CAD Environment Research Articles

Конструктивные алгоритмы автоматизированного решения позиционных задач

This paper presents the theoretical foundations for an approach to automated solutions of positional problems involving intersections of geometric objects in Euclidean space. A conceptual framework is developed based on concepts and definitions related to the equivalence relation known in set theory. This framework includes: an equivalence relation defined on the set of geometric objects in Euclidean space; the dimension and factorization of the object set, represented as a collection of equivalence classes; and the projected factor set of space. A set-theoretic basis for representing the projection operation is provided, enabling the development of constructive algorithms to solve positional problems involving intersections of spatial geometric objects. These algorithms have been implemented within the KOMPAS-3D CAD environment. The theoretical foundations and analysis of the algorithm functionality establish definitions for "geometric modeling" and "3D modeling." The proposed approach to automating positional problem solutions essentially constitutes a 3D model of these solutions through the creation of a virtual model. The paper includes examples of automated 3D solutions to intersection problems, descriptions of the algorithms used in their design, and examples of practical applications of these algorithms.

Short Cyclic Algorithm for Turbo Block Construction

This paper presents perhaps the shortest possible algorithm for drafting a turbo block in a standard CAD environment. Though not defining the complete turbo roundabout geometry (the legs are defined by their centerlines only), turbo block construction stays at the very core of its geometrical definition. Relevant national policies elaborate turbo block construction at various levels of detail. Some policies skip certain definitions of spirals’ centers and some even allow for slight discontinuities in spiraling lanes’ geometries. But, as our computer program had to be based on precisely defined geometrical features, no question, be it a location of a particular center or relation between the interconnecting arcs, could be left unanswered. Consequently, while explaining the basics on which the program relies, all the elements of the turbo block are discussed. Even the problems not addressed in renowned national policies (such as alternatively matching marking and curb lines) had to be resolved before being incorporated into the program. After resolving and elaborating turbo block roundabout technics in detail, a new cyclic algorithm for turbo block construction is presented. The program is very short and could be easily understood and modified by the average programmer.

Comparative Analysis of Topology Optimization Platforms for Additive Manufacturing of Robot Arms

Recently, CAD environments have integrated topology optimization (TO) tools, enabling rapid development and manufacturing of parts with optimized mechanical properties. However, different CAD platforms incorporate TO differently, making a comparative analysis necessary. This study aims to systematically compare the efficiency, material usage, and design quality of five commonly used CAD/TO platforms when applied to the topology optimization of a six degrees of freedom robotic arm. The objective is to identify the key differences in how these platforms influence the final design and manufacturing outcomes. Practical validation of results is provided by printing and assembling optimized components into a fully functional robotic arm. Our findings indicate differences in optimization efficiency, material usage, and print time between analyzed platforms. Strengths and weaknesses of each platform are indicated and recommendations for optimization parameters are provided.

Geometrical optimization and evaluation of the bridge safety guardrail

Abstract Lately, the rapid growth of traffic led to the construction of a new freeway bridge to ease the road congestion. This paper studied the crash behaviour of steel guardrails for semi-heavy traffic roads used on bridges. The guardrail structure is tested according to the SR EN 1317 standards at two velocity cases, corresponding to the TB 11 and TB 51 impact test description. To perform this evaluation study, the guardrail structure is first modelled in CAD environment software, respecting the commercial dimensions. The boundary conditions, the material properties assignment, and the load case creation are done by using dedicated FEA software. The obtained results are analysed and are proposed some design improvements to the base guardrail structure. The improved guardrail structure is tested under the same work conditions as the base structure. The conclusions of this research are presented in the last part of the paper.

Long-term use of lokivetmab in dogs with atopic dermatitis.

