Cadaveric Case Research Articles

A Cadaveric Case Report of a Rare Atrial Septal Lipoma

A Cadaveric Case Report of a Rare Atrial Septal Lipoma

A Cadaveric Case Study on the Abdomen: A Temple of Surprises

A Cadaveric Case Study on the Abdomen: A Temple of Surprises

Partial agenesis of the pectoralis major and minor muscle: A cadaveric case report.

The pectoralis major and minor muscles, located in the anterior chest wall, are crucial for upper limb movements. Their nonsyndromic absence is rare but significant for surgical procedures involving the axillary and pectoral regions. Ultrasound can confirm the diagnosis and delimit the extent of the muscular abnormality, detect abnormalities of the costal cartilages, among others. This descriptive, cadaveric case report involves a formalin-fixed 57-year-old North American male, with no clinical or family history of similar conditions. The study was conducted at the Human Anatomy Laboratory of the School of Medicine of the Universidad Finis Terrae in Santiago, Chile, in August 2022. We present a cadaveric case of bilateral partial agenesis of the pectoralis muscles discovered during routine dissection. The pectoralis major muscle exhibited only the clavicular portion, with the sternocostal and abdominal portions absent and replaced by a thin layer of connective tissue bilaterally. The pectoralis minor muscle showed partial muscle fibers only in the most distal and inferior portions bilaterally. This case report is significant due to the rarity of this condition without accompanying anatomical variations. Understanding this variant is valuable for clinical situations involving the shoulder and thorax region, such as trauma to the proximal third of the humerus, clavicular region, suprascapular region, and anterior chest wall. It may complicate conservative and/or surgical treatments due to different functional and irrigation patterns in the area and is also important for educating future professionals.

Unusual morphology of an aberrant right subclavian artery: a case report and systematic review of cadaveric studies .

An aberrant right subclavian artery (ARSA) is a rare vascular anomaly defined by the origin of the right subclavian artery from the aorta, distal to the left subclavian artery (LSA). An ARSA was found in an 83-year-old female during cadaveric dissection for anatomy teaching, which had an unusually narrow lumen compared to previously reported cases. The specific morphology of this ARSA variant was characterised by further dissection and measurements. A systematic review of cadaveric case reports with quantitative evaluation of ARSA dimensions was conducted for comparison with this case. This ARSA variant exhibited an unusually narrow lumen (8.22 mm²) compared to the LSA (152.55²), with an ARSA: LSA ratio of 0.24. The systematic review included 17 studies with 23 cases of ARSAs. Of these cases, 20 contained details of ARSA diameter, 19 of which were wider than in this case. In all studies where both ARSA and LSA diameters were measured, ARSA was found to be significantly wider than LSA (mean ratio of ARSA to LSA: 1.49, range: 1.09-2.00). Several other variations were reported in these studies, such as concomitant aortic arch branch anomalies and differing origins of ARSA as defined by vertebral level and relation to the aortic arch. This case report presents an unusually narrow ARSA which has not been previously described in the literature. As there is limited evidence on how ARSA morphology affects clinical outcomes, further research is needed to better inform management of ARSAs.

A Cadaveric Case Report of Retroaortic Left Renal Vein in an Elderly Male With Multiple Known Comorbidities

A Cadaveric Case Report of Retroaortic Left Renal Vein in an Elderly Male With Multiple Known Comorbidities

Identification of the suprascapular nerve with minimal volume of contrast medium: a cadaveric case study

Identification of the suprascapular nerve with minimal volume of contrast medium: a cadaveric case study

Incomplete Transverse Pulmonary Fissures: Embryological Basis, Clinical, and Surgical Implications: A Cadaveric Case Report

Incomplete pulmonary fissures (IPF) represent a common anatomical variation in the human lung. While often considered silent, incomplete pulmonary fissures can have notable clinical and surgical implications, necessitating a comprehensive understanding of their anatomical characteristics. IPF may have significant implications in both clinical practice and surgical interventions. We report a case of an incomplete transverse fissure of the right lung from an adult male cadaver, exploring the embryological basis, clinical significance, and surgical implications. The findings underscore the importance of understanding the lung embryology and resulting normal anatomy, and associated anatomical variations to ensure accurate diagnosis, appropriate management, and optimal surgical outcomes.

