Cable Applications Research Articles

Containing the cost of undergrounding

For many years in the UK, and increasingly abroad, there has been growing pressure for the undergrounding of major overhead lines; the high cost of this has led to a vigorous development of supertension-cable technology. The paper attempts to analyse the value of the many significant advances in cable design and application in reducing the cost of cables relative to that of overhead lines. It concludes that, without these advances, the cost of supertension cables would have been some four times higher than it is. However, simultaneous development of overhead lines, coupled with changes in commercial conditions and cost of materials, have combined to halve the apparent gain from this progress, when expressed as the ratio of the cost of a cable to that of an overhead line of the same rating. In addition, operating experience shows that the reliability of supertension cables is less than that of overhead lines, to an extent that makes this an important factor in such comparisons.

Effect of Heterogeneous Carbon Black Distribution on the Properties of Polymer Blends

Abstract The results of this work support earlier findings regarding the transfer of carbon black in blends of BR with SBR, NR, and CIIR. Compared to conventionally-mixed compounds, in most cases vulcanizates with a heterogeneous carbon black distribution have superior hysteresis properties, presumably due to the presence of the unloaded layer mitigating the generally observed deleterious effects of carbon black upon these properties. The effect of unloaded SBR or BR layers on stress-strain values is quite small in SBR/BR blends where the zone size of the elastomer phases is small, but significant in SBR/NR and BR/NR where the zone size of the elastomer phases is larger. Superior cut growth resistance is seen for NR/BR and SBR/BR blends containing unloaded BR. The properties of SBR/BR and NR/BR blends in which most of the black is in the BR phase suggest that they may find utility in applications where superior hysteresis properties are required; e.g., in radial-tire sidewalls. Compounds with a heterogeneous carbon black distribution may also find utility in wire and cable applications, due to their superior insulating properties.

Field potentials in the alligator cerebellum and theory of their relationship to Purkinje cell dendritic spikes.

Field potentials in the alligator cerebellum and theory of their relationship to Purkinje cell dendritic spikes.C Nicholson, and R LlinasC Nicholson, and R LlinasPublished Online:01 Jul 1971https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.1971.34.4.509MoreSectionsPDF (4 MB)Download PDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesGet permissionsTrack citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInWeChat Previous Back to Top Next Download PDF FiguresReferencesRelatedInformation Cited ByNeuronal coupling by endogenous electric fields: cable theory and applications to coincidence detector neurons in the auditory brain stemJoshua H. Goldwyn and John Rinzel15 April 2016 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 115, No. 4Laminar Population Analysis: Estimating Firing Rates and Evoked Synaptic Activity From Multielectrode Recordings in Rat Barrel CortexGaute T. Einevoll, Klas H. Pettersen, Anna Devor, Istvan Ulbert, Eric Halgren, and Anders M. Dale1 March 2007 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 97, No. 3Temporal coupling between neuronal activity and blood flow in rat cerebellar cortex as indicated by field potential analysis13 August 2004 | The Journal of Physiology, Vol. 523, No. 1Premature bifurcation of the apical dendritic trunk of vibrissa-responding pyramidal neurones of X-irradiated rat neocortex22 September 2004 | The Journal of Physiology, Vol. 512, No. 2Modification of activity-dependent increases of cerebral blood flow by excitatory synaptic activity and spikes in rat cerebellar cortex22 September 2004 | The Journal of Physiology, Vol. 512, No. 2Propagation of parallel fiber volleys in the cerebellar cortex: a computer simulationBrain Research, Vol. 565, No. 2Laminar cortical interactions during epileptic spikes studied with principal component analysis and physiological modelingBrain Research, Vol. 484, No. 1-2Current source density analysis of frequency coding in the inferior colliculusHearing Research, Vol. 25, No. 2-3Recovery of function following injections of kainic acid: Behavioral, electrophysiological and neuroanatomical correlatesBrain Research, Vol. 321, No. 1Inhibitory mechanism in zebrafish optic tectum: Visual response properties of tectal cells altered by picrotoxin and bicucullineBrain Research, Vol. 271, No. 2Evidence for two physiologically distinct perforant pathways to the fascia dentataBrain Research, Vol. 199, No. 1Averaged multiple unit activity as an estimate of phasic changes in local neuronal activity: effects of volume-conducted potentialsJournal of Neuroscience Methods, Vol. 2, No. 2Conductivity in the somatosensory cortex of the cat — evidence for cortical anisotropyBrain Research, Vol. 177, No. 1Dendritic and somatic spikes in mudpuppy amacrine cells: identification and TTX sensitivityBrain Research, Vol. 104, No. 1Real time current source-density analysis using multi-electrode array in cat cerebellumBrain Research, Vol. 100, No. 2Relation of glomerular neuronal activity to glomerular transmission attenuationBrain Research, Vol. 65, No. 1A discrete formalism for the computation of extracellular potentialsKybernetik, Vol. 12, No. 4Spectrum and discriminant analyses reveal remote rather than local sources for hypothalamic EEG: Could waves affect unit activity?Brain Research, Vol. 49, No. 2 More from this issue > Volume 34Issue 4July 1971Pages 509-31 https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.1971.34.4.509PubMed4329777History Published online 1 July 1971 Published in print 1 July 1971 Metrics

