C-reactive Protein Concentrations In Women Research Articles

Determination of Liver Enzymes, Lipid Profile, Tumor Necrosis Factor-α and C-Reactive Protein Concentrations in Women in Toxima of Pregnancy in Tikrit City

Pre-eclampsia is characterized by an increase in blood pressure and proteinuria. The aim of this study was to determine the concentrations of TNF-α in the maternal blood in patients suffering from pre-eclampsia. Patients and methods a cross sectional study was conducted in Sallah Alddin general hospital/Tikrit city from beginning of March to the end of August 2019. The current research focuses on determining of TNF-α level in pregnancy toxemia in Tikrit city- Iraq. Sixty pregnant women are enrolled in the study thirty of them are suffering from hypertension and albumin urea in the third trimester, age (17-36) years and other thirty are healthy pregnant as control age (17-38) years. All blood samples are tested for Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α), C- reactive protein (CRP), albumin, uric acid, liver functions, and lipid profile. The results showed a significant increase, for patient’s women, in the serum TNF-α, CRP, liver enzymes, LDL, triglyceride (TG), cholesterol. While the HDL show significant decrease and non-significant differences regarding serum albumin and uric acid between patients and controls.

Soda Intake Is Directly Associated with Serum C-Reactive Protein Concentration in Mexican Women

BackgroundSoda intake is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Consumption of diet sodas, often considered healthy alternatives to sodas, could also increase the likelihood of cardiovascular outcomes. ObjectiveThis study aims to evaluate the relation between soda and diet soda and biomarkers of cardiovascular risk. MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional analysis among 825 Mexican women free of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer, and for whom serum concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP), C-peptide, adiponectin, and leptin were available. Mean ± SD age was 45.9 ± 6.6 y, the majority of women were premenopausal (60.4%), and the prevalence of obesity was 35%. We estimated the adjusted percentage differences in biomarkers and 95% CIs by performing multiple linear regression models comparing categories of consumption for soda and diet soda adjusting for age, family history of heart disease, menopause, menopausal hormone therapy, socioeconomic status, region, smoking, physical activity, alcohol intake, and dietary patterns. ResultsIn the entire study sample we observed a 50% higher serum CRP concentration in women in the highest soda intake quartile (median intake: 202.9 mL/d, IQR: 101.4, 304.3 mL/d) compared to those in the lowest (median intake: 11.8 mL/d, IQR: 0.0, 152.1 mL/d). After stratification by menopausal status, results remained significant only for premenopausal women. Premenopausal women in the highest quartile of soda intake had 56% higher CRP concentration relative to women in the lowest quartile. We observed no significant association with the other biomarkers. After further adjustment for body mass index, a potential mediator, results remained significant only for CRP. Diet soda consumption was not associated with any of the biomarkers. ConclusionsConsumption of soda was associated with adverse levels in a biomarker of inflammation and cardiovascular risk, serum CRP, in Mexican women. These results add to the accumulating evidence on soda and cardiovascular risk. More research is necessary to understand the potential impact of artificially sweetened sodas.

Maternal serum C-reactive protein concentration and intra-amniotic inflammation in women with preterm prelabor rupture of membranes.

ObjectiveTo evaluate maternal serum C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations in pregnancies complicated by preterm prelabor rupture of membranes (PPROM) in relation to the presence of microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity (MIAC) and/or intra-amniotic inflammation (IAI).MethodsTwo hundred and eighty-seven women with singleton pregnancies complicated by PPROM between 2014 and 2016 were included in this study. Maternal blood and amniotic fluid samples were collected at the time of admission. Maternal serum CRP concentration was measured using a high-sensitivity immunoturbidimetric assay. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) concentration was measured using a point-of-care test. MIAC was diagnosed based on a positive polymerase chain reaction result for Ureaplasma species, Mycoplasma hominis, and/or Chlamydia trachomatis and for the 16S rRNA gene. IAI was characterized by an amniotic fluid IL-6 concentration of ≥ 745 pg/mL.ResultWomen with MIAC and IAI had higher maternal serum CRP concentrations than did women without (with MIAC: median 6.9 mg/L vs. without MIAC: median 4.9 mg/L; p = 0.02; with IAI: median 8.6 mg/L vs. without IAI: median 4.7 mg/L; p < 0.0001). When women were split into four subgroups based on the presence of MIAC and/or IAI, women with the presence of both MIAC and IAI had higher maternal serum CRP than did women with IAI alone, with MIAC alone, and women without MIAC and IAI (both MIAC and IAI: median: 13.1 mg/L; IAI alone: 6.0 mg/L; MIAC alone: 3.9 mg/L; and without MIAC and IAI: median 4.8 mg/L; p < 0.0001). The maternal serum CRP cutoff value of 17.5 mg/L was the best level to identify the presence of both MIAC and IAI, with sensitivity of 47%, specificity of 96%, positive predictive value of 42%, negative predictive value of 96%, and the positive likelihood ratio of 10.9.ConclusionThe presence of both MIAC and IAI was associated with the highest maternal serum CRP concentrations. Maternal serum CRP concentration in women with PPROM at the time of admission can rule out the presence of the combined condition of both MIAC and IAI, therefore, it may serve as a non-invasive screening tool to distinguish between women with PPROM who are at high or at low risk for the presence of both MIAC and IAI.