Dermatopathological Analysis of Common Skin Lesions Encountered in Cadavers

This study served as a purpose for medical students to gain experience in both dermatology and pathology, which is a common barrier that prevents first and second year medical students from refining skills that are not later taught until residency. This prompted a study to develop gross differential diagnostic skills and how to analyze histopathology slides to diagnose common skin lesions to refine skills in both clinical and histology presentation. A cadaveric case series was designed to examine multiple shave biopsies on all abnormal skin lesions observed from nine cadavers used for the first year medical students gross anatomy lab during the year 2022-2023. Biopsies were stained using hematoxylin and eosin. Histopathology slides, though initially viewed by medical students, were confirmed by a pathologist at a later time. 25 samples were taken from the 9 cadavers. The most commonly encountered lesion was macular seborrheic keratosis, with nine of the 25 (32%). Seven of the sample lesions (26.9%) were melanocytic nevus. Two sample lesions (8.0%) from the same cadaver were a superficial cutaneous cyst and one sample lesion (3.8%) from a separate cadaver indicated verruca vulgaris. Common dermatological lesions were identified among the nine cadavers used for analysis. This provided opportunities to develop and refine skills in dermatopathology. A further increase in sample size is needed to gain exposure to a larger variety of lesions and to identify common dermatological lesions grossly based on differing race, age, and gender.

Bilateral tensor fascia suralis muscles and unilateral accessory biceps femoris muscle: a cadaveric case study

PurposeThis study reports the findings of bilateral tensor fascia suralis muscles (TFS) and a unilateral accessory muscle belly of the biceps femoris (AMBF) in a 72-year-old female. Case reportThe findings were initially identified during educational dissection of the lower extremities by medical students. The AMBF and bilateral TFS were further dissected to identify their origins and insertions. The left TFS (length, 22.83 ± 0.05 cm; width, 6.24 ± 0.14 mm) originated from the biceps femoris long head muscle (BFLH) and inserted onto the crural fascia overlying the lateral head of gastrocnemius muscle. The right TFS (length, 114.89 ± 0.62 mm; width, 9.82 ± 0.11 mm) originated from the BFLH and inserted onto the crural fascia overlying the medial head of gastrocnemius muscle. The length of the crural fascia insertion was 76.26 ± 3.00 mm (left) and 127.69 ± 1.41 mm (right). An AMBF was present in the left lower limb, originating from the greater trochanter and inserting on the distal end of the BFLH. The common peroneal nerve passed deep to the AMBF, 20.3 cm inferior to the inferior border of the piriformis. ConclusionThis data characterizes a novel finding of bilateral TFS muscles with a unilateral AMBF.

The dominance of dorsal scapular artery as the blood supply to muscles of the back in the absence of two primary vessels: a cadaveric case report

PurposeUnderstanding of rare or unknown anatomical variations of the vasculature of the neck is critical to reduce the risk of complications during surgeries and other invasive procedures in the neck and shoulder regions.MethodsBilateral dissection of the neck and muscles of the back of an 87-year-old Caucasian male donor was performed to demonstrate the origin, course and termination of the arteries that arise in the neck.ResultsSeveral anatomical variations were noted on the right side of the neck of the donor body – (i) only inferior thyroid and ascending cervical arteries originated from the thyrocervical trunk (TCT), from the first part of the subclavian artery (SA), whereas the transverse cervical (TCA) and suprascapular (SSA) arteries were entirely absent, (ii) Dorsal scapular artery (DSA) emerged normally from the third part of the SA. However, after supplying the rhomboids and levator scapulae muscles, DSA provided two additional branches to the trapezius muscle and a branch to the supraspinatus muscle. Interestingly, the branches to the trapezius muscle from the DSA were the only sources of blood supply to the muscle.ConclusionWe report a unique anatomical variation involving the absence of the TCA and SSA from the TCT. The unilateral absence of these major vessels and the branches of DSA supplying the trapezius and supraspinatus muscles have not been reported previously in the literature in a single case report. This case study may provide useful information for head and neck reconstruction and shoulder repair surgeries.

Bilateral adrenal hyperplasia as a paraneoplastic phenomenon - a cadaveric case report

Bilateral adrenal hyperplasia as a paraneoplastic phenomenon - a cadaveric case report

A Cadaveric Case Report of the Four-Headed Bicep Brachii Muscle and its Clinical Importance: A Case Study

Objective: The motive of this cadaveric case report is to demonstrate a variation of the Bicep Brachii Muscle identified in Asian origin adult male cadaveric specimen and its eventual clinical consequences. Method: Left Upper extremity of Asian origin male cadaver has been dissected to show four headed Bicep Brachii Muscle. Adjacent neurovascular structures as well as muscles were isolated, and their courses were observed for possible areas of compression also for anatomical variation. Result: Four headed Bicep Brachii Muscle was founded on the left upper extremity of formalin fixed Asian origin an 84-yearold male cadaver. The median nerve and brachial artery maintained their common neurovascular path. The musculocutaneous nerve passed deep to the third head of the anatomical variant before distributing its cutaneous branches as the lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerves were observed. Conclusion: The presence of a four headed Bicep Brachii Muscle in anterior compartment of upper extremity may cause neurovascular compression of the median nerve, musculocutaneous nerve, or brachial artery, resulting in peripheral nerve difficulties, so the practitioners should pay more careful to existence of this type of variation in clinical practice. Hence, these findings are very important not only for anatomical education but can also to serve as useful data for clinical diagnosis, treatment and research purpose.