Lokivetmab, a caninised monoclonal antibody against interleukin (IL)-31, is an effective treatment for the pruritus associated with canine atopic dermatitis (cAD). To investigate the efficacy and safety of lokivetmab during long-term treatment defined as at least three consecutive lokivetmab injections in atopic dogs under field conditions. To assess individual factors influencing treatment outcome and adverse events. 150 dogs with cAD. Medical records of dogs treated with lokivetmab were reviewed, and owners and/or veterinarians were contacted as needed for follow-up. A decrease of the pruritus Visual Analog Scale (PVAS) score by ≥2 or a PVAS score ≤2 after treatment was considered as treatment success. Logistic regression was used to investigate the influence of a variety of factors on outcome: type of cAD (food versus environment), age at first lokivetmab administration, disease chronicity, dosage and/or secondary infection. Any adverse event that occurred during the study period was recorded. Lokivetmab reduced the PVAS score with long-term use (p < 0.01); the success rate was 53 of 69 total dogs (77%). The probability of treatment failure decreased with increasing treatment duration. None of the factors investigated influenced the treatment outcome. Twelve dogs of 150 (8%) showed adverse events such as gastrointestinal signs or lethargy. Lokivetmab appears to be an effective and safe long-term anti-itch therapy for dogs with cAD.

Experimental and Numerical Determination of the Aerodynamic Characteristics of a Cruise Missile Model

A model of a cruise missile was tested in symmetrical air flow in a low-speed wind tunnel of the Military University of Technology (Warsaw, Poland). A virtual model of the missile was developed, and the geometry of the computational domain was built in the CAD environment of the ANSYS computational software suite. The domain was discretised in the ANSYS Meshing application, creating a hybrid computational mesh. Boundary conditions were determined in the ANSYS Fluent application, and physical (turbulent compressible flow) and numerical models were selected. Calculations were performed for three different turbulence models – Spalart-Almaras, realizable k-ε, and SST k-ω – and the results were compared to find the model providing the best convergence with in-tunnel measurements.

Exploration of Adaptive Environment Design Strategy Based on Reinforcement Learning in CAD Environment

Exploration of Adaptive Environment Design Strategy Based on Reinforcement Learning in CAD Environment

Integrating Multi-Criteria Decision Models in Smart Urban Planning: A Case Study of Architectural and Urban Design Competitions

The focus of this study is to integrate the DEX (Decision EXpert) decision-modeling method in architectural and urban design (A &amp; UD) competitions. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of integrating the DEX (Decision EXpert) decision-modeling method into the evaluation process of A &amp; UD competitions to enhance decision-making transparency, objectivity, and efficiency. By using symbolic values in decision models, the approach offers a more user-friendly alternative to the conventional jury decision-making process. The practical application of the DEX method is demonstrated in the Rhinoceros 3D environment to show its effectiveness in evaluating A &amp; UD competition project solutions related to the development of the smart city. The results indicate that the DEX method, with its hierarchical and symbolic values, significantly improves the simplicity of the evaluation process in A &amp; UD competitions, aligning it with the objectives of the smart cities. This method provides an efficient, accessible, and viable alternative to other multi-criteria decision-making approaches. This study importantly contributes to the field of architectural decision making by merging qualitative multi-criteria decision models into the CAD environment, thus supporting more informed, objective, and transparent decision-making processes in the planning and development of smart cities.

A computational implementation of Vector-based 3D Graphic Statics (VGS) for interactive and real-time structural design

This article presents a computational implementation for the Vector-based Graphic Statics (VGS) framework making it an effective CAD tool for the design of spatial structures in static equilibrium (VGS-tool). The paper introduces several key features that convert a purely theoretical graph and geometry based framework into a fully automated computational procedure, including the following new contributions: a general algorithm for constructing 3-dimensional interdependent force and force diagrams; the implementation of a procedure that allows the interdependent transformation of both diagrams; an approach to apply specific constraints to the computationally generated diagrams; the integration of the algorithms as a plug-in for a CAD environment (Grasshopper3D of Rhino3D). The main features of the proposed framework are highlighted with a design case study developed using the newly introduced CAD plug-in (namely the VGS-tool). This plugin uses synthetic-oriented and intuitive graphical representation to allow the user to design spatial structures in equilibrium as three-dimensional trusses. The goal is to facilitate collaboration between structural engineers and architects during the conceptual phase of the design process.

