Cadastral Maps Research Articles

DETERMINATION OF AN OBVIOUS FACTUAL ERROR IN A CADASTRAL MAP

The maps created of reinstated property after 1990 contain numerous errors. These errors have been transferred from the existing cadastral plans, comassation plans, land subdivision plan, aerial photo plans and a large-scale topographic maps created in the years 1964-1968. For the creation of maps of the reinstated property, the sources described above were used directly, without repeated aerial photography or deciphering of the objects as well as without the conduction of direct geodetic measurements [6, 8]. The presence of an obvious factual error is a relatively common phenomenon in the cadastral map. The same applies mainly to linear objects and it is quite possible to remove these errors. These errors can be corrected via separate projects for the specific errors, as well as via projects affecting a large part of land territory and even an entire land territory.

Documenting customary land boundaries using unmanned aerial vehicle imagery and artificial intelligence

AbstractThe use of computer vision and deep learning in boundary documentation for land registration stems from the ongoing demand for appropriate mapping approaches of unregistered land rights to eradicate the global challenge of tenure insecurity. Previous research has yielded promising results towards automated extraction of photo‐visible cadastral boundaries from high‐resolution imagery. Nonetheless, the extraction of invisible cadastral boundaries is still a challenge. This study investigates the place of sensor/s on‐board unmanned aerial vehicles and deep learning algorithms in detecting cadastral boundaries. It develops a participatory boundary marking procedure using low‐cost markers to bring monument to previously invisible and ill‐defined cadastral boundaries. After that, the researchers trained and tested the accuracy of a convolutional neural network, namely single shot multi‐box detector (SSD) based on Residual Neural Network (ResNet) and Visual Geometry Group (VGG) backbone networks to automatically detect cadastral boundary markers from unmanned aerial vehicle imagery. SSD based on ResNet34 performed best with 0.88 precision, 0.92 recall and 0.91 F measure or (F1) score. VGG19‐based SSD yielded a precision of 0.47, recall of 0.53 and F1 score of 0.50. The horizontal accuracy of the cadastral map generated varied from 0.089 to 0.496 m per parcel, with a standard deviation of 0.120 m. Results show that this approach is practical for cadastral mapping in rural areas.

Automation of Spatial Framework Creation for Cadastral Mapping Using Drones and Deep Learning

Automation of Spatial Framework Creation for Cadastral Mapping Using Drones and Deep Learning

Clarifying the information of the «Public Cadastral Map» based on user ground photography

The necessity of clarifying the public cadastral maps using satellite images as a background is considered in this article. The reasons for mismatch between different layers and the measures to improve the quality of the original photogrammetric base are substantiated here as well. The authors developed the methodology for the information base of the "public cadastral map" service based on user ground photography in order to improve the quality of photographic bases of public cadastral maps. The authors also made the conclusions and recommendations for the implementation of such measures.

Digitizing Karachi's Decades-Old Cadastral Maps: Leveraging Unsupervised Machine Learning and GEOBIA for Digitization

Digitizing Karachi's Decades-Old Cadastral Maps: Leveraging Unsupervised Machine Learning and GEOBIA for Digitization

Comparison between aerial imagery and conventional cadastral mapping methods in Ekiti State Nigeria; towards a fit-for-purpose approach

Towards achieving Fit-for-Purpose (FFP) cadastral mapping, this study compares conventional cadastral mapping methods of theodolite traverse, total station and Real Time Kinematic Global Navigation Satellite System (RTK GNSS) with high-resolution aerial imagery in Ekiti State, Nigeria. Evaluating time, cost, accuracy, and coverage, it finds that high-resolution aerial imagery can achieve results comparable to conventional instruments with wider coverage, thereby expediting land registration and fostering sustainable development. However, challenges in obtaining high-resolution imagery necessitate regulatory reform for UAV use. The study recommends adoption of innovative solutions to improve the spatial, legal, and institutional frameworks in the state and enhance land governance.

Development in Cadastral Surveying and Mapping in the Netherlands

Development in Cadastral Surveying and Mapping in the Netherlands

Transportation, decentralization, and path dependence: How did the old tramway shape Shanghai, China?

This article studies the short- and long-run economic consequences of the now-extinct Shanghai tramway. Tramway was the primary mode of transportation in Shanghai between 1908 and the 1930s, continuing to operate until 1975. With the geolocation of the tramway lines on both historical cadastral maps and current Google maps, the article finds that after the arrival of the tramway, land lots close to the tramway lines experienced a larger increase in land value relative to those far away from the tramway lines, and that the reduction in transportation costs led to a flattening land value gradient with respect to distance from the central business district (CBD). It also finds that the tramway still influences the current pattern of urban land value, even nearly fifty years after the removal of the last tramway track. Such persistent influence can be largely explained by the follow-on amenities near the tramway lines. The evidence found in this article suggests that the tramway in Shanghai promoted decentralization by enhancing accessibility to the CBD from distant locations in its heyday, and influences modern behaviors through the mutually reinforced private and public coordination of economic activities.

