Cable Of Length Research Articles

Substantiation of the Theory of Forces Calculating in a Steel Winch Cable for Lifting Seed Material to the Upper Tiers of Hydroponic Installations

Hydroponic green fodder (HGF) is a product containing a full range of required nutrients and vitamins. To implement this technology, it is necessary to develop not only basic hydroponic installations, but also additional devices that reduce the labor intensity of production of HGF. The purpose of the research is the theoretical substantiation of the dynamics of the system “winch – steel cable of variable length – end load. The conclusion and solution of a system of second-order differential equations with variable dynamics coefficients of elements of a lifting installation (winch) are given. In addition, dependencies have been compiled to determine the elongation and force in the lifting cable.

Analytical model of dynamic system "long cable - submersible induction motor with fixed rotor" in polar coordinate system

Relevance. The stock of oil wells in the Russian Federation, where production is carried out with the help of electric centrifugal pumps or electric-driven vane pumps, is expanding every year. This trend will continue for at least a couple of decades. In its turn, the number of wells with readily available oil products in the commissioned stock is decreasing. This leads to the need to improve production quality and reduce energy consumption to maintain profitability and production volumes. This can be achieved by implementing vector energy-efficient control systems for submersible motors based on observers of induction motor state variables. In this case one should take into account transients in the supply cable of considerable length, which transmits energy from a frequency converter to a motor. The observers are based on adjustable mathematical models that describe electrical, electromechanical and mechanical processes in electric drive and related process automation systems as reliably as possible. Using complex and cumbersome adjustable mathematical models in digital signal processors due to limited performance and memory causes objective difficulties in obtaining solutions of increased accuracy in real time. On this basis, the development of an analytical model of the dynamic system "long cable – submersible induction motor with fixed rotor" in the polar coordinate system is an urgent task. Aim. Development of analytical description of the mathematical model of the induction motor with a fixed rotor in the polar coordinate system taking into account the influence of a long cable. Methods. Electric drive theory, electric machine theory, mathematical models of submersible induction motors and reduced long cable model, Vandermonde's determinant, analytical methods for solving differential equations. Result and conclusions. The authors have developed an analytical model of the regulated induction motor with a fixed rotor in the polar coordinate system taking into account the supply cable of considerable length. The developed analytical model is recommended for use in vector energy-efficient electric drive with application of phase discrimination principles taking into account the influence of processes in the supply cable line. Such electric drive has a potential for increasing the profitability of oil production from low- and medium-debt wells.

Design of Front-End Receiver and Matrix for 2–18 GHz with a Searching and Tracking Function for an ELINT System

In this paper, we describe the design and fabrication of a front-end receiver and matrix modules for 2−18 GHz with high gain, good phase matching characteristics, and reliability; this was accomplished by applying a chip-and-wire process using a bare-type monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) device. To compensate for the mismatch among many sub-modules, a front-end module, matrix module, and built-in test module suitable for sub-band frequency characteristics were designed and applied to the direct receiver. The matrix box used a high-pass filter to remove unwanted low frequencies and a 4-way divider to distribute single input BIT signals. The broadband receiver module had two paths: a phase path and an amplitude path. Phase- and amplitude-matched radio frequency semi-rigid cables of different lengths were used to connect to the internal sub-modules of the matrix receiver. The main RF line was a dielectric substrate, RT/Duroid 5880, with a relative dielectric constant of 2.2 and a dielectric thickness of 0.127 mm. The sizes of the front-end receiver and matrix box were 137 mm × 120 mm × 31 mm and 250 mm × 238 mm × 138 mm, respectively. In the wideband frequency receiver module, the gain was 22.99 dB at mid-band (frequency 2−6 GHz) with a return loss of about 14.76 dB. Th e gain was 23.25 dB at a high band (frequency 6−18 GHz), having a return loss of about 11.63 dB. The peak values of phase matching among the channels for 2–6 GHz were ±3.30°, and the peak values of phase matching among the channels for 6–18 GHz were ±8.24°.