Integrating Neural Network Emulators in CAD Environments for Enhanced Neural Architecture Modeling

Integrating Neural Network Emulators in CAD Environments for Enhanced Neural Architecture Modeling

Modelling and Simulating the Digital Measuring Twin Based on CMM

In order to perform the inspection planning process on the coordinate measuring machine (CMM), it is necessary to model the measuring system with workpiece, CMM and fixture. The metrological analysis of the workpiece is then conducted, followed by the creation of a measurement program for simulation on a virtual measuring machine in a CAD environment. This paper presents the modelling and simulation of a virtual measuring system based on a real CMM using PTC Creo Parametric 5.0 software. The simulation involved programming the measuring path and generating a DMIS (*.ncl) file, which represents the standard modelled types of tolerance. The analysis of the metrology of the measuring part for the given forms of tolerance (location, perpendicularity, flatness, etc.) was performed. The components of the CMM and the assembly with defined kinematic connections are also modelled. Following the simulation and generation of the output DMIS file in PTC Creo using the virtual CMM, the real CMM was programmed and used for actual measurements. Subsequently, a measurement report was generated. The main result of this paper is the modelling of an offline Digital Measuring Twin (DMT) based on the DMIS file.

BeingAliveLanguage: Visualizing soil information from a design perspective to enhance multidisciplinary communication

Soil forms the foundation for biotic and abiotic activities that shape landscapes over time. Effective communication and understanding of soil profiles, contents, and interactions with other systems such as vegetation and climate are crucial for multidisciplinary research and projects involving soil. A robust, comprehensible, and extendable visualization system is required to enhance communication across diverse disciplines, including landscape architecture, agronomy, and ecology.This paper introduces the BeingAliveLanguage, an innovative, extensible visualization system for soil-centric information within a multidisciplinary communication framework. The system employs a fractal-based visual language to effectively convey vital soil information to professionals in various fields engaged in architecture, landscape design, and urban planning projects. The corresponding software, developed as a plugin for the Rhino-Grasshopper CAD environment, allows users to automatically generate easily understandable soil-centered diagrams using a node-based programming language. Designed to enhance communication in landscape, geoscience, and agriculture-related fields, the system provides critical information to support the design and decision-making process. We showcase the system’s efficacy through two extensions and by utilizing the tool in multiple real-world projects.

Visual Basic Drawing Codes from 2D AutoCAD Drawings andVisual Basic Drawing Codes from 2D AutoCAD Drawings and Machine Parts Applications

It is of great importance to support vocational programs with graphics. Before the necessary graphic codes are written, drawings are usually prepared in the CAD environment. Then, graphic coordinates are taken from the drawing environment and software graphic codes are prepared. This situation requires a lot of effort and time. In this study, a software has been developed in AutoLISP programming language, which converts drawings in Autocad environment into Visual Basic drawing codes in a very short time. The use of mechanical engineering drawing codes produced with the developed program is shown in visual basic environment with animation support. The conversion of bolts, radiused parts, gear and propeller drawings in Autocad environment into Visual Basic codes and program examples are shown in the software developed in this study. It is expected that the developed program will save time and effort in writing the graphic codes to be used in new program designs. Keywords: AutoLISP, Visual Basic, Autocad, Simulation, Software Development DOI: 10.7176/JIEA/13-2-04 Publication date: March 31 st 2023

Application of optimized convolutional neural network to fixture layout in automotive parts

Fixture layout is a complex task that significantly impacts manufacturing costs and requires the expertise of well-trained engineers. While most research approaches to automating the fixture layout process use optimization or rule-based frameworks, this paper presents a novel approach using supervised learning. The proposed framework replicates the 3-2-1 locating principle to layout fixtures for sheet metal designs. This principle ensures the correct fixing of an object by restricting its degrees of freedom. One main novelty of the proposed framework is the use of topographic maps generated from sheet metal design data as input for a convolutional neural network (CNN). These maps are created by projecting the geometry onto a plane and converting the Z coordinate into gray-scale pixel values. The framework is also novel in its ability to reuse knowledge about fixturing to lay out new workpieces and in its integration with a CAD environment as an add-in. The results of the hyperparameter-tuned CNN for regression show high accuracy and fast convergence, demonstrating the usability of the model for industrial applications. The framework was first tested using automotive b-pillar designs and was found to have high accuracy (≈ 100%) in classifying these designs. The proposed framework offers a promising approach for automating the complex task of fixture layout in sheet metal design.

Applied Digital Documentation with Parametric 3D Modeling and Internet of Trees Functionality for Smart Forests and Monument Landscapes

The Problem: The classic traditional digital documentation (i.e. study, design, development, and maintenance of forests, parks, and monument landscapes) shows significant problems of functionality, adaptability, sustainability, velocity, and viability.&#x0D; Target &amp; Research Objectives: In the framework of forests, parks, and monument landscapes, the massive volumes of Big Data (greater variety, arriving in increasing volumes, and with more velocity) can be used to address documentation problems that wouldn’t have been able to tackle before. Smart forest, as an Internet- enabled “product”, requires Big Data because it operates in real-time and requires real-time evaluation and action. Also, the recent research and practice advances in Blockchain data structures and Distributed Ledger Technologies (DLT) support generic structures with many services (e.g. parametric functionality). Hence, a DLT smart digital documentation can address the documentation problems.&#x0D; The research objectives, for digital documentation with blockchain functionality (DLT smart documentation), are defined by grouping in user-friendly palettes generic 3D CAD modeling tools which could be parameterized (e.g. trees modeling) in order to support adaptability; and by designing a new flexible and customized GUI (Graphical User Interface).&#x0D; Methods: The proposed methodology is based on parameterized 3D modeling of trees usually found in forests and urban parks (width and height parameters). Also, a personalized GUI operates as an interface between the end-user and the parameterized CAD (GUI palettes with many 3D modeling tools). Hence, in this paper, a parameterized 3D design is examined, analyzed, and presented in the context of digital documentation with internet of trees functionality for smart forests, urban parks, monument landscapes, and cultural heritage.&#x0D; Results: From the research conducted the results are: (i) a personalized, innovative, and flexible graphical interface (GUI) that could be incorporated in any commercial CAD environment; (ii) many parameterized 3D design tools specialized in the development of forms, plans, and modules (e.g., parametric tree 3D models) of objects and entities found in forests, urban parks, and monument landscapes; and (iii) the introduced internet of trees operativity (software routine), ideal for smart forests, smart monument landscapes, and landscape architecture digital documentation applications with blockchain functionality.&#x0D; Application: Possibility to support foresters, engineers, and landscape architects in development studies and documentation of peri-urban forests, recreational parks, pocket parks, monument landscapes, and cultural heritage projects. Increased integration functionality in blockchain knowledge databases.

Synthesis and CAD-Examination of a Cylindrical Gear Pair Derived from a Cosine Profiled Rack

The problematic of gear profiles has again come to the fore during the power demands imposed by technical development. Most of nowadays gears have involute profile due to its numerous ad-vantages. The most important is that that axis distance variation does not affect the transmission ratio. According to [1], a cosine gear drive has a lower slip coefficient and the contact and bending stresses by charge are significantly lower compared to an involute gear. This paper presents a study regarding the generation synthesis of a cosine profiled gear pair, using a single cosine profiled rack, in a CAD environment. The profile of the generating rack and the mathematical computations of the equations of gearing were performed in a Mathcad environment. The tool models were created in Autodesk Inventor. Then it was implemented in Autodesk AutoCAD and using its special programming language (Auto lisp), a simultaneous subtraction-rolling method was used to obtain a realistic simulation of the meshing of the cut gear with the rack. Implementing the generated gears in Autodesk Inventor environment, tests were performed in order to compare the cosine profile of the generated gears with the profile of the involute gears. In the near future, we intend to exploit the results obtained and compare the transmission quality of the involute gears with the cosine gears.