Cluster of variations involving vertebral, renal, and obturator arteries in a single human body- A cadaveric case report

We describe a unique triad of arterial variations that include vertebral, renal, and obturator arteries in a single cadaver. A combination of arterial variations was observed in a 60-year male; formalin embalmed cadaver during the routine dissection while teaching undergraduate students. The origin, course, branching pattern, and termination of the vertebral, renal, and obturator arterial systems were noted, along with the vessels' diameter close to their origin. The following variations were observed: a) Hypoplastic V4 segment of the right vertebral artery; Right Posterior Inferior Cerebellar artery had a relatively proximal origin from the V4 segment of vertebral artery and coursed in an inverted ‘U’ shaped manner cranially, which resembled duplicated V4 segment of the right vertebral artery, b) Right accessory renal artery originated from abdominal aorta distal to the right renal artery and the right gonadal artery originated from the right accessory renal artery, c) Right obturator artery originated from the posterior division of the right internal iliac artery, and the left obturator artery originated from the trunk of the left external iliac artery. Such a combination of variations in the anatomy of vertebral, renal, and obturator arteries was not reported previously. This case report will interest neurosurgeons and radiologists because of the possibility of concomitant arterial variations.

Unique Constellation of Vascular Anomalies in a Female Cadaver: IVC, Renal Vein, and Left Colic Artery Variation

Embryological development of the vascular system consists of growth and regression of developing vessels, often resulting in numerous variations. This cadaveric case report describes an individual with a duplicated inferior vena cava accompanied by multiple left accessory renal veins and a superior mesenteric artery-derived left colic artery. These structures may present clinical concerns when physicians are unaware of their presence during even routine surgeries. The 74-year-old female donor was dissected as part of a medical gross anatomy elective course. Anatomy was photographed and measurements were taken. Dissection revealed a duplicated inferior vena cava with a confluence between the right and left inferior venae cavae, known as the preaortic trunk. The left gonadal vein drained directly into the left inferior vena cava, inferior to the vena cava’s junction with the left renal vein. The multiple accessory left renal veins drained into the left inferior vena cava at the level of the primary left renal vein. All three anomalies examined in this donor have the potential to create complications during surgery. Promoting familiarity amongst physicians, particularly radiologists and surgeons, with vascular anomalies can aid in their ability to assess patients and provide better care.

Study on Smartphone Vision Syndrome in Smartphone Users: A Prospective Randomised Controlled Study

Introduction: Recent International reports on ocular health shared that diplopia and dry eye are the prevalent ocular disorders caused by overuse of smartphone in young adults. Studies on smartphone usage in young adult’s reports that the smartphone use begins at the age group ranges from 12-18 years old, were the minimum duration of smartphone use per day is 4-6 hours. The association between smartphone use and prevalence of ocular manifestations has recommended the need of health education programs on smartphone use and its ocular impacts. Increasing use of smart devices also can cause acute acquired comitant esotropia in adolescents. Aim: To investigate the influence of smartphone reading on the ocular surface and to compare the influences of smartphone use on ocular symptoms, status of tear film stability and volume assessment. Materials and Methods: This is a prospective randomized controlled study on volunteers who continued reading for 2 hours on different smartphone screens. A total of 100 volunteers above 18 years of age without any ocular diseases had participated in the study. A structured questionnaire was used to collect the details in the present cadaveric case, found that the IMA divided into two terminal branches. The ascending branch emanated the left colic and sigmodal artery whereas the descending branch continued as superior rectal artery. This was similar to type 2 pattern of Yada’s classification. The expert knowledge of normal and variant Anatomy of abdominal aorta is of utmost importance to the interventional Radiologists, laparoscopic Surgeons, and Surgical Oncologist in succeeding surgery with minimal complications. Keywords: Abdominal aorta, Colon, Yada's classification. of smartphone usage and the visual acuity, tear film stability and volume assessment test and Intraocular pressure (IOP) was taken as some of the parameters in the study. Results: The continuous use to smartphone causes various problems, headaches, eye dryness, earache, fatigue, and musculoskeletal manifestations. The visual acuity, tear film stability and tear volume and IOP of both right and left eye was analysed and found to be statistically significant among the control and SPVS group. The ocular manifestations are noted and correlated with the duration of usage. The precautions were recommended further from the results of the study. Conclusion: The prevalence of eye diseases is high in most of the age groups and it is important to educate about the adverse effect of smartphone usage in all categories. The study also suggests about the screen time limitation and usage of smartphones for young adults.