Harmonic Resonance Suppression Strategy of the Front-End Vienna Rectifier in EV Charging Piles

Owing to the distributed installation position, the electric vehicle (EV) charging pile is usually connected to the grid via transmission cables of different lengths. The resonance of parasitic inductance and parasitic capacitance on the transmission cables might amplify the background harmonics, which result in a serious distortion of the grid-connected current of the front-end Vienna rectifier of EV charging piles. To overcome the resonance issue, this article proposes a harmonic resonance suppression strategy of the Vienna rectifier, which reshapes the closed-loop input harmonic impedance of the Vienna rectifier to be close to the characteristic impedance of the transmission cable by optimizing the traditional dual closed-loop control strategy of the Vienna rectifier based on the <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">dq</i> coordinate frame. The proposed suppression strategy can not only ensure the low ripple output voltage of the Vienna rectifier, but also suppress the background harmonic resonance amplification; thus, the power quality of the Vienna rectifier grid-connected current and the voltage at the point of common coupling will be improved effectively. Both the simulation and experimental results verify the effectiveness and correctness of the proposed strategy.

Design of a 0.5–18 GHz Wideband Frequency Down-Converter Module with a Local Circuit for an Electronic Support Measurement System

In this paper, we describe the design and fabrication of a wideband frequency down converter module that has a local circuit with high gain, low spurious, high IP3 (3rd intercept point) characteristics, and reliability; this is accomplished by applying a chip-and-wire process using a bare type monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) device. To compensate for the mismatch among many sub-modules, an input module, filter bank module, output module, and local oscillator (LO) module suitable for sub-band frequency characteristics were designed and applied to the down converter. Th e frequency down converter module had three paths: 0.5−2 GHz (direct), 2−6 GHz (direct), and 6−18 GHz (converter). Amplitude-matched radio frequency (RF) semi-rigid cables of different lengths were used to connect to the internal sub-modules of the frequency down converter. The main RF line was a dielectric substrate, RT/duroid 5880, with a relative dielectric constant of 2.2 and a dielectric thickness of 0.127 mm. In the wideband frequency down converter module, the gain was 22.7 dB at low band (input frequency, 0.5−2 GHz) with a flatness of about 3.4 dB. Th e gain was 22.6 dB at mid band (input frequency, 2−6 GHz) having flatness about 2.0 dB. The gain was from 30 dB at edge frequency of high band (input frequency, 14−18 GHz) with a flatness of about 4.2 dB. The measured value of IP3 at LB was +23.52 dBm, +25.66 dBm and +23.44 dBm as the maximum value. The measured value of spurious (LO-2IF) at the converter path was 34.97 dBc as the maximum value.

Motion planning for a pair of tethered robots

Considering an environment containing polygonal obstacles, we address the problem of planning motions for a pair of planar robots connected to one another via a cable of limited length. Much like prior problems with a single robot connected via a cable to a fixed base, straight line-of-sight visibility plays an important role. The present paper shows how the reduced visibility graph provides a natural discretization and captures the essential topological considerations very effectively for the two robot case as well. Unlike the single robot case, however, the bounded cable length introduces considerations around coordination (or equivalently, when viewed from the point of view of a centralized planner, relative timing) that complicates the matter. Indeed, the paper has to introduce a rather more involved formalization than prior single-robot work in order to establish the core theoretical result—a theorem permitting the problem to be cast as one of finding paths rather than trajectories. Once affirmed, the planning problem reduces to a straightforward graph search with an elegant representation of the connecting cable, demanding only a few extra ancillary checks that ensure sufficiency of cable to guarantee feasibility of the solution. We describe our implementation of A\({}^\star \) search, and report experimental results. Lastly, we prescribe an optimal execution for the solutions provided by the algorithm.