The Study of the Profile Errors of Straight Teethed Shaper Cutters in the CAD-Environment

It is well known that straight-teethed shaper cutters present theoretical profile error, which leads to a deviation of the cut gear tooth profile from the involute profile. Taking advantage of the CAD environment, we have visualized and studied shaper cutters at different stages of sharpening. This is advantageous because the effect of any shape or dimension modification of the rake face can be immediately and easily controlled in the design process, thereby saving precious design time. The aim of our research was to create a 3D model in a CAD environment to visualize different sharpening methods and the profile of shaper cutters at different wear stages, and to estimate the inherent profile errors. The aim of using different sharpening methods was to improve the lateral cutting geometry (especially the lateral relief angle) and also to reduce or – at least – keep the profile error within the accepted limits. During the measurements, both the rake angle and the cutter rack profile angle were changed in order to improve the geometry. The edge was generated using numerically computed points and Autodesk Inventor's special commands. Comparative analyses were performed.

Validation Study of a Computer-Aided Design Augmentation Tool for Cost Estimation

AbstractWhile fundamentals of DFMA (design for manufacturing and assembly) are widely accepted and used in the engineering community, many CAD environments lack tools that address manufacturing concerns by providing rapid feedback about costs resulting from design choices. This article presents an experiment-based testing and validation of a rapid feedback tool that provides users history-based prediction of manufacturing time based on the current state of the design. A between-subject experiment is designed to evaluate the impact of the tool on design outcomes based on modeling time, part mass, and manufacturing time. Participants in the study included mechanical engineering graduate and undergraduate students with at least one semester of experience using solidworks. The experiment included three modeling activities and three tool conditions. Participants completed up to three sessions with different experimental conditions. Analysis of the data collected shows that the use of the design tool results in a small but nonsignificant increase in modeling time. Moreover, the use of the tool results in reduced part mass on average (both between subjects and within subjects). Tool use reduced manufacturing time in open-ended activities, but increased manufacturing time when activities focus more on mass reduction. Participant feedback suggests that the tool helped guide their material removal actions by showing the impact on manufacturing time. Finally, potential improvements and future expansions of the tool are discussed.

Magnetic tunnel junction model in Verilog-A for use in CAD environments for integrated circuits

Electrical model of a magnetic tunnel junction is developed in Verilog-A language, which can use in CAD systems to design an integrated circuit of spintronics devices. In order to check the correct operation of the model verification tests were created and carried out in Cadence ADE. Each test corresponds to the operating mode of the magnetic tunnel junction: switching, generation, rectification. Thus, the developed model can be used to simulate hybrid circuits comprising CMOS elements and magnetic tunnel junctions. Keywords: magnetic tunnel junction, MTJ, spintronics, spintronics devices, magnetic tunnel junction model in Verilog-A, MTJ model development, MTJ operating modes.

Implementation of shape embedding in 2D CAD systems

The process of shape embedding, that is, the inquiry whether for two shapes u and w there is a transformation f that embeds the shape f(u) in w is the most critical – and elusive – process for all shape grammar interpreters implemented within CAD systems. This paper identifies three major challenges underlying the implementation of shape embedding within a CAD environment and proposes three corresponding solutions. The focus is given here in the calculation of shape embedding for shapes made up of lines in a 2D CAD environment to provide the testbed for the mechanisms proposed. The integration of these three sets of algorithms into one coherent framework produces the blueprint of Shape Machine, a general-purpose shape grammar interpreter implemented in Rhinoceros, a NURBS 2D/3D CAD software. Some preliminary thoughts regarding the impact of the proposed shape-rewrite modeler in CAD industry and more broadly, in design education are given in the end.