Development Of Cabbage Research Articles

Impact of Nano-Dap on Growth and Development of Cabbage

The current study, "Impact of nano-DAP on growth and development of cabbage," was carried out in 2021–2022 at the Department of Horticulture's Experimental Farm at A.A.U., Jorhat. RBD was used to set up the study. The treatments followed were T1 (Untreated control), T2 (100% RDF of N & K), T3 (100% RDF of 130:80:80 kg/ha), T4 (T2 + ST with nano-DAP @ 5 ml/ltr), T5 (T2 + ST@ 10 ml/ltr), T6 (T2 + 1 FS of nano-DAP @ 6 ml/ltr at 25-30 DAT), T7 (50 % P, 100% N & K + FS nano-DAP @ 2 ml/ltr at 25-30 DAT), T8 (25% P, 100% N & K + FS nano-DAP @ 4 ml/ltr), T9 (T2 + ST @ 5 ml/ ltr + FS nano-DAP @ 6 ml/ltr), T10 (25% P, 100% N & K + ST @ 5 ml/ ltr + FS nano-DAP @ 4 ml/ltr), T11 (50% P, 100% N & K + ST @ 5 ml/ ltr + FS nano-DAP @ 2 ml/ltr), T12 (25% P, 50% N & 100% K + ST @ 5 ml/ ltr + FS nano-DAP @ 4 ml/ltr) and T13 (50% P, 50% N & 100% K + ST @ 5 ml/ ltr + FS nano-DAP @ 2 ml/ltr).
 Investigation was done comparing the results of the nano-DAP treatments with the suggested fertilizer dosage. The results revealed that the maximum plant spread and number of non-wrapper leaves was observed in T3 (17.12 cm) and (7.67) at 30 DAT whereas in T3 (34.77 cm) and (16.83) at 60 DAT.The highest leaf area was recorded in T3 (107.56 sqcm) at 30 DAT and at 60 DAT (226.54 sqcm), although at 30 DAT, the maximum leaf fresh weight was recorded in T7 (4.40 g) although in T3 (12.46 g) at 60 DAT. The maximum number of days (88.30 days) to harvest was taken by T5. Thus, the investigation suggests that nano-DAP can reduce the amount of inorganic fertiliser applied while maintaining the potency of the crop.

Genome-Wide Identification, Characterization, and Expression Analysis of the Geranylgeranyl Pyrophosphate Synthase (GGPPS) Gene Family Reveals Its Importance in Chloroplasts of Brassica oleracea L.

GGPPS (geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase) is a crucial enzyme in the terpene biosynthesis pathway. Terpenoids play essential roles in chlorophyll biosynthesis and the development of cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata L.), a major cruciferous vegetable worldwide. However, limited information is available regarding B. oleracea GGPPS genes. In this study, we examined 10 BoGGPPS genes from the B. oleracea genome. The subcellular localization prediction suggests that BoGGPPS proteins are mainly expressed in chloroplasts and plastids. Similar BoGGPPS genes exhibited a similar structure and motif. Distribution, collinearity, and Ka/Ks analysis revealed multiple duplication events within the BoGGPPS gene family. Cabbage BoGGPPS may participate in light and hormone responses via analysis of cis-acting elements. Three-dimensional structure analysis demonstrated the abundance of α-helices and random coils among BoGGPPS members, suggesting their important functions. Based on qRT-PCR, we observed notable differences in the transcript levels of BoGGPPS genes between leaves and siliques. Bol028967 exhibited significantly higher transcript levels in WT (Wild-type) siliques compared to in Boas1 (Brassica oleracea albino silique 1), and subcellular localization analysis confirmed its expression in chloroplasts, implying its essential role in chloroplast synthesis. These findings lay the groundwork for further exploration and in-depth functional analysis of BoGGPPS genes and their relationship with terpenoids in the context of chlorophyll synthesis in B. oleracea.

