C12 C14 Research Articles

Thermal steam treatment effect of metallic sodium nanoparticles for high-carbon, low permeability Domanic rocks

In a study aimed at exploring novel methods for enhancing hydrocarbon extraction from shale reservoirs, we conducted an experimental study to model the effects of thermal steam treatment on high-carbon, low-permeability Domanic shale in the presence of sodium metal nanoparticles. We characterized the mineral composition of the rock samples and evaluated the yield and quality of extracted hydrocarbons before and after treatment. Our results demonstrated an increase in extract yield with increasing treatment temperature. Notably, we observed a significantly augmented effect when we introduced sodium nanoparticles into the reaction system, enabling a 100 °C reduction in treatment temperature while maintaining comparable capabilities for extracting organic matter. It was found that the experimental products exhibited enrichment in saturated hydrocarbons, coupled with a decrease in resinous-asphaltenic substances. Within the saturated fraction, we observed a shift towards lighter alkanes and cycloalkanes (C12–C14). Moreover, it has been found that the highest yield of low molecular weight liquid hydrocarbons is acheived in the experiment involving sodium nanoparticles at 250 °C. Upon further increasing the temperature to 300 °C, we noted a decline in liquid hydrocarbon content, accompanied by an increase in gaseous hydrocarbons (C1–C4). Besides, thermal steam treatment substantially reduced the proportion of sulfur-containing aromatic compounds, such as alkylbenzothiophenes, dibenzo- and naphthothiophenes, in the aromatic fraction. The addition of sodium nanoparticles facilitated near-complete desulfurization of this fraction. Moreover, we observed a significant reduction in the total sulfur content of the extracted organic matter. Hydrothermal treatment in the presence of nanoparticles induced transformations in the kerogen structure and structural and phase changes in the mineral components of the shale.

Fate and partition of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) driven by particles in mangrove ecosystems: Mechanistic insights and environmental implications

A critical gap in understanding emerging pollutants in mangrove ecosystems should be addressed. Despite their ecological importance, the state of environmental quality in fragmented mangrove patches, especially emerging contaminants, remains largely uncharted. Our research presented an in-depth analysis of the distribution of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) across porewater, suspended particles, and sediment in these small, fragmented mangroves, revealing the mechanisms behind their distribution. The findings indicated that PFAA concentrations in sediments were generally lower than in suspended particles, except for C12–C14 perfluorinated carboxylic acids (PFCAs) and C4–C6 perfluorinated sulfonic acids (PFSAs). A comparison of contamination levels in different mangrove patches concurred with conventional water quality assessments and crab burrow surveys, showing that large artificially planted patches were less contaminated, while areas with intense human activity were more polluted. Notably, no significant differences were observed in the concentrations of long-chain PFAAs and PFCAs between patches (p > 0.1). Elevated crab burrowing activity and higher concentrations of perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) and perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS) in suspended particles in low intertidal zones suggested that seafood, particularly crabs and shellfish, might be at risk of PFAA pollution. Rainfall-runoff was identified as the primary source of PFAA pollution in porewater and suspended particle systems in these areas. The transport of PFAAs and organic carbon in mangroves was influenced by the concentrations and properties of suspended particles. These insights were critical for developing targeted environmental management strategies to mitigate the impact of PFAAs and preserve the ecological integrity of mangrove ecosystems.

Studies on the orange red color development on the surface of the dried Ume (Prunus mume Sieb. et Zucc.) in a drying system equipped with full spectrum artificial sunlight

