study showed linear optical absorption response over the dose range of 5–80kG. Fading under dark and room light in 2h after exposure in the course of 30days have been studied in detail and presented. Our results and findings indicate that, the investigated samples may be seemed to be a good candidate for radiation processing purposes.

Optical and FTIR Absorption Spectra of CeO2 – Doped Cadmium Borate Glasses and Effects of Gamma Irradiation

Optical and FTIR Absorption Spectra of CeO2 – Doped Cadmium Borate Glasses and Effects of Gamma Irradiation

Comparative Studies of IR Spectra, Optical and Thermal Properties of Binary CdO-B2 O 3, SrO-B2 O 3, and BaO-B2 O 3

Binary glasses of barium borate, strontium borate, and cadmium borate systems were prepared by melting and annealing techniques. Combined optical (UV-visible) and infrared absorption spectral measurements of the prepared glasses were carried out before and after gamma irradiation with a dose of 8 Mrad (8x10 4Gy). Optical results reveal that the glasses possess excellent transmission in the visible region but the presence of unavoidable trace iron impurity within the chemicals even in the ppm level imparts strong absorption in the UV region. Infrared absorption spectra indicate the presence of both triangular and tetrahedral borate groups as structural building units which brings stability to the glassy network. Gamma irradiation causes limited induced defects due to the presence of heavy alkaline earth ions in high percent in their chemical composition (40 mol%) which confirms their usefulness as radiation shielding materials. Thermal properties of the prepared glassy samples were obtained by measuring their thermal expansion coefficients and deriving transformation and softening temperatures. The thermal data indicate that these glass systems can be used as promising sealing candidates.

Optical stability of 3d transition metal ions doped-cadmium borate glasses towards γ-rays interaction

This work reports the preparation of glasses of binary cadmium borate with the basic composition (mol% 45 CdO 55 B2O3) and samples of the same composition containing 0.2 wt% dopants of 3d transition metal (TM) oxides (TiO2 → CuO). The glasses have been investigated by combined optical and Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopic measurements before and after being subjected to gamma irradiation with a dose of 8 Mrad (8 × 104 Gy). Optical absorption of the undoped glass before irradiation reveals strong charge transfer UV absorption which is related to the presence of unavoidable contaminated trace iron impurities (mainly Fe3+) within the raw materials used for the preparation of the base cadmium borate glass. The optical spectra of the 3d TM ions exhibit characteristic bands which are related the stable oxidation state of the 3d TM ions within the host glass. Gamma irradiation produces some limited variations in the optical spectra due to the stability of the host glass containing high percent 45 mol% of heavy metal oxide (CdO) which causes some shielding effects towards irradiation. From the absorption edge data, the values of the optical band gap Eopt and Urbach energy (∆E) have been calculated. The values of the optical energy gap are found to be dependent on the glass composition. Infrared absorption spectral measurements reveal characteristic absorption bands due to both triangular and tetrahedral borate groups with the BO3 units vibrations more intense than BO4 units due to the known limit value for the change of BO3 to BO4 groups. The introduction of 3d TM ions with the doping level (0.2 wt%) causes no changes in the number or position of the IR bands because of the presence of TM ions in modifying sites in the glass network. It is observed that gamma irradiation causes some limited changes in the FT-IR spectral bands due to the stability of the host heavy cadmium borate glass.