Comparative analysis of the complete mitochondrial genome sequences and anther development cytology between maintainer and Ogura-type cytoplasm male-sterile cabbage (B. oleracea Var. capitata)

BackgroundCytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) has been widely used for commercial F1 hybrid seeds production. CMS is primarily caused by chimeric genes in mitochondrial genomes. However, which specific stages of anther development in cabbage are affected by the chimeric genes remain unclear.ResultsIn the present study, the complete mitochondrial genomes were sequenced and assembled for the maintainer and Ogura CMS cabbage lines. The genome size of the maintainer and Ogura CMS cabbage are 219,962 bp and 236,648 bp, respectively. There are 67 and 69 unknown function ORFs identified in the maintainer and Ogura CMS cabbage mitochondrial genomes, respectively. Four orfs, orf102a, orf122b, orf138a and orf154a were specifically identified in the Ogura CMS mitochondrial genome, which were likely generated by recombination with Ogura type radish during breeding process. Among them, ORF138a and ORF154a possessed a transmembrane structure, and orf138a was co-transcribed with the atp8 and trnfM genes. orf154a is partially homologous to the ATP synthase subunit 1 (atpA) gene. Both these genes were likely responsible for the CMS phenotype. In addition, cytological sections showed that the abnormal proliferation of tapetal cells might be the immediate cause of cytoplasmic male-sterility in Ogura CMS cabbage lines. RNA-seq results showed that orf138a and orf154a in Ogura CMS might influence transcript levels of genes in energy metabolic pathways.ConclusionsThe presence of orf138a and orf154a lead to increased of ATPase activity and ATP content by affecting the transcript levels of genes in energy metabolic pathways, which could provide more energy for the abnormal proliferation of tapetal cells. Our data provides new insights into cytoplasmic male-sterility from whole mitochondrial genomes, cytology of anther development and transcriptome data.

The development of cabbage and kale seedlings under the influence of the Rivergreen® treatment

U ovom istraživanju je utvrđen utjecaj tretmana Rivergreen-om® na rast i razvoj presadnica kupusa i kelja u kontroliranim uvjetima. Rivergreen® je prirodni mineralni pripravak za poboljšanje rasta, uroda biljaka te njihovu zaštitu. Ekološki pripravak Rivergreen® je nastao mljevenjem i tribomehaničkom aktivacijom sedimenta kamena iz rijeke Drave. Istraživanje je provedeno tijekom 2018. godine u laboratoriju za povrćarstvo, cvjećarstvo i ljekovito bilje na Fakultetu agrobiotehničkih znanosti Osijek. U istraživanju su korištene po dvije sorte kupusa ('Varaždinski' i 'Bijeli futoški') i kelja ('Kapucinski' i 'Željezna glava'). Sjeme navedenih vrsta je posijano u polistirenske plitice napunjene čistim supstratom i supstratom s dodatkom Rivergreen-a®. Također, Rivergreen® je primijenjen i zalijevanjem presadnica s vodenom otopinom u koncentraciji 0,25 %. Nakon obrade podataka, utvrđen je statistički značajan utjecaj tretmana Rivergreenom ® na pojedine parametre rasta i razvoja presadnica kod ispitivanih sorti kupusa i kelja. Kod obje ispitivane sorte kupusa ('Varaždinski' i 'Bijeli futoški') utvrđeno je značajno povećanje suhe i svježe mase nadzemnog dijela presadnica tretiranih Rivergreen-om® u usporedbi s kontrolnim presadnicama. Također, kod sorte kupusa 'Varaždinski' te kelja 'Kapucinski' uočeno je značajno povećanje dužine listova kod tretiranih biljaka. Tretman Rivergreen-om® utjecao je i na povećanje broja listova kod sorte kupusa 'Bijeli futoški' te kod sorte kelja 'Kapucinski', dok tretman nije imao utjecaj na širinu listova niti kod jedne ispitivane vrste. Temeljem rezultata ovog istraživanja može se zaključiti da pripravak Rivergreen® značajno utječe na rast i razvoj presadnica kupusa i kelja te poboljšava njihov rast i razvoj, ali je odgovor biljke na primjenu tretmana uvjetovan vrstom i sortom te su potrebna daljnja istraživanja kako bi se učinak Rivergreen-a® potvrdio kod drugih vrsta i u drugim uvjetima.