An orange-red fraction was obtained from fully sun-dried Ume (Prunus mume Sieb. et Zucc.) using a layer extraction method with acetone, methanol, and chloride as organic solvents. Liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis revealed a series of (-)-epicatechin (EC) dimers and trimers. The polymers were compared with published m/z negative mode and their fragments were characterized as procyanidin B2–2 (A-type dimer), procyanidin C1–2 (A-type trimer), and procyanidin C1–4 (dehydrotriepicatechin B1). High-performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) analysis showed that the dehydrotriepicatechin B1 peak had an absorption maximum of 425 nm in the visible light range (400–600 nm). Similar results were obtained when salted Ume were subjected to simulated sunlight drying conditions using a low-temperature artificial drying system. Testing of blue light in an (-)-epicatechin (EC) model system showed the strongest catalytic effect. This study suggests that during sun-drying of salted Ume, (-)-epicatechin (EC) concentrates on the epidermis and undergoes photooxidative polymerization after sufficient sun exposure, further producing double bonds that cause the surface of sun-dried Ume to appear orange-red. This research has led to an innovative drying system that can replace sun-drying and avoid external factors such as insects, bacteria, meteorology, and food nutrition improvement that affect the quality of dried products.

Synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of ethoxylated lauryl myristyl alcohol as non-ionic surfactants (surfethoxymers)

Abstract In this work, fatty alcohol ethoxylation surfactant PALMEROL 1214 (lauryl myristyl alcohol C12–C14) designated as LMA-EO-30 and novel surface-active monomer (surfethoxymers) such as Hemi Ester Lauryl Myristyl Alcohol Malate designated as HELMEM, HELMEI (itaconate) and HELMES (succinate) have been synthesized. These types of non-ionic surfactant have been characterized for their structures using spectroscopic measurements. In addition, their surface-active properties like surface tension, critical micelle concentration (CMC), HLB, the cloud point and foaming properties were investigated. The results indicated that the novel surfethoxymers HELMEM, HELMEI and HELMES exhibit an excellent surface activity and a high performance in the mentioned industrial applications.

Comparative study of reactive diluents with different molecular structures on the curing properties of epoxy adhesives and the interface bonding properties with mortar

Epoxy adhesives for concrete cracks repair may necessitate the addition of reactive diluent to decrease their viscosity. However, research on the effect of different reactive diluents on the various properties of epoxy adhesives remains insufficient. In this paper, three reactive diluents, including monofunctional alkyl C12–C14 glycidyl ether (AGE), butyl glycidyl ether (BGE) and difunctional 1,4-butanediol diglycidyl ether (BDDE) are utilized to comparatively study the different effects on the viscosity, exothermic temperature, mechanical properties, and bond strength with cement mortar of the adhesives. The results show that the addition of BDDE increases the maximum curing temperature of the adhesives, whereas AGE and BGE both causes a decrease. The epoxy adhesive with AGE or BGE shows greater ultimate tensile strain, but a more obvious reduction in Young's modulus than that with BDDE at the same concentration. BDDE improves the bond strength of the adhesive-mortar interface whereas AGE and BGE both decrease it. Moreover, the bond strength shows a positive correlation with the hydroxyl content on the surface of cured epoxy. Comparing with AGE and BGE, BDDE increases the hydroxyl content, resulting in the strongest bond strength.

Study of microencapsulated fatty acid antimicrobial activity in vitro and its prevention ability of Clostridium perfringens induced necrotic enteritis in broiler chicken

BackgroundNecrotic enteritis (NE) is an infectious intestinal disease caused by Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens) that is now re-emerging and causing concern within the poultry industry. Previously, the supplementation of antibiotics in feed was the most popular control strategy against C. perfringens. However, with the ban on supplementing growth-promoting antibiotics in livestock feed, alternatives to antibiotics will be essential in order to control necrotic enteritis. A possible alternative to antibiotics could be the medium or long chain fatty acids (MCFA or LCFA) as these are able to destroy cell membranes which in turn results in the death of bacteria. In this study, the in vitro antimicrobial activity of different combinations with microencapsulated caprylic acid (C8: 0), capric acid (C10: 0), lauric acid (C12: 0) and myristic acid (C14: 0) against C. perfringens and in vivo control the NE-inducing C. perfringens in broiler chicken were analyzed.ResultsThe minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) assay results revealed that three different combinations of medium/long chain fatty acids varied in antimicrobial activities against C. perfringens type A strain (CVCC52, quality control), C. perfringens type A strain (C8-1), C. perfringens type G strain (D25) and C. perfringens type G strain (MZ1). Specifically, combination of C12: 0 and C14: 0 (C12–14) showed the highest antimicrobial activity against the four strains of C. perfringens (MIC ≤ 12.5 μg/mL, MBC = 50 μg/mL), followed by the combination of C10: 0 and C12: 0 (C10–12) (MIC, MBC ≤ 50 μg/mL). The in vivo study, 189 of 818-crossbred chickens that were fed a wheat-based diet and randomly divided into nine groups, with six treatment groups supplemented with either a high dose (1 g/kg) or low dose (0.5 g/kg) of three combinations respectively. The remaining three groups comsisted of a positive group supplement with avilamycin (0.01 g/kg), an infected control and an uninfected control. All chickens were challenged with C. perfringens from day 14 to day 17, except those in the uninfected control group. On day 20, the duodenum and jejunum necrotic lesions scores were calculated and the results showed that there was significant decrease in the C12–C14 high dose group (1.43 ± 0.23, 0.48 ± 0.13) and the C10–12 high dose group (1.52 ± 0.19, 0.48 ± 0.11) compared to the infected group (2.86 ± 0.21, 1.20 ± 0.28).ConclusionsThis finding indicated that dietary microencapsulated C12–C14 and C10–C12 could inhibit the growth of C. perfringens in chickens, which proves is viability to serve as an alternative to antibiotics used for necrotic enteritis caused by C. perfringens.

The Relationship between Elemental Carbon and Volatile Organic Compounds in the Air of an Underground Metal Mine

Elemental carbon (EC) content in air is considered a proxy for the diesel exhaust impact at workplaces. This paper examines the possibility of estimating EC content in mine air on the basis of measurements of volatile organic compounds (VOC). The measurement study was carried out in an underground metal mine. Gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was applied for VOC determination, and thermal-optical analysis (TOA) with an FID detector was utilized for EC measurements. A correlation was found between the measurements of EC and total VOC (TVOC) as well as the content of individual hydrocarbons C12–C14 in the air of an extraction zone in the mine. A regression model was developed which predicts EC based on C12, C13, and C14, considered individually, and the remaining VOCs detected with GC/MS taken in total. The model was statistically significant (p = 0.053), and it offered an EC prediction error of RMSE = 4.60 µg/sample. The obtained result confirms the possibility of using VOC measurements for the preliminary estimation of EC concentrations in mine air. This approach is feasible given the availability of portable GC/MS and offers easy and fast measurements providing qualitative and quantitative information.

Perfluoroalkane acids in human milk under the global monitoring plan of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (2008–2019)

Within the global monitoring plan (GMP) established by article 16 of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), and perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS) are recommended for analysis in core matrices to assess occurrence and changes geographically and with time. In 101 samples consisting of 86 national pools and 15 pools from States in Brazil obtained between 2008 and 2019, PFHxS was detected in 17% of the national pools and none in Brazil. PFOA and PFOS had a detection frequency of 100% and 92%, respectively. Other perfluoroalkane substances (PFAS) had either low detection frequencies and median values of zero (carboxylic acids C4–C11; except PFOA) or could not be quantified in any sample (sulfonic acids, C4–C10, and long-chain carboxylic acids, C12–C14). Correlation between PFOA and PFOS was moderately (r = 0.58). Whereas median values were almost identical (18.9 pg/g f.w. for PFOS; 18.6 pg/g f.w. for PFOA), PFOS showed larger ranges (< 6.2 pg/g f.w.−212 pg/g f.w.) than PFOA (< 6.2 pg/g f.w.−63.4 pg/g f.w.). It was shown that wealthier countries had higher PFOA concentrations than poorer countries. No difference in concentrations was found for samples collected in countries having or not having ratified the Stockholm Convention amendments to list PFOS or PFOA. The goal to achieve 50% decrease in concentrations within ten years was met by Antigua and Barbuda, Kenya, and Nigeria for PFOS and by Antigua and Barbuda for PFOA. In a few cases, increases were observed; one country for PFOS, four countries for PFOA.