Investigation of cable effects in spectral induced polarization imaging at the field scale using multicore and coaxial cables

The spectral induced polarization (SIP) method has emerged as a well-suited laboratory technique to characterize hydrogeologic and biogeochemical parameters in soil samples. However, field applications of the SIP imaging method are still rare, which can be attributed to the particular care required to minimize the contamination of the data by electromagnetic coupling. To date, field procedures rely on the use of two different cables separating the current and potential dipoles to improve the quality of the SIP readings, although this increases the efforts in the field and might reduce the depth of investigation or the spatial resolution of the data. To overcome these limitations, we have investigated the use of a single coaxial cable, as an alternative to improve data quality and simplify field procedures. We evaluate SIP imaging data collected with the same measuring device using a coaxial cable and a combination of multicore cables of different lengths and manufacturers. Data sets collected with a single coaxial cable reveal a significantly lower number of outliers and a high spatial consistency between the phase-lag readings, even for measurements collected with a coaxial cable five times longer than the length of the profile. Furthermore, the data collected with coaxial cables reveal an improved quality for deeper measurements (with a lower signal-to-noise ratio) in comparison to data sets collected with separate cables. Our results demonstrate that the use of coaxial cables might permit the collection of SIP readings with high quality and similar field procedures to those used in resistivity surveys.

Identification of Underground Faults using Internet of Things (IoT)

This paper aims at the detection of the fault occurring in an underground cable system, pinpoint the location of the fault using Extreme Learning Machine and convey the parameters of the fault occurred using Internet of Things (IoT). The underground cables have seen a steep increase in usage due to its many inherent advantages compared to the overhead cables. However, various methods to pinpoint the presence of fault in the underground cables of large lengths has proved futile and the communication of the fault information has been proved to be expensive. Our proposed project uses Extreme Learning Machine to detect the type of fault and to pinpoint the location of the fault in the system. Extreme Learning Machine Classification and Regression Algorithms are utilized to predict the type of fault in the system and the distance of the fault from the sending end. The regression algorithm is compared to other ML algorithms relevant to the subject matter at hand. The fault location conveyed by the use of GSM is limited by the fact that only text messages in the form of Short Messaging Services can be sent to the user concerned increasing the cost incurred by the user. Our project uses the internet to communicate through a big arsenal of methods, like e-mail and other social media services possible, thus widening the scope of communication while decreasing the size of the product.

Design of a 0.5–18 GHz Wideband Switching Matrix Box for Electronic Support Measurement

In this paper, we design and fabricate a broadband switching matrix box with low-noise figure, flat gain characteristics, and reliability by applying the chip-and-wire process using a bare-type MMIC device. To compensate for the mismatch among many components, the limiter, switch, amplifier, and power divider, which are suitable for sub-band frequency characteristics, are designed and applied to the matrix box. The matrix box has three submodules that are phase-matched for each frequency band and one built-in test (BIT) submodule to select the BIT path for calibration. Phase-matched RF semi-rigid cables of different lengths are used to connect to the external interface of the matrix box. The main RF line is a dielectric substrate, RT/Duroid 5880, with a relative dielectric constant of 2.2 and a dielectric thickness of 0.127 mm. The BIT path is a dielectric substrate, ceramic alumina (AI&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;), which has a relative dielectric constant of 9.8 and a dielectric thickness of 0.254 mm. In the wideband switching matrix box, the gain is from −1.71 dB to −2.69 dB at LB (input frequency, 0.5−2 GHz), with a flatness of 1.0 dB. Th e gain is from +14.8 dB to +12.4 dB at MB (input frequency, 1−6 GHz), with a flatness of 2.4 dB. The gain is from +12.6 dB to +9.4 dB at HB (input frequency, 6−18 GHz), with a flatness of 3.2 dB. The measured values of the noise figure are 2.69 dB at low band, 4.4 dB at medium band, and 5.95 dB at high band with a maximum value. The measured value of phase matching at high band is 7º with a maximum value.

RZ Line Coding Scheme With Direct Laser Modulation for Upgrading Optical Transmission Systems

Abstract This study reports the efficient use of a direct laser modulated response measured with the return-to-zero coding scheme in optical transmission systems. The measured direct laser modulated response has a bit rate of 1.2 Gbps for an optical fiber cable of a transmission length of 10 km. The eye diagram analyzer is used to calculate the maximum quality factor and minimum bit error rate of the proposed model. The maximum quality factor is 531.2, and the minimum bit error rate tends to zero for the same optical fiber channel length compared with that of the previous model. The proposed model provides better results than the previous model. The figures of the proposed model are more stable than those of its previous counterpart. Bit error rate approximately tends to zero in the proposed model.

Underground Cable Fault Distance Locator and Counter Based Damaged Cable Replacement Indicator System

This paper deals with two objectives, the first objective focuses on finding out the location of fault occurred in any phase in the underground cable system (Clegg in Underground cable fault location. McGraw-Hill, New York, 1993) using the basic principle of Ohm’s Law. The second objective basically focussed on making a programmed counter to count the number of faults, respectively, occurring in each phase during the life span of the underground cable so that damaged cable can be replaced with a new cable of same length and characteristics after reaching the limit of predefined number of faults. For this, the concept of software counting operation (Mellor-Crummey and LeBlanc in A software instruction counter. University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627) is applied on the occurrence of a short circuit fault event in any phase of the underground cable by using counter programming. For this paper, the basic concept of Ohm’s law (Paul and Kakoti in Underground cable fault locator. IARJSET 3(9), 2016) is used according to which, if a low DC voltage is applied at the feeder end through a series of resistor in cable lines, the current would vary depending upon the location of fault in the cable. A software simulation of the system consisting of an ATmega 328P microcontroller (Atmel-8271-8-bit-AVR-Microcontroller-ATmega48A-48PA-88A-88PA-168A-168PA-328-328P_datasheet_Complete, Microchip), fault sensing circuit and a low voltage regulated power supply is performed. Here, the fault sensing circuit is developed using a combination of four resistors and four switches for each phase that is an equivalent model of an underground cable line, is interfaced to an ATmega 328 microcontroller with the help of internally inbuilt ADC for providing the digital data to microcontroller.

A N260 Band 64 Channel Millimeter Wave Full-Digital Multi-Beam Array for 5G Massive MIMO Applications

In this paper, a 37-42.5GHz (N260 Band) 64 channel full-digital multi-beam array for 5G massive multiple input multiple output (MIMO) applications is developed. The multi-beam array is built on a time division duplexing (TDD) architecture in which the transmitter and receivers are independent and working separately to enable more flexible channel configuration and hardware distribution. The 64 antenna elements of the array are aligned in a way that 16 elements lie in the horizontal and 4 in the vertical direction to deliver higher beam resolution in the horizontal plane. By using cables of unequal lengths, the $16\times 4$ antenna elements are connected to a cluster of $8\times 8$ transmitters/receivers. The hardware design of the transmitters, receivers, antennas and other circuits is demonstrated, with excellent measured RF performance achieved. Furthermore, the calibration of the massive MIMO array is presented, and the influence of inequality of array feedlines on calibration accuracy in a wide bandwidth is analyzed and experimentally verified. Finally, experimental studies on single beam scanning, multiple concurrent beam generation and over-the-air (OTA) performance of the transmitting and receiving array have been done. Simulation and measurement results suggest that the array has an excellent beam-forming capability that supports beam steering and generation of multiple concurrent beams. The OTA test reveals that the array can provide high modulation and demodulation accuracy for communication.

Phase-Compensated Optical Fiber-Based Ultrawideband Channel Sounder

In this article, a novel vector network analyzer (VNA)-based ultrawideband (UWB) channel sounder using radio-over-fiber (RoF) techniques is presented. Benefiting from the usage of optical fiber cable, the measurement range and the dynamic range are significantly increased compared with the conventional coaxial-based VNA system. Specifically, using RoF increases the dynamic range to a maximum of 112 dB at 30 GHz for the back-to-back connection with an optical fiber cable of length 300 m. Moreover, a state-of-the-art phase compensation scheme using optical circulators is proposed for the first time. The novel scheme renders the channel sounder immune to stochastic phase changes in the optical fiber cable due to thermal changes and mechanical stress, thus permitting the remoting of virtual antenna arrays. The proposed channel sounder is experimentally validated in back-to-back measurements, an anechoic chamber, and practical indoor scenarios. The indoor channel measurements are conducted using a virtual uniform rectangular array (URA) at the millimeter-wave (mm-wave) band from 26.5 to 30 GHz. The measured results demonstrate the developed channel sounder’s capability to perform UWB large-scale antenna array measurements with a long measurement range.