Use of agricultural waste material as an alternative substrate in cabbage seedling production and development

Considering the need to reduce costs in the production of seedlings, the use of agricultural wastes becomes essential. The objective of this study was to evaluate a substrate composed of agricultural residues replacing the commercial substrate. The experiment was carried out in two phases. For the first phase, seedling production, we used a completely randomized design with six treatments and eight replications, using commercial substrate (Bioplant®) and five treatments with increasing proportions of moinha/descending proportions of rice husk (0/40; 10/30; 20/20; 30/10 and 40/0%), and fixed proportions of coconut fiber (15%) and pine bark (45%). We evaluated plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, root and shoot dry masses, and Dickson quality index at 33 days after sowing. In the second experiment, cabbage development under field conditions, the treatments were maintained with four replications, using the randomized block design. We evaluated cycle length, compactness, head and stem diameter, number of basal external leaves, mass of fresh matter of the head, and commercial yield. We recommend a substrate composed of 40% moinha, 15% coconut fiber, and 45% pine bark in the production of cabbage seedlings, replacing the commercial substrate.

STRATEGI PENGEMBANGAN DAN PEMASARAN KUBIS (BRASSICA OLERACEAE) (STUDI KASUS: NAGORI PURBATUA BARU, KECAMATAN SILIMAKUTA, KABUPATEN SIMALUNGUN, PROVINSI SUMATERA UTARA)

This study aimed at determining: (1) the cabbage farming development strategy in Nagori Purbatua Baru, Silimakuta District, Simalungun Regency, (2) the cabbage marketing channel in Nagori Purbatua Baru, Silimakuta District, Simalungun Regency and (3) the efficiency of cabbage marketing in Nagori Purbatua Baru, Silimakuta District, Simalungun Regency. The study was conducted in Nagori Purbatua Baru, Silimakuta District, Simalungun Regency, North Sumatra Province. The location selection was done purposively with the consideration that the location was one of the centers of cabbage vegetable production in Simalungun Regency. The sample was a portion or representative of the population being studied. The sample taking carried out by purposive technique or deliberately in determining the expert respondents consisting of 5 or more persons namely: cabbage farmers, collectors, large traders, students, government agencies and consumers. The analysis was done by using SWOT analysis and descriptive method. The results showed that the cabbage development and marketing strategy in the study area could be carried out with the W-O (Weakness-Opportunities) strategy, namely using high production to meet increasing market demand. Another alternative strategy that was also very well done was the S-T (Strength-Threats) Strategy, namely the use of regional conditions to increase production, was increasingly high. There are two cabbage trading channels in the study area, namely: channel (1), producer  collecting trader  retailer  end consumer and channel (2) producer  collecting trader à large trader  retailer  final consumer. There is no difference in the functions of each trading institution involved in cabbage trading in each channel in the study area. There were differences in trading margins (marketing margin, price spread, and large share margins of each cabbage trading agency in the study area. Share margins received by producers (farmers) were smaller than those of traders. Cabbage trading system efficiency levels in the study area were high , where channel I was more efficient than channel II.

Effect of different Nitrogen fertilization on cabbage (Brassica oleracea) and development of diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella)

Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) contains highly nutritional values compared to other leafy vegetables in tropical areas. This vegetable requires an adequate amount of plant nutrients for growth and development. Nitrogen (N) fertilization can improve plant qualities, but at the same time, it may also lead to higher levels of pest damage to crops. Diamondback moth (DBM) is one of the major insect pests attacking cabbage thus reducing the profitable cabbage production. This study is to demonstrate the effect of N on the plant growth and response of the insect pest towards higher N fertilization. Cabbage were applied with different N level; control; 50 mg/L, 100 mg/L, 150 mg/L, 200 mg/L and 300 mg/L at 2nd and 4th week after transplanting. At 6th week, treatment with higher N enhances the growth and development of cabbage and fastens the development of DBM. Glucosinolate content in cabbage was higher at 6th week compared to 9th and 12th weeks. It was further concluded that N fertilizer can increase cabbage productivity and understanding to learn chemical ecology and insect behaviour are crucial to develop pest control approaches.

'Ogura'-based 'CMS' lines with different nuclear backgrounds of cabbage revealed substantial diversity at morphological and molecular levels.

A comprehensive study on characterization and genetic diversity analysis was carried out in 16 'Ogura'-based 'CMS' lines of cabbage using 14 agro-morphological traits and 29 SSR markers. Agro-morphological characterization depicted considerable variations for different horticultural traits studied. The genotype, ZHA-2, performed better for most of the economically important quantitative traits. Further, gross head weight (0.76), head length (0.60) and head width (0.83) revealed significant positive correlation with net head weight. Dendrogram based on 10 quantitative traits exhibited considerable diversity among different CMS lines and principle component analysis (PCA) indicated that net and gross head weight, and head length and width are the main components of divergence between 16 CMS lines of cabbage. In molecular study, a total of 58 alleles were amplified by 29 SSR primers, averaging to 2.0 alleles in each locus. High mean values of Shannon's Information index (0.62), expected (0.45) and observed (0.32) heterozygosity and polymorphic information content (0.35) depicted substantial polymorphism. Dendrogram based on Jaccard's similarity coefficient constructed two major groups and eight sub-groups, which revealed substantial diversity among different CMS lines. In overall, based on agro-morphological and molecular studies genotype RRMA, ZHA-2 and RCA were found most divergent. Hence, they have immense potential in future breeding programs for the high-yielding hybrid development in cabbage.

ANALISIS KOMODITAS UNGGULAN DAN ARAHAN RENCANA PENGEMBANGANNYA DI KOTA PAGAR ALAM,PROVINSI SUMATERA SELATAN

The Development of competitive commodities in a region are expected to improve added value of the commodities, to increase society income and to improve regional economic conditions. This study was conducted (1) to analyse competitive commodities of agriculture in each district, (2) to analyse potential land for competitive commodities development (3) to analyse regional hierarchies (4) to formulate direction of competitive commodities development plan. The competitive commodities were obtained using Location Quotient (LQ) and Shift Share Analysis (SSA). Analysis potential land for competitive commodities development was analysed using land availability and suitability and geographical information system. Regional hierarchy was analysed using schalogram method. Competitive commodities development direction considered based on potential land, regional hierarcy, compactness of land and local government policy. The results showed that competitive commodities in every district were coffee robusta, rice farming and cabbage. The direction development of coffee was given priority in South Dempo district area of 2,824.26 ha. Rice farming was given priority in Central Dempo district area of 1,496.13 ha. Meanwhile, development of cabbage is not available.

Response of Cabbage Seedlings to Different Sources of Arbuscular Mycorrhiza

The effect of different sources of Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) fungi on cabbage seedlings (Atlas-70) were conducted. Eight sources of AM fungi viz. Jessore (AM-01), Rahmatpur (AM-02), Joydebpur (AM-03), Ullapara (AM-04), Jamalpur (AM-05), Hathazari (AM-06), Ishurdi (AM-07), Rajshahi (AM-08) from different AEZs of Bangladesh were studied along with a control and mixed sources on cabbage seedlings. Soil based AM inoculum at the rate of 2.0 kg m-2 was used. Biomass yield of cabbage (Atlas-70) increased from 28.0% to 130.7% in 2007-08 and 44.8% to 96.9% in 2008-09 over control by inoculation with different sources of AM. The highest biomass yield (503 mg seedling-1 in 2007-08 and 321 mg seedling-1 in 2008-09) of cabbage was observed with Jamalpur source which was identical to all AM source except Ishurdi source in 2007-08 and with Joydebpur source which was identical to all Jamalpur source in 2008-09. Uptake of all the nutrients by cabbage seedlings was also improved by inoculation with AM fungi. The AM fungi from all the sources appeared to be effective in enhancing the growth and development of cabbage seedlings.Bangladesh J Microbiol, Volume 29, Number 2, Dec 2012, pp 90-96

Bottom-Up Mechanisms Generate the Same Temporal Pattern of Attack by a Specialist and a Generalist Caterpillar on Short-Lived Plants.