Efficacy of Enriched Medium-chain Fatty Acids in Virgin Coconut Oil in Their Antibacterial Activity against Food Pathogens

Free fatty acids (FFA) have been previously shown to be an effective bactericidal agent. In this study, the FFA mixture was attempted to isolate from virgin coconut oil (VCO) using lipases and was fractionated to obtain the enriched medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA) to compare its antibacterial efficacy against food pathogens. Three types of lipases – namely, lipozyme TL 100L, Candida rugosa lipase (CRL), and porcine pancreas lipase (PPL) – were used to compare their efficacy in VCO hydrolysis, in which CRL was found to be the most efficient lipase for the process of VCO hydrolysis at the water: buffer ratio of 1:5, lipase concentration of 5310 U/g, pH 7, and temperature of 40 °C. The vacuum-distillation process was successfully found to fractionate the initial FFA into three fractions: Fraction I containing MCFA (C8–C12) plus Fraction II (C12–C14) and Fraction III containing LCFA (C14–C20). Among these fractions, Fraction I was observed to be the most effective anti-agent against four out of five food pathogens (negative result against Salmonella typhimurium), followed by Fraction II and initial FFA. Antimicrobial activities of study fractions were found effective on both Gram-positive strains and Gram-negative strains.

Образование адамантанов С10–С14 из протоадамантанов нефти

In order to study the possibility of enriching jet fuels with diamond-type hydrocarbons to improve their physico-chemical and operational properties, a catalyse with aluminum bromide of narrow 10-degree fractions of marine oil in the range of 190–250°С was carried out. Catalysis products were selected at different times and analysed by chromatomass spectrometry. It is shown that during catalysis there is a complete disappearance of non-adamanthane hydrocarbons and "naphthene background" on mass chromatograms with m/z 135, 149, 163 and 177, with the formation of new, mainly thermodynamically weakly stable isomers of adamantanes, and in subsequent It was found that from the narrow fractions of oil 230–240 and 240–250°C, where there are no hydrocarbons of the series of adamantane series, hydrocarbons of the C12–C14 form from the "naphthene background". It is suggested that transalkylation is the reason for the formation of high-molecular adamantans from low-molecular ones.

Synthesis of amphiphilic (meth)acrylates with oligo(ethylene glycol) and (or) oligo(propylene glycol) blocks by the esterification of (meth)acrylic acid

AbstractThermoresponsive PEG‐based (PEG stands polyethylene glycol) polymers are unique for use in medicine because of their low toxicity, good biocompatibility and biodegradability, but usually more hydrophobic and more toxic comonomers are used to adjust lower critical solution temperature (LCST). A convenient way to overcome this problem and to finely tune LCST is to use alkoxy oligo(ethylene glycol)‐ or alkoxy oligo(propylene glycol) (meth)acrylates as starting comonomers. Here we report on the conditions for the simple and affordable synthesis of methoxy oligo(propylene glycol) (meth)acrylate‐ and methoxy oligo(propylene glycol)‐block‐oligo(ethylene glycol) (meth)acrylate‐based macromonomers with high yields (80%–98.7%) by the acid‐catalyzed esterification of (meth)acrylic acid with alkoxy oligo(alkylene glycols) containing oligo(ethylene glycol) (OEG) and/or oligo(propylene glycol) (OPG) blocks. p‐Toluene sulphonic acid (pTSA), alkyl(C12–C14)benzene sulfonic acid (ABSA) and H2SO4 were used as catalysts. It has been shown that pTSA and ABSA are practically the same in catalytic activity and are superior to sulfuric acid. The reaction orders with respect to catalyst was found to be close to 1 in all cases. It has been shown that the reaction is actually insensitive to the lengths of OEG and OPG blocks, as well as to the structure of the terminal alkyl group, while the esterification of acrylic acid (AA) proceeds much faster compared to methacrylic acid (MAA) one under the same conditions. The influence of temperature on the equilibrium conversions of alcohols was determined, which were found to be 89%–93% for the esterification of AA and 61%–86% for MAA in the temperature range of 60–120°C. A further increase in conversion was achieved by introducing an azeotropic agent (toluene), its optimal concentration was found to be 10%–15%.

Amphiphilic thermoresponsive copolymer bottlebrushes: synthesis, characterization, and study of their self-assembly into flower-like micelles

Amphiphilic thermoresponsive copolymer bottlebrushes based on methoxy oligo(ethylene glycol)7 methacrylate and alkoxy(C12–C14) oligo(ethylene glycol)6 methacrylate have been successfully synthesized via RAFT and conventional free-radical polymerization in toluene. The thermoresponsive behavior of the copolymers in dilute aqueous solutions was studied by turbidimetry and laser light scattering. In water, the copolymer brushes form flower-like micelles with a hydrophobic core consisting of a polymer backbone and alkyl(C12–C14) groups and poly(ethylene glycol) linear chains and loops forming a hydrophilic shell. The size and aggregation number of the micelles and the cloud point of solutions were found to depend on the copolymer composition and chain length, as well as on the synthesis method. The conditions needed for the formation of uni- and multimolecular micelles were determined. Fluorescence techniques were used to determine the CMC of the copolymers and the drug loading capacity of the micelles using pyrene as a model hydrophobic drug. Amphiphilic thermoresponsive copolymer bottlebrushes based on methoxy oligo(ethylene glycol) methacrylate (MOEGM) and alkoxy(C12-C14) oligo(ethylene glycol) methacrylate (DOEGM) have been synthesized via RAFT and conventional free-radical polymerization in toluene. In water, these copolymer brushes form flower-like micelles with a hydrophobic core consisting of a polymer backbone and alkyl(C12–C14) groups and poly(ethylene glycol) linear chains and loops forming a hydrophilic shell. The size and aggregation number of the micelles depend on the copolymer composition and chain length, as well as on the synthesis method.

Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Fatty Alcohol Ethoxylate Surfactants for Corrosion Inhibition of Mild Steel

Novel fatty alcohol ethoxylate surfactants (NFAES) C1:(C12–C14–EO30) and C2:(C16–C18–EO30) were synthesized and characterized, and the effect of an increase of the hydrocarbon chain length at the same numbers of ethoxylated groups of these surfactants on the corrosion of mild steel (MS) in 1 M HCl was studied by different methods. These have revealed that the inhibition efficiency (IE%) increases with increasing the dose and the hydrocarbon chain length at the same number of ethoxylated groups in the surfactants (NFAES). The surfactants (NFAES) have a perfect performance as corrosion inhibitors. The results revealed that C2 > C1 in the IE% at the same studied dose of each surfactant, The IE% reached 85% at the very low dose of 30 ppm. Potentiodynamic measurements (PP) revealed that the NFAES surfactants are working as mixed type of inhibitors for both cathodic (reduction) and anodic (oxidation) reactions. The critical micelle dose for C1 is 350 ppm while for C2 it is 30 ppm. IE% acquired from PP, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and electrochemical frequency modulation are approximatly the same. The surface morphology was analyzed and is discussed.

Effects of perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids on the uptake of sulfobromophthalein via organic anion transporting polypeptides in human intestinal Caco-2 cells

We performed a detailed investigation of the uptake of sulfobromophthalein (BSP) from the apical membrane of Caco-2 cells, which is a substrate for organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs), and calculated the kinetic parameters of BSP uptake as follows: Km = 13.9 ± 1.3 μM, Vmax = 1.15 ± 0.07 nmol (mg protein)−1 (5 min)−1, and kd = 38.2 ± 0.53 μL (mg protein)−1 (5 min)−1. Coincubation with medium-chain (C7–C11) perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs), such as perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA, C7), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA, C8), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA, C9), perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA, C10) and perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnDA, C11), significantly decreased BSP uptake by 27–55%, while coincubation with short- (C3–C6) and long-chain (C12–C14) PFCAs decreased the uptake only slightly. Dixon plotting suggested that PFOA, PFNA and PFDA competitively inhibited the BSP uptake with inhibition constant (Ki) values of 62.2 ± 1.3 μM, 35.3 ± 0.1 μM and 43.2 ± 0.3 μM, respectively. PFCAs with medium-chains could be substrates for OATPs, probably OATP2B1, which is the most abundantly expressed OATP isoform in Caco-2 cells.