Aircraft Cable Fault Detection and Location Based on SSTDR

In the detection and positioning of aircraft cable faults based on Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR), due to the multiple cable connectors of the aircraft and in a severely noisy environment, the reflected signals are severely attenuated and waveform distortion exists, making it impossible to achieve accurate cable fault detection. In order to solve these problems, this paper designs the spread spectrum time domain reflectometry (SSTDR) for the characteristics of the aircraft cable, selects the m-code as the original signal, outputs the BPSK modulation with a modulation ratio of 0.5, and finally uses the correlation algorithm to obtain the fault type and distance. Using a signal source, an aircraft cable and an oscilloscope, an actual measurement system is used to test aircraft cables of different lengths. The test results show that SSTDR has high noise immunity and detection accuracy in actual tests.

Series production testing and commissioning of the Belle II SVD readout system

This paper shows the hardware and the procedure utilized to test all components of the readout system (cables, FADC boards, junction boards) of the Belle II Silicon Vertex Detector after the series production. For the FADC board special testing hardware and firmware were designed and created to check all digital and analog inputs and outputs as well as all data interconnections on the board. The main FPGA on the FADC board generates digital signals which are converted to periodic analog differential alternating voltages up to 40 MHz on the FADC board tester, which then are fed into the analog inputs of the FADC board. Histograms and scans of the samples are recorded by using random equivalent-time sampling or sequential equivalent-time sampling, allowing to characterize the behavior of the system with a much higher bandwidth than the ADCs could do with conventional measurements. Small changes of parameters of the assembly (like using a cable of different length) lead to significant changes of the measured values, creating a sensitive testing instrument. The shapes of the distributions are analyzed and compared to references by software which then decides if a test is passed or not.The commissioning setup of the whole readout chain, with all the final components including the final detector, has been tested in three phases. The respective graphs of the signal-to-noise ratios of the strips of a detector module and histograms of the noise development of the whole detector show very high consistency of the SVD readout system.

Movement of a Heavy Rigid Body Suspended on a Cable of Variable Length with Oscillation Elimination

A nonlinear problem of terminal movement of a heavy rigid body suspended on an inextensible inertialess cable of variable length with controlled horizontal movement of the suspension point is considered. It is required to move the body for a certain time from an initial resting position to a given final resting position with oscillation elimination in the end of the operation. The law of variation in the cable length is assumed to be given, and the controlled movement of its suspension point is unknown. An approximate solution to the problem of kinematic control of the oscillations of a system described by two nonlinear differential equations with variable coefficients for moderately large angles of rotation of the strained cable and the body is sought in the form of series with unknown coefficients by the Bubnov-Galerkin method using given basic functions of time that satisfy some initial and final conditions. The acceleration of the suspension point of the cable is sought in the form of a finite series of sines with unknown coefficients. A coupled system of nonlinear algebraic equations for all unknown coefficients is obtained, which includes the equations of the Bubnov-Galerkin method and initial and final data that are not fixed when choosing the basis functions. This system of equations is solved by the method of successive approximations using, in the first approximation, solutions of the linearized equations. In the examples of a system with a cable of constant and variable length, calculations are carried out with an analysis of the accuracy of the solutions by comparing them with the numerical solutions of the nonlinear differential equations of the direct problem by the Adams method with the control laws found.

A Microwave Power Transmission Experiment Based on the Near-Field Focused Transmitter

For most microwave power transmission (MPT) applications, the microwave power is received within the near field of a large-scale transmitting antenna from a limited distance. This letter explores the design of a near-field focused transmitting antenna to concentrate the microwave power on the receiving antenna's aperture, and thereby to enhance the transmission efficiency of the MPT. A near-field planar array with a size of 1 m × 1 m working at 5.8 GHz is manufactured. To focus the microwave power at a distance of 10 m, its 8 × 8 radiation elements are fed with an equal amplitude but different phase using coaxial cables of different lengths. An MPT experiment is conducted. The measurement shows that, compared with a traditional equal-phase array, the near-field focused array obtains a much more concentrated microwave beam. The transmission efficiency is significantly increased from 32.98% to 41.85%.

CORC-like cable production and characterization of the solenoid made from it

A new cabling machine was constructed for conductor on round core (CORC)-like cable production. Its design allowed us to produce a cable with two layers in one run, each comprising four superconducting tapes. The cable of length of 40 m was made at a production rate of 6 m h−1 by this machine. It consisted of eight Furukawa-SuperPower tapes of width 4 mm and length 50 m wound in two layers on Cu tube with outer diameter 6.35 mm. To detect the influence of the cable winding technology on the superconducting tapes’ properties their critical currents were measured individually on the as-produced cable in the form of a one-layer coil. Afterwards the critical current of the one-layer coil was measured by monitoring the voltages on all tapes while increasing the coil current. The average of these voltages was utilized for coil critical current determination. Then the solenoid with four layers each containing 20 turns was created from the cable and the same measurement procedure was performed to check the influence of cable bending on the solenoid form. The results of these characterizations exclude critical current degradation for any tape of the cable used for solenoid preparation. The measured solenoid critical current of 622.8 A is lower than the simple sum 1240 A of the individual tapes’ critical currents due to the dependence of the tape critical current on the magnetic field. For all measurements the investigated object was immersed into a liquid nitrogen bath. In the case of the solenoid the bath was also cooled down to 66 K.

Measurements of Dynamic Deformations of Building Structures by Applying Wire Sensors.

Measurements of deformations by means of vibrating wire sensors are very important in the monitoring of building structures. These types of sensors are characterized by a high resistance to environmental conditions, long time of measurement stability, and a possibility to use long electric cables with a solid encasement in concrete. Vibrating wire sensors are mainly used for measuring stable or slowly changing deformations, however applications of these sensors for measuring time-variable deformations are becoming popular. New solutions generate new problems, which in case of vibrating wire sensors are mainly related to the operational stability of the systems exciting wire vibrations. The structure of such sensors and the length of the electric cables, which can reach a few kilometers, have an essential influence on their operations. This paper undertakes the task of determining the influence of the electric cables length on the proper operation of the measurement system and provides advice for improvements of its measurement possibilities. The subject of investigation constitutes a measurement system based on a self-exciting impulse exciter, for which the impedance of the electric cables and of the vibrating wire sensor are the most essential parameters. A mathematical model of this system, experimental verification of the model, and the results of theoretical analyses and measurement tests for electric cables of various lengths are presented in this paper.

IMPROVING THE ACCURACY OF MEASURING THE DISTANCE TO THE DAMAGED ELECTRICAL CABLE

Electrical cables are widely used to transmit electrical energy. Often they are used to transmit information. To build computer networks also use wired communication. Damage to the electrical cable leads to loss of communication. To quickly repair the cable, you need to find the damage. Often this is a problem. The article proposed the structure of a pulse meter distance to the cable damage. The algorithm of the meter operation is considered. The measurement process takes three cycles. In the first cycle, a segment of the main cable of known length is used. The length of the segment is 1...2 m. The delay of passage of pulses through this segment is measured. In the second cycle, the delay of the passage of pulses through the cable without this segment is measured. In the third cycle, the delay of passage of pulses through the entire cable is measured. According to the results of three measurements, the distance to the place of damage is calculated. To measure, it is enough to form three sequences of pulses of 5...10 nc in duration. The duration of the reflected points of damage to the line pulses increases to 50...80 nc. The meter operation in each clock cycle is controlled by a microcontroller. Calculations are carried out according to the program recorded in the memory of the microcontroller. The proposed algorithm is invariant to the type of cable being monitored. Using the proposed meter allows you to avoid the use of standard lengths of cables of various types. The measurement result does not depend on the parameters of the feedback circuit of the pulse generator. This provides increased measurement accuracy. When measuring distance in the range of 5...1000 m with an error of no more than5 cm.