The local population dynamics of insect herbivores in ephemeral patches of short-lived plants are poorly known. We investigated whether a specialist and a generalist caterpillar exhibit contrasting temporal patterns of attack during plant development and also assessed bottom-up forces related to plant ontogeny that govern such population trends. Immature stages of the polyphagous Trichoplusia ni (Hübner) and the oligophagous Plutella xylostella (L.) were sampled throughout the development of cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata L.) crops. We measured protein and glucosinolate contents and insect performance with regard to plant age and leaf strata. The populations of both caterpillar species changed in close parallel throughout plant development, and a nonlinear temporal pattern of egg laying was reproduced in sequential population patterns of the larval stages until pupation. Reduced protein availability and insect performance coincided with a decline in egg laying and subsequent larval abundance in mature plants. By standardizing the plant size, we found that young and nutritious plants support proportionately more insects than large and mature plants. In our models of the population oscillations, the interaction between plant size and quality provided a strong causal explanation for the densities of both oligophagous and polyphagous caterpillars. Patches of fast-growing herbaceous plants are very common worldwide in the form of crop fields, and a generalized temporal pattern of attack may be widespread among caterpillars, regardless of their feeding specialization. Our results highlight the role of bottom-up forces in shaping the population dynamics of caterpillars in such systems.

Economic effects of the organic-microorganism complex fertilizer (omc) supply and the fito-leafat spray on the growth and the development of cabbage and chinese lettuce grown in Dong Anh district, Hanoi city

The apply of the FiTo-OMC fertilizer and the spray of the FiTo-leafat preparation could supply sufficient nutrition for the growth and development of cabbage, in comparison with the traditional farmer method (dung, NPK). The cabbage' yield has increased by 4.36 tons/ha (equivalent of 9.2%) and the vegetable had safe quality. By supplying the FiTo fertilizer the nutritive substance of soil has increased and the elution was limited. The profit was of 1,240,000 VNd/ha. The use of FiTo-OMC fertilizer 6,944 kg/ha and of FiTo-leafat 1,305 grams/ha had good effects on the growth and development of chinese lettuce and the lettuce yield has increased 33.5% (equivalent of 15,263,000 VNd/ha), compared with the control; the use of FiTo-OMC fertilizer without spraying Fito-leafat has increased 17.1% of yield (equivalent of 9,406,000 VNd/ha). The vegetable quality was safe with low and permitted NO3- content and the soil nutritive substance has increased.

Nuclear DNA endoreduplication during petal development in cabbage: relationship between ploidy levels and cell size.

The development of cabbage petals comprises two distinct phases: a cell division phase and a consecutive phase of cell expansion until the onset of opening. In this study, cytological changes characterizing the two phases of petal development were analysed. First, the mitotic activity and the surface area of epidermal cells during petal development were investigated. The DNA content of isolated nuclei from the different stages of petal tissues was determined by flow cytometric analysis. The results show that cell differentiation, leading to expanded cells, is characterized by endoreduplication. In the proximal part of the petal, after cell division arrest, differentiation frequently involves endoreduplication and cell enlargement. By contrast, normal diploid nuclei remained in the distal part of the lamina in the mature petal. It is suggested that the developmental programmes of the cabbage petal may be a trigger for the initiation of endoreduplication. Correlation between ploidy levels and cell size is also discussed.

Patterns of Endopolyploidy During Seedling Development in Cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.)

Flow cytometric analysis of nuclear DNA contents of somatic tissues of cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.) has revealed extensive endopolyploidization, resulting in tissues that comprise mixtures of cells with different DNA contents, ranging from 2C to 16C. Patterns of endopolyploidy are specific to each developmental stage. Multiple polyploidy was not present in the embryos of dry seeds. Rapid endoreduplication occurred in the radicle and the hypocotyl of the embryos during seed germination. Further endoreduplication cycles were detected in all tissues except those of the shoot tips. In five cabbage cultivars tested, seedlings contained cells of four ploidy levels, corresponding to 2C, 4C, 8C and 16C. Multiploidy may be an integral part of differentiation programs in cabbage plants. The biological significance of endoreduplication in cabbage plants is discussed.