Insulation Systems for Cryogenic Cable

The measured dissipation factor and breakdown strength of certain dielectric materials impregnated with cryogenic liquids suitable for cryogenic cable application are presented. The separate and combined influence of different factors which affect dielectric loss and breakdown strength are discussed.

The Mean or Maximum Stress Theory: Possible Solution of an Old Dilemma

Ever since the application of cables for high voltages there has been a distinct difference in European and American practice for designing the dielectric. In Europe the design is based on the assumption that the maximum field strength (i.e., the stress at the conductor) determines the breakdown of the cable; in American practice the mean field strength throughout the dielectric is taken as the determining factor. Recently a Japanese paper on the design of oil-filled cable showed that the European practice should be extended by introducing a correction factor to provide for a broad field of conductor sizes and insulation thicknesses.

Theoretical reconstruction of field potentials and dendrodendritic synaptic interactions in olfactory bulb.

Theoretical reconstruction of field potentials and dendrodendritic synaptic interactions in olfactory bulb.

Design and Application of Fluorocarbon Insulated Wire and Cable for the Petroleum Industry

The possibility of using fluorocarbon insulated wires and cables for petrochemical applications, where other materials have not performed satisfactorily, is discussed.

Cross-Linked Polyethylene for Higher Voltages

The rapid evolution of cross-linked polyethylene for high-voltage cable applications and the factors which promoted this development are discussed in relation to the growing demand for solid-dielectric constructions. Advances in cable design and technology are outlined for this thermally-stable insulation, highlighting the technical advantages of tandem-extruded cross-linked semiconductive shielding.

Insulated sodium conductorsߞa future trend

Polyethylene-insulated sodium conductors, having economic advantages over conventional conductors, have been developed. The sodium conductors are light in weight and can be manufactured on standard cable-fabricating equipment. The light weight and the usual flexibility of the sodium cable should afford greater ease of installation in direct-buried and overhead power cable applications. Extensive tests indicate that this system is tough and resilient, and can withstand considerable abuse. Sodium's electrical conductivity ranks just below copper and aluminum. A useful service life of 40 years, under normal ambient conditions, is predicted for direct-buried cable.

Application of Charged Coaxial Cables to the Measurement of Projectile Velocity and Impact Time in a Compressed Gas Gun

An application of charged coaxial pulse-forming cables to measurements on rapidly moving electrically conductive projectiles when accelerated in a compressed gas gun is presented. Two quantities associated with high stress impacting of materials, time and instantaneous velocity at impact, are determined. Electrical signals with risetimes of less than 3 nsec are obtained and used as fiducials to determine the precise location of moving surfaces in time and space. Average velocities over three short intervals are measured to within ±0.08%. Impact and event timing to ±10 nsec is accomplished.