Influencia del grado de pendiente y extensión de la propiedad como factores condicionantes para la cobertura de suelo en La Paz, San Ramón, Alajuela, Costa Rica

A quantitative analysis was conducted on a 2596.88-hectare slope located in La Paz, San Ramón, Alajuela, Costa Rica. To complete the study, 461 field verification points were collected, of which 182 were selected. Data was cross-verified with the information available in the Cadastral Map of San Ramón and the database of the National Territorial Information System [SNIT]. Results were classified according to the soil slope categories established by MAG-MIRENEM, 1994, Decreto N.° 23214. The findings revealed that 54.85 hectares correspond to soil with a slope ranging from = 0% to ≤ 3%; 105.6 hectares are located on terrain with a slope greater than 3% and ≤ 8%; 309.84 hectares consist of lands with a slope greater than 8% and ≤ 15%; 1079.07 hectares are terrains with a slope greater than 15% and ≤ 30%; 799.02 hectares are soils with a slope ranging between > 30% and ≤ 50%; 229.39 hectares represent lands with a slope greater than 50% and ≤ 75%; and 19.11 hectares comprise terrains with a slope exceeding 75%. In properties exceeding 20 hectares, with a slope exceeding 50% and characterized as strongly undulating, steep, or very steep terrain, 82% of the total area (1097.36 hectares) is covered by forest.

Preparing Cadastral Map Databases for Mosul District

Investigates the development and implementation of digital cadastral map databases for Mosul District, Iraq, addressing the transition from traditional paper-based systems to modern geospatial technologies. The research explores the integration of Geographic Information Systems (GIS), remote sensing, and Global Positioning System (GPS) technologies to enhance cadastral mapping processes. Encompass data collection from diverse sources, including high-resolution satellite imagery, aerial photography, and existing cadastral maps. A comprehensive analysis of data types— vector, raster, Triangulated Irregular Network (TIN), and tabular—is conducted to establish an optimal database structure. The study delineates the technical capabilities of GIS in data processing, spatial analysis, and model preparation, emphasizing the importance of data accuracy and consistency. A systematic approach to data entry, including map scanning, georeferencing, and digitization, is presented. The research outlines the creation of a multi-layered geographic database, incorporating both spatial and descriptive data. Protocols for database updating using satellite imagery and field surveys are developed, ensuring the currency and reliability of cadastral information. The results demonstrate significant improvements in data management, spatial analysis capabilities, and information accessibility compared to traditional methods. The study concludes that digital cadastral databases offer enhanced decision-making support for land administration and urban planning in Mosul District. Contributes to the body of knowledge on modernizing cadastral systems in developing regions, providing insights into technological integration, data standardization, and the challenges associated with transitioning to digital cadastral management systems. The findings have implications for policy makers and land administrators seeking to implement similar systems in comparable urban contexts.

Positional accuracy of cadastral maps digitized from the stable cadastre system

The accuracy of positional data in cadastral mapping is crucial for various technical activities within the cadastre and related decision-making processes. With digital maps becoming ubiquitous in cadastral operations, assessing the positional accuracy of cadastral maps digitized from stable cadastre systems has become essential. These maps, categorized as DKM and KMD, present different challenges in determining their overall positional accuracy. While DKM maps offer high accuracy, KMD maps, derived from stable cadastre systems, pose challenges due to their varied origins, including potential positional errors inherited from historical data. This study proposes a methodology for assessing the positional accuracy of KMD maps by comparing digitized boundaries with actual field measurements. The evaluation considers factors such as cadastral area characteristics, available survey data, and the timing of digitization efforts. The study aims to categorize objects based on their positional accuracy by analysing shifts in boundary points and building positions. Results from testing in selected cadastral areas reveal varying degrees of accuracy in KMD maps. While some areas demonstrate high accuracy, others exhibit significant positional inaccuracies, particularly in peripheral regions or linear parcels. The study suggests that areas outside municipal boundaries may require immediate remapping to ensure accuracy. Overall, the findings highlight the importance of assessing and improving the positional accuracy of cadastral maps to enhance their utility in land management and decision-making processes. Further research in this area could focus on developing automated methods for detecting and correcting positional errors in digital cadastral maps.