Cabbage development and associated lepidopterous pest complex in the southern USA

The cabbage variety ‘Greenback’ was grown using similar cultural practices at three locations across the southern USA during a 2-year period. Leaf production, plant development and lepidopterous pest populations were monitored and correlated to heat units as degree-days. Results indicate that significant quadratic and linear relations exist between leaf production and degree-days and that a robust linear model can be used to describe leaf production across the southern region of the USA. Pest populations differed in abundance and species composition among locations and between years. Findings indicate that the greatest variability in population abundance may be due to pest immigration from alternate hosts; therefore, pest management strategies may be most reliably based on weekly or twice-weekly scouting of fields, rather than expending efforts on trying to predict populations from models based on heat units and previous population abundance in individual fields.

Role of Nonpreference in the Resistance of Cabbage Varieties to the Onion Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

Preference of Thrips tabaci , Lindeman adults for four varieties of cabbage was tested in the field by putting uninfested potted plants next to plots of wheat, oats, or alfalfa as thrips were moving out of these crops, and in the laboratory by placing thrips adults in circular plastic boxesand allowing them to choose among leaf disks from the heads of the same four varieties. In the field tests, more T. tabaci adults accumulated on heads of varieties previously identified as susceptible (‘Market Prize’ and ‘Supergreen,’ means of 28.4 and 16.2 thrips per head, respectively, over five tests) compared with those identified as resistant (‘Titanic 90’ and ‘Falcon’ means of 5.5 and 2.9, respectively). This difference was consistent for all three crops used as source plots and for all stages of cabbage development once the developing heads reached a fresh weight of 10 g. For the frame (outer) leaves of the cabbage plant, ‘Falcon’ was generally preferred over the other varieties, although the numbers of thrips colonizing frame leaves of all varieties decreased to nearly zero late in the season. In the laboratory tests, no differences in preference among leaf disks from the heads of the four varieties were observed.

Relation of xylem plugging to black rot lesion development in cabbage

Black rot lesion development in cabbage leaves was correlated with accumulation of plugging material in the xylem vessels as Xanthomonas campestris multiplied and spread. Plug formation preceded a partial disorganization of the xylem, and spillage of bacteria from the vessels. The movement of eosin and 32PO43− was blocked within the vessels, and plugs caused water shortage in affected cells. Vein blackening, the first symptom of the disease, occurred after plugs had formed, and was associated with an accumulation of melanins among collapsing cells of the vascular bundle. The population of viable bacteria within the veins declined rapidly as the veins blackened.Advance of the bacteria in the xylem vessels accounted for the relationship between venation and lesion spread. A weakly virulent isolate spread extensively in the xylem vessels if inoculated with a virulent isolate, but not when inoculated alone. Acid mucopolysaccharide plugging material was not formed in vessels infected with the weakly virulent isolate.Water stress in cells of interveinal tissues of inoculated leaves resulted in chlorosis, loss in turgor, and loss of electrolytes. If net water loss from infected leaves was prevented by high atmospheric relative humidity, affected cells remained green and turgid and maintained their electrolyte balance.

On the seed-vernalization of the cabbages (Brassica oleracea spp.)

In the previous report, on an experiment where slightly germinated seeds of cabbage were exposed to u cold at 1±1°C for 20 days, the senior author made it clear that with the given variety of cabbage (cv. Yoshin) germinated seeds are in some degree susceptive to a vernalizing low temperature. And in this connection, though the result of the seed-vernalization was very meagre, an increased vernalization effect was expected with longer duration of cold treatment. Further, in recent years, gibberellin has proved itself an agency for vernalization in some biennial plants. Thus, an experiment has been carried out to examine the effects of a longer duration of seed-vernalization and chemical vernalization with gibberellin on the floral development in cabbage (cv. Yoshin), with the following methods and results. 1. Slightly germinated seeds of cabbage were kept at 1±1°C for 20 or 40 days (V20 and V40), half of them being given gibberellin (G) with a concentration of 5ppm throughout the vernalization treatment. The treated seeds(V20, V20G and V40) along with the control (VO and VOG) were sown on 20 March, 5 April and 20 April in 1960. 2. An accelerated floral development was seen in the vernalization lots, but between 20- and 40-day cold treatment no significant difference in vernalizing effect was observed. 3. Gibberellin applied during seed-vernalization failed to exhibit accelerating influence on the vernalization effect.