Perfluoroalkyl acids and sulfonamides and dietary, biological and ecological associations in peregrine falcons from the Laurentian Great Lakes Basin, Canada

Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a large, diverse group of chemicals and several perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) are known environmental contaminants. Wildlife exposure to PFAAs and precursors has been shown, but less is known regarding replacements such as shorter-chain PFAS. In the present study, exposure to a suite of PFAAs and associations with dietary, biological and ecological factors were investigated in populations of a sentinel apex species – the peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus). Nestling blood (n = 57) and sibling eggs (n = 9) were sampled in 2016 and 2018 from nests in rural and urban regions across the Laurentian Great Lakes Basin, Canada. PFSAs (perfluorinated sulfonic acids) including PFHxS, PFOS, and PFDS were detected in most egg and plasma samples, whereas 11 PFCAs (perfluorinated carboxylic acids; C5–C14, C16) compared to eight PFCAs (C8–C14, C16) were detected in most eggs and plasma, respectively. Shorter-chain C8–C10 PFCAs were more dominant in plasma and longer-chain C12–C14 PFCAs in eggs, but profiles were similar for PFOS, PFDS, PFUdA and PFHxDA. The exposure to PFAAs in peregrine falcons is likely mediated by dietary factors such as foraging location (δ13C and δ34S) and trophic position (δ15N) given the associations observed in eggs and nestling plasma, respectively. Moreover, significant relationships were observed for circulating ΣPFCAs and region (rural/urban), and nestling body condition after adjusting for sampling year and dietary tracers, suggesting that compared to rural nestlings, urban nestlings may be more exposed to ΣPFCAs and prone to their potential physiological impacts. Our findings highlight the importance of integrating dietary, biological and ecological factors when studying PFAS exposure in birds.

Catalytic Hydrodeoxygenation of Fast Pyrolysis Bio-Oil from Saccharina japonica Alga for Bio-Oil Upgrading

Biomass conversion via pyrolysis has been regarded as a promising solution for bio-oil production. Compared to fossil fuels, however, the pyrolysis bio-oils from biomass are corrosive and unstable due to relatively high oxygen content. Thus, an upgrading of bio-oil is required to reduce O component while improving stability in order to use it directly as fuel sources or in industrial processes for synthesizing chemicals. The catalytic hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) is considered as one of the promising methods for upgrading pyrolysis bio-oil. In this research, the HDO was studied for various catalysts (HZSM-5, metal, and metal-phosphide catalysts) to improve the quality of bio-oil produced by fast pyrolysis of Saccharina japonica (SJ) in a fluidized-bed reactor. The HDO processing was carried out in an autoclave at 350 °C and different initial pressures (3, 6, and 15 bar). During HDO, the oxygen species in the bio-oil was removed primarily via formation of CO2 and H2O. Among the gases produced through HDO, CO2 was observed to be most abundant. The C/O ratio of produced bio-oil increased when CoMoP/γ-Al2O3, Co/γ-Al2O3, Fe/γ-Al2O3, or HZSM-5 was used. The Co/γ-Al2O3 resulted in higher HDO performance than other catalysts. The bio-oil upgraded with Co/γ-Al2O3 showed high HHV (34.41 MJ/kg). With the use of catalysts, the kerosene-diesel fraction (carbon number C12–C14) was increased from 36.17 to 38.62–48.92 wt.%.

Effects of different feeding regimens on milk fatty acid composition and milk flavor from the perspective of regional resource utilization