Anatomical variation of the median nerve and accompanying subclavius posticus muscle: a cadaveric case report

The median nerve and subclavius muscle are two critical neuromuscular structures of the upper extremity. Although their anatomical variations are well described in the literature, a case report involving both anatomical variations in the same extremity is rare. Here, we report a case involving different anatomical variations in the median nerve formation and aberrant subclavius posticus muscle. During routine dissection, a rare anatomical variation was encountered in the left upper extremity of an adult male cadaver. In this case report, we observed two distinct findings in the left upper extremity of a 66-year-old male cadaver: a variant basilic vein passing between the lateral and medial roots of the median nerve and the presence of the subclavius posticus muscle. To our knowledge, a case involving an unusual basilic vein passing between the lateral and medial roots of the median nerve and an aberrant subclavian posticus muscle in the same extremity has not been reported to date. Knowledge of such variations may be useful for surgeons in avoiding iatrogenic injuries during anaesthetic and surgical procedures around the axilla and arm.

A Cadaveric Case Report of a Double Right Coronary Artery and Its Clinical Implications

A Cadaveric Case Report of a Double Right Coronary Artery and Its Clinical Implications

An interlobar ligament connecting the right and left lobes of the liver – A cadaveric case report

Several ligaments and peritoneal folds attach the liver to other organs and to the abdominal wall. These are the falciform ligament, ligamentum teres hepatis or round ligament, right triangular ligament, left triangular ligament, lessor omentum, and ligamentum venosum. We report a unique ligament connecting the right and left lobes of the liver, on its visceral surface near its inferior border. This ligament is seen forming a tunnel through which the ligamentum teres is seen to travel.The knowledge can be used by the radiologists and clinicians in image interpretation and subsequent clinical diagnosis and by anatomists and embryologists for academic interests. Further, this ligament and the tunnel formed by it maybe a potential site for strangulation of abdominal content.

A cadaveric case study of the fibulo calcaneus internus muscle as a rare accessory muscle of calf region

The fibulocalcaneus (peroneocalcaneus) Internus (FCI) muscle which is also called as Peroneo calcaneus Internus (PCI) muscle (of MacAlister) is a rare variation of calf muscle with a low prevalence of <1%-3% in cadaveric dissection and imaging studies. The FCI arises from the posterior-medial aspect of the distal 1/3 of the fibula, descends posterior and lateral to the flexor hallucis longus (FHL) muscle. It than traverses the tarsal tunnel inferior to the sustentaculum tali of the Calcaneus, and get inserted into the plantar surface of the calcaneus. However, controversy exists concerning the exact location of the insertion site of FCI muscle. Recently the insertion of the FCI muscle has been described as distal to the coronoid fossa, a small depression between the anterior tuberosity and the anterior apex of the sustentaculum tali of the calcaneus. However, chronological descriptions described the FCI as inserting into either the sustentaculum tali itself or a small tubercle on the medical surface of the calcaneus distal to the sustentaculum tali. During routine dissection for under graduate students, about 56-year old Indian male, a Fibulocalcaneus (peroneocalcaneus) Internus (FCI) muscle was identified, which originated from the posterior medial surface of distal third of the fibula and tendon merges with 2 slip of flexor digitorum longus and get inserted on base of distal phalanx of second toe. Knowledge of the FCI muscle is important due its involvement with various ankle pathologies, including predisposing individuals to tarsal tunnel syndrome, FHL tenosynovitis, and posterior ankle impingement and pain. The FCI muscle is one of the least common muscular variants associated with the ankle joint, and it has been implicated in posterior ankle pain and impingement. This muscle is often confused with the flexor digitorum accessorius longus (FDAL) muscle. Additionally, this study describes ways to differentiate between the FCI and FDAL muscles in the lower leg. Radiologists and clinicians should be aware of this anomalous muscle when considering various diagnoses, interpreting radiographs, and pursuing surgical involvement to reduce symptoms of posterior ankle region.

High origin of radial artery in mid-arm and possible complications: A cadaveric case study

The radial artery is a vital vessel supplying the forearm and hand. Variations in its origin can occur, leading to potential complications during clinical procedures. This cadaveric case study investigates the high origin of the radial artery in the mid-arm and its associated complications. Two cadaveric specimens were examined, at Department of Anatomy, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, and the anatomical variations were documented. The study highlights the importance of recognizing such variations and their implications in clinical practice, aiding healthcare professionals in minimizing procedural complications and optimizing patient outcomes. The tortuous course and kinking observed in this study may predispose the artery to thrombosis, spasm, or occlusion, potentially leading to ischemic complications in the forearm and hand.