Evaluating Lakes Boundary Change: A Case Study from Ward Number 26 of Pokhara Metropolitan City

Lakes are crucial for their multi-faceted services, including drinking water, irrigation, tourism, and more. Understanding their status, including area coverage, is important, and continuous monitoring is essential. Lakes can be monitored through various approaches, ranging from traditional ground-based surveys to advanced earth observation satellites. This study aimed to monitor several lakes in Ward Number 26 of Pokhara Metropolitan City, including Khaste, Neurini, and Gunde Lakes, using high-resolution cadastral maps, ground-based field surveys, and Sentinel-2 earth observation satellites. Additionally, focus group discussions and key informant interviews were conducted. Supervised land use and land cover classification and the Normalized Difference Water Index method were employed to determine the area of each lake in 2017 and 2021. The focus group discussions and key informant interviews investigated factors affecting lake dynamics. The study found that climate change, land use change, floods, water abstraction, and landslides are major factors contributing to changes in lake areas. The results showed that the satellite-derived lake boundaries were smaller than those indicated on the cadastral map. Ground surveys using total station equipment also revealed that Khaste Lake shrunk by 6122.73 m² (0.01 km²), Neurini Lake lost 474.95 m² (0.00005 km²), and Gunde Lake shrunk by 4226 m² (0.004 km²) due to encroachment. Although satellite images are useful for detecting large-scale changes, this study indicates that the lake boundary areas identified through satellite imagery were smaller than those delineated by cadastral maps and ground surveys. This suggests that remote sensing analysis alone is insufficient for studying small lake boundary changes and should be combined with ground-based surveys. Therefore, a combination of satellite images and ground-based surveys is recommended for accurately and comprehensively detecting changes in lake areas.

Morphometric characteristics of the relief and assessment of erosional hazards of the Kalaus River basin, Russia, based on digital modelling

In this work, the main goal was to analyse the erosional hazards within the boundaries of the Kalaus River catchment area.The paper analyses the erosive state of the region's lands, for which industry and cadastral maps, a digital elevation model and satellite images were used. Official data of ministries and departments were used. Geographic information systems – QGIS and SAGA GIS – served as the basis for modelling. The article presents the results of GIS modeling of erosional hazards in the territory of the Kalaus River basin. Based on the (DEM) SRTM digital elevation model, the basic morphometric indicators of the relief were calculated: steepness of the slopes and vertical and horizontal dissection of the relief. Based on morphometric indicators, an integral calculation of the energy of relief and erosion hazard was carried out and a series of relevant thematic maps was created. The values of slope steepness obtained within the boundaries of the basin range from 0° to 51° with average values of 2.5°. The horizontal dissection varies in the range from 0 to 0.84 km/km2, and the erosion bases are characterized by a range of values from – 15.0 to 248.6 m, with an average value of 33.0 m. The formation of the erosional potential of the basin’s relief is facilitated by the location of a significant part of the region on the spurs of the Stavropol Upland, which have widely developed slopes. Based on the calculated raster of the integral energy index of the relief, 3 categories of erosional hazard are identified. Most of the basin of the Kalaus River (58.4 %) is characterised by a low erosion hazard, another 39.0 % of the territory presents an average erosion hazard, and the remaining 2.9 % belongs to territories with a strong erosion hazard. The classification of relief surface shapes based on the Iwahashi and Pike method, which was carried out on the basis of a DEM, shows a much greater prevalence of steep slopes with high convexity in the southern part of the Kalaus River basin.The identified features of the level of erosional hazard of the lands of the Kalaus River basin are recommended to be taken into account in preinvestment, pre‐design and urban project planning of the territories of administrative units located within the boundaries of the basin. Despite the fact that the results of GIS analysis cannot completely replace field erosion surveys, their value as a tool for planning rational land use is obvious. The results of the work can be used to carry out a similar assessment in other regions, primarily in the organisation of agricultural production.

Spatial data collection in cadastral updating in Turkey

In the cadastral studies carried out in Turkey in the last century, cadastral maps were produced using different surveying methods. It is also constantly replacing or diversifying its surveying methods with new ones. Finally, it has started to produce spatial data for cadastral parcels with the photogrammetric method using UAV technology. The expected accuracy in spatial data generation is ±7 cm. This article includes all surveying methods used in cadastral studies to date. In addition, the contribution of photogrammetric studies to the cadastral updating activities was investigated, carried out using UAV in a study area of 18 thousand ha.

The Use of water in 19th century landscape gardens as represented on cadastral maps

The Use of water in 19th century landscape gardens as represented on cadastral maps

Urban Transformation of the Dubrovnik Summer Villa Setting—From an Idyllic Landscape to an Overbuilt City

The landscape surrounding a summer villa is, in a morphological and experiential sense, an inseparable part of the villa and its garden. This research examines the level of preservation of the historic landscapes of eight summer villas in Dubrovnik and the level of their integration into the urban fabric of the contemporary city. The research methods used include the analysis of the relevant scientific literature as well as the analysis and interpretation of graphic materials, i.e., cadastral maps from the second half of the 19th century, orthophoto maps, and spatial planning documentation. In this paper, the immediate landscape in close vicinity to the summer villas is defined as the protective zone of a summer villa (PZSV). Although the original use and extent of the summer villa landscapes have rarely been preserved, it is possible to establish PZSVs in order to preserve, i.e., reinterpret, the setting of the summer villas, which is necessary to experience them in their totality. This research establishes the general principles that enable the identification of three general models of transformation of the summer villa landscape. Furthermore, this research develops possible scenarios for the enhancement of the summer villa landscape based on the identified models. These models and scenarios are generally applicable in the context of the protection and enhancement of the summer villa landscapes in of the south of Croatia.

Planowanie terenów rolniczych w Bułgarii - obecna funkcjonalność prawodawstwa i perspektywy

Development Planning for the Agricultural Territory is a problematic activity in Bulgaria in terms of the existing legal requirements. Bulgarian legislation contains certain gaps in regulating and technically ensuring the agricultural land planning. This is well settled in relation to the other types of territories like the Urban, Forest, and Protected ones, which planning rules and activities are regulated in details. The purpose of the paper is firstly to justify the necessity of improving and detailing the legal regulations for the agricultural land development planning, and secondly to suggest some expert approaches for improving and harmonization of legislation in connection with registration of the agricultural property by Agricultural Territory Development Plan (ATDP), Restored Property Map (RPM) and Cadastral Map (CM). The current legal grounds for planning development of the agricultural land in Bulgaria are presented and analysed. Lack of detailed regulations on their scope, content and operation have been found. It is also a matter of applicability of the newly created municipal CMs in settling land relations such as purchases and sales of land, inheritances, divisions, and changing the primary purpose of use of Agricultural Territory for construction. The completeness of CM with information about the quality of agricultural lands is still not regulated by Cadaster and Property Register Act. The paper contains specific proposals for amendments in Spatial Planning Act, Cadastral and Property Registry Act and Agricultural Land Ownership and Use Act.

Vertical Accuracy of Google Earth Data

Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) are an important data source used in many engineering and Geographic Information System (GIS) applications. This paper illustrates a strategy for creating a DEM by utilizing elevation data from Google Earth and evaluating the vertical positional accuracy of the generated DEM adopting a well-defined methodology. To ensure the accuracy of the elevation data obtained from Google Earth, a thorough evaluation was done in three diverse small districts of the northern shoreline in Egypt. The evaluation process involved determining the ground coordinates of reference points utilizing two surveying techniques: total station and Real-Time Kinematic (RTK) Global Positioning System (GPS) surveys. These coordinates were compared with the ones predicated by the DEM generated by putting into service Google Earth's elevation data. Furthermore, the vertical accuracy was assessed using Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM) data of Google Earth collected at two different periods in 2015 and 2023. The vertical accuracy of the Google Earth data is detailed utilizing Mean Error (ME), Maximum Absolute Error (MAE), and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE). According to the results, Google Earth's elevation data accuracy remains consistent from 2015 to 2023, and refining SRTM data does not improve the vertical accuracy. The vertical accuracy of the total station survey surpasses the one of the RTK GPS survey, and the elevation accuracy of the RTK GPS survey decreases with increasing height difference. In addition, the vertical accuracy of DEMs was found to be sufficient for some engineering applications but not accurate enough for precise engineering studies. The accuracy achieved in small height difference terrain can be utilized to produce large-scale cadastral maps, city plans, or land use maps. Finally, the elevation data offered by Google Earth can be utilized for preliminary studies at a low cost. However, to ensure the accuracy of these data, it is recommended that users compare them with reference data before implementation.

Geodata Processing Methodology on GIS Platforms When Creating Spatial Development Plans of Territorial Communities: Case of Ukraine

The article offers a detailed expert analysis on handling spatial information of territorial communities amid administrative and land reforms. The authors have developed multiple methodological recommendations and justified the selection of efficient tools for contemporary GIS systems. It also delves into the essence of GIS technologies, the nuances of working with geodata, and provides a concise overview of the world's most prevalent GIS platforms. The paper outlines an algorithm for developing a land resource management strategy for communities in preparation for land reform. Through the analysis and visualization of spatial data, the paper highlights enhancements in economic valuation and the ability to pinpoint risks and infringements of property rights. The study selects the Cadastr.UA system on the Soft.Farm platform, developed by Ukrainian company Quart Soft, as a notably user-friendly and promising GIS for land accounting and auditing. Research based on the experimental practical application of most functions of GIS Cadastr.UA indicates that this system aligns well with the needs for land plot accounting and auditing within the framework of Ukraine's Public cadastral map. The paper details the practical implementation of GIS technologies, using Cadastr.UA as a case study, and illustrates how to employ selected GIS tools in various scenarios and tasks.

Simulation of Urban Density Scenario according to the Cadastral Map using K-Means unsupervised classification

Simulation of Urban Density Scenario according to the Cadastral Map using K-Means unsupervised classification