AbstractFeed is a primary factor affecting different milk components and creating a specific milk flavor. Dairy farms in different regions often depend on different feed resources and feeding regimens. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of completely different feeding regimens on the milk fatty acid (FA) profile and milk flavor. Eight lactating Holstein cows were assigned to one of two distinct feeding regimens, one grass silage‐based diet (GS) and one by‐product‐based diet (BP), using a switchback design with three periods of 28 days each. A sensory test of the pasteurized milk was conducted using the paired preference method. Dry matter, crude protein and total digestible energy intake were similar between the groups. There was also no difference in daily milk yields, milk fat, protein, lactose and solids‐not‐fat contents between the groups. Milk FA content with chain lengths C12–C14:1, C16 and C16:1cis and the saturated fatty acid (SFA) content were significantly higher in the GS group than in the BP group. In contrast, the milk FA content with chain lengths C18 and C18:1cis–C18:2 and the unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) content, including mono‐UFA (MUFA) and poly‐UFA (PUFA), were significantly higher in the BP group than in the GS group. The different feeding regimens did not affect milk sensory properties, including aroma, palatability, aftertaste, texture, body and sweetness. Using food by‐products that contain relatively high levels of PUFAs resulted in PUFA‐rich milk. However, even if using a distinct feeding regimen based on conserved or by‐product feeds, it may be difficult to create characteristic milk with an original flavor that is clearly identified by consumers.

Experimental Measurements and Thermodynamic Modeling of Melting Temperature of the Binary Systems n-C11H24–n-C14H30, n-C12H26–n-C13H28, n-C12H26–n-C14H30, and n-C13H28–n-C15H32 for Cryogenic Thermal Energy Storage

In this study, the phase diagrams for the binary systems of n-C11H24–n-C14H30, n-C12H26–n-C13H28, n-C12H26–n-C14H30, and n-C13H28–n-C15H32 were experimentally investigated to employ potential phase change materials (PCMs) for cryogenic applications. Besides, the phase diagrams were theoretically obtained on the basis of the ideal solubility and UNIFAC models, and the UNIQUAC, Wilson, and NRTL models were applied to build correlations between experimental and predicting values. The results show that the compositions of the eutectic points appear at 10 wt % C14 for the C11–C14 system, 17.8 wt % C13 for the C12–C13 system, 18 wt % C14 for the C12–C14 system, and 10 wt % C15 for the C13–C15 system with eutectic temperatures of 246.85, 257.75, 260.45, and 265.55 K, respectively. Moreover, the melting temperatures calculated using the theoretical models are in good agreement with the experimental results. The average relative deviations for the C11–C14 system and C13–C15 systems are merely 0.3814% and 0.3220%, respectively, by using the NRTL model. Simultaneously, the minimum relative deviations for the C12–C13 and C12–C14 binary systems are 0.3649% for the ideal solubility model and 0.4856% for the UNIFAC model. Finally, upon comparing the predicted results of the studied binary systems using the results of the five models, we find that the UNIFAC model provides the most accurate results for the melting temperatures.

Function-Oriented Synthesis toward Peloruside A Analogues.

A convergent and rapid synthesis of original C2,C3-unsaturated, C11,C13-keto-enol macrocycles with a peloruside A skeleton has been developed. These original unsaturated macrocycles constitute valuable platforms to access peloruside A analogues with high diversity. The four-fragment strategy implemented features two aldol-type couplings with the central C12-C14 building block TES-diazoacetone and a late-stage ring-closing metathesis. Enantiopure analogue 18ab showed antiproliferative activity in the low micromolar range on NCI and MCF7 tumor cell lines.

Effects of Modified DATEMs with Different Alkyl Chain Lengths on Improving Oxidative and Physical Stability of 70% Fish Oil-in-Water Emulsions.

The objective of this study was to produce oxidatively and physically stable 70% fish oil-in-water emulsions by combined use of sodium caseinate (CAS), commercial diacetyl tartaric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides (DATEM), and modified DATEM. First, the optimal formula was determined using DATEM and CAS. Subsequently, modified DATEMs (DATEM C12 and DATEM C14) were designed for investigating both the effects of different alkyl chain lengths and caffeic acid conjugation to the emulsifier on physical and oxidative stability of the emulsions. Emulsions produced with modified DATEMs showed better oxidative stability compared with emulsion using commercial DATEM plus an equivalent amount of free caffeic acid, confirming the advantage of having antioxidant covalently attached to the emulsifier. Results indicated that DATEM_C14 replaced more CAS compared with DATEM_C12 from the interface in 70% fish oil-in-water emulsion. Emulsions produced with DATEM_C14 had significantly decreased amounts of primary and secondary oxidation products compared with emulsions using DATEM_C12.