Two-wire — Four-wire repeaters

The paper describes improved methods and equipment for voice frequency amplification in two and four-wire circuits. Signaling, hybrid coils, loaded and non-loaded circuits are discussed, Indicated trends to four-wire circuits and fine gauge cable application has important engineering aspects.

The Demarcation of Traffic Lanes by Leader Cables

The paper examines in particular the possibilities of using leader cables for establishing traffic lanes at sea. A brief history of the leader cable is given, followed by discussion of the components and variables in the system such as the cable itself, the energizing frequency and detection and indicating devices. The application of leader cables in the context of modern navigational conditions is then examined. An appendix gives a valuable list of some of the more important references on leader cables.

Double-Sideband Suppressed-Carrier Multiplex Equipment for Cable and Microwave Applications

Single-sideband suppressed-carrier modulation has been the backbone system for telephone multichannel carrier equipment for many years. However, particularly in recent years, a number of other modulation systems have been applied in lesser or greater degrees, with the emergence of new problems in telephone transmission. These problems are related to economics, bulk of equipment, power consumption, phase distortion as it is related to data, etc.

Application of Polyethylene-Insulated High-Voltage Cables in Chemical Plants [includes discussion

The term "chemical plant" no longer defines any specific type of industrial activity or resulting end product, nor does it embrace plants producing the tremendously wide variety of what are generally considered as chemical products. It could very well be extended to cover many of the modern industrial plants whose end products may not be chemical in nature but may involve numerous chemical operations during the manufacture of these products. Electrical installations in such production areas may be subject to the same deteriorating influences as would be encountered in similar installations located in plants whose end products are chemical and known to industry as such. It is obviously impossible for a cable manufacturer to have investigated in his laboratories the effect of every type of chemical influence on a given material such as polyethylene. For present purposes, the author has therefore reviewed a substantial amount of the technical and trade literature of possible interest, data on actual installations in chemical plants, plus some data accumulated in the laboratories of the company with which he is associated, in order to present a fairly comprehensive survey dealing with the possible merits of using polyethylene-insulated high-voltage cables in chemical and allied plants.

Auxiliary cables for generating stations

THERE ARE THREE general characteristics of steam generating station design that distinguish this particular cable application problem from others. Maximum reliability is one characteristic. The failure of a power or control cable may cause the shutdown of a great part or all of the power station. The total cost of the cable system in an average power system will be about 1 or 2 per cent of the total station cost. Increasing the cost of the cable system would not be out of order if an appreciable increase in reliability could be obtained. In the case of a utility distribution system, an increase of 1/64 inch of insulation applies to hundreds of miles of cable and represents a major item of cost, while in a central station, it is a relatively minor item and therefore, the use of insulation classes well above operating voltage may be fully justified.

The Type N-1 Carrier Telephone System: Objectives and Transmission Features

The N1 Carrier System is a 12-channel, double-sideband system for single cable application. It provides low loss, stable, high velocity service for toll and exchange circuits in the range from 15 or 20 miles to 200 miles. Units and sub-assemblies are miniaturized and arranged on a plug-in basis. Emphasis has been placed on reduction in cost of components, as well as simplification of manufacturing methods, engineering, installation and maintenance. Economy is achieved by many novel features, principal among which is a built-in low cost compandor. By compressing and expanding the volume range of speech, the compandor permits much higher tolerance of noise and crosstalk, thereby substantially lowering the cost of both line and terminal facilities. Other important features are self contained dialing and supervisory signaling, an individual channel regulator, and automatic equalization through the use of “frequency frogging,” or interchange of high- and low-frequency groups at each repeater.

Standardization of power cables

This paper reviews the development and present scope of British standards, published by the British Standards Institution, for insulated power cables.It is concluded that, after taking into account the wide diversity of uses for such cables, the present multiplicity of standards is not justified, and that considerable reduction of the alternative constructions now included is desirable for economical production and in the best interests of the electrical industry as a whole. Further, that some types, not hitherto included, are now sufficiently standardized to warrant their addition to the existing ranges.Very comprehensive standards are necessary and desirable in the early stages of the development of any industry. The paper suggests that the applications of electric power cables, though more diverse than at any previous time, have now reached a point at which serious and comprehensive review is justified, with the object of reducing the number of standards to a minimum compatible with modern requirements.

Study of Costs of 69- to 230-Kv Underground Power-Transmission Systems and Tie Lines

This is a study of high-voltage underground-cable systems, consisting of the cable line and the terminal equipment at each of its ends. The study undertaken indicates the economic zone of application of cables and attempts to find an economic relationship between the voltage and the block of power transmitted over distances up to 15 miles. Thirty transmission lines have been designed using both the solid and the oil-filled cables. The lines can be considered as either transmission links with a unidirectional power flow or as tie lines between large metropolitan steam-power stations. The prices of underground cable and terminal equipment were obtained from manufacturers, and refer to the 12-month period immediately preceding World War II. The costs of various system parts, as installed on foundations, were obtained from the study of actual construction projects in different parts of the country and reduced to the 12-month period. The system capital cost and its annual cost are analyzed separately. The quantities of major equipment items in each system are given, and costs of major equipment groups, or of major items, are represented on a percentage basis. Such a representation permits the estimating of the cost of an underground line, or of the entire transmission project, when copper prices and the cost of equipment differ from those taken in the study.

Study of costs of 69- to 230-kv underground power-transmission systems and tie lines

This is a study of high-voltage underground-cable systems, consisting of the cable line and the terminal equipment at each of its ends. The study undertaken indicates the economic zone of application of cables and attempts to find an economic relationship between the voltage and the block of power transmitted over distances up to 15 miles. Thirty transmission lines have been designed using both the solid and the oil-filled cables. The lines can be considered as either transmission links with a unidirectional power flow or as tie lines between large metropolitan steam-power stations. The prices of underground cable and terminal equipment were obtained from manufacturers, and refer to the 12-month period immediately preceding World War II. The costs of various system parts, as installed on foundations, were obtained from the study of actual construction projects in different parts of the country and reduced to the 12-month period. The system capital cost and its annual cost are analyzed separately. The quantities of major equipment items in each system are given, and costs of major equipment groups, or of major items, are represented on a percentage basis. Such a representation permits the estimating of the cost of an underground line, or of the entire transmission project, when copper prices and the cost of equipment differ from those taken in the study.

Electrical Stability of Electrical Insulating Oils Under Limited Oxidation

ELECTRICAL insulating oils find a wide application in the electrical industry in cables, transformers, capacitors, circuit-breakers, and other oil-insulated equipment. The present paper discusses the electrical stability as indicated by low power factor of an oil under limited-oxidation conditions, such as exist in certain service applications in oil-impregnated paper-insulated cables and sealed transformers. This test differs from the conventional “open-beaker” or unlimited-oxidation test. The limited amount of oxygen made available to the oil may be varied, from residual amounts due to contact materials or present in the oil, to the normal solubility of air in oil, and to larger amounts as desired. The limited-oxidation test indicates that, for a given duration of deterioration, oils may give power factors of 10 to 100 times those indicated in the conventional test. This fact is important in service applications for oil-paper cables (since these losses limit the rating of the cable and decrease its efficiency) and for oil-filled equipment (since increased dielectric losses may reduce directly or indirectly the useful life of the equipment). While the power factor of an oil is not of prime importance for many types of oil-filled electric equipment, it is one of the most sensitive known criteria for stability tests. Operating performance of oil-paper cables in service shows, in general, that the power factor of the insulation increases with time, even in certain cases to the extent of impairing the investment seriously. Hitherto, these changes have been unexplainable. It is believed that the limited-oxidation test, which to a certain extent simulates service conditions, will be useful in controlling this important problem.