Postdiagnosis C-Reactive Protein and Breast Cancer Survivorship: Findings from the WHEL Study

Serum C-reactive protein (CRP) is a marker of acute inflammatory response and has been associated with health outcomes in some studies. Inflammation and immune response may have potential prognostic implications for breast cancer survivors. The Women's Healthy Eating and Living Study includes 2,919 early-stage breast cancer survivors with serum collected 2 years postdiagnosis and follow-up for clinical outcomes over approximately 7 years. CRP concentrations were measured using high-sensitivity electrochemiluminescence assay. Outcomes, including all-cause mortality, breast cancer-specific mortality, and additional breast cancer events were oncologist verified from medical records and death certificates. Cox proportional hazards models were conducted with adjustment for potential confounding factors to generate HRs and 95% confidence intervals (CI). CRP concentrations in women diagnosed with breast cancer were associated with death due to any cause, death due to breast cancer, and additional breast cancer events, after adjustment for sociodemographic and cancer characteristics (lnCRP: P < 0.05 for all three outcomes). The HR for women with (vs. without) acute inflammation suggests a threshold effect on overall survival, rather than a dose-response relationship (≥ 10.0 mg/L vs. <1 mg/L: HR, 1.96; 95% CI, 1.22-3.13). Associations were similar for breast cancer-specific mortality (HR, 1.91; 95% CI, 1.13-3.23) and any additional breast cancer-related event (HR, 1.69; 95% CI, 1.17-2.43). Acute inflammation status (CRP ≥ 10 mg/L) may be an important independent biomarker for long-term survival in breast cancer survivors. Interventions to decrease circulating CRP concentrations in breast cancer survivors with acute inflammation may improve prognosis.

Red Meat Intake Is Associated with Metabolic Syndrome and the Plasma C-Reactive Protein Concentration in Women

Although red meat consumption has been related to the prevalence of diabetes, few data are available showing the relation among red meat intake, inflammation, and metabolic syndrome. We aimed to identify the association between red meat intake, metabolic syndrome, and circulating concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP) as a surrogate measure of inflammation. In a cross-sectional study of 482 Tehrani female teachers aged 40-60 y, we used a FFQ to assess red meat intake. Anthropometric measures, blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose, lipid profiles, and plasma CRP concentrations were evaluated according to standard methods. Metabolic syndrome was defined as recommended by National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines. Red meat intake (mean +/- SEM) was 45.9 +/- 3.0 g/d. After statistically controlling for potential confounders, geometric mean plasma CRP concentrations across increasing quintile categories of red meat intake were 1.46, 1.66, 1.73, 1.89 +/- 1.89, and 2.03 mg/L (P-trend < 0.01). In the crude model, individuals in the top quintile of red meat intake had greater odds of having metabolic syndrome compared with those in the bottom quintile [odds ratio (OR): 2.33; 95% CI: 1.24, 4.38, P-trend < 0.01]. This association remained significant even after adjustment for potential confounders (OR, 2.15; CI, 1.18, 4.01; P-trend <0.01). Adjustment for CRP did not affect this association (OR, 2.06; CI, 1.16, 3.98; P-trend <0.01). In conclusion, increased red meat consumption is cross-sectionally associated with greater risk of metabolic syndrome and inflammation. Further prospective investigations will be needed to confirm this finding.

The effects of cigarette smoking on C-reactive protein concentrations in men and women and its modification by exogenous oral hormones in women

Previous studies have shown dose-dependent and time-dependent effects of cigarette smoking and smoking cessation on C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations in men, but results were inconsistent for women. The aim of this study was to evaluate the dose-dependent and time-dependent association of smoking and smoking cessation with CRP concentrations in men and women using a novel comprehensive smoking index (CSI). Cross-sectional study of representative US survey data (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2002). The CSI simultaneously accounts for intensity, duration and time since cessation of smoking. We analyzed data of 3505 men and 3896 women using sex-specific multiple linear regression models adjusting for other determinants of CRP concentrations, including age, race/ethnicity, body mass index, alcohol intake, diabetes, physical activity, oral hormone use among women, and history of coronary heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and arthritis. A positive association of similar strength was found between smoking and CRP concentrations in both men and women who did not use exogenous oral hormones. Among women who used exogenous oral hormones, no association with smoking was found. In older men and women it took several years after smoking cessation for CRP concentrations to return to that of individuals who never smoked. Smoking is associated with dose-dependent and time-dependent increases in CRP concentrations in both men and women. Furthermore, the effect of exogenous oral hormones on CRP concentrations in women is affected by smoking in a dose-dependent fashion.

C-Reactive Protein Concentrations and Subsequent Ovarian Cancer Risk

To estimate the association between prediagnostic levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), a marker of chronic systemic inflammation, and subsequent development of ovarian cancer. A multicenter, nested, case-control study was conducted, including women who developed ovarian cancer (case patients) and women who were cancer-free (controls) from the following cohorts: CLUE ("Give us a CLUE to cancer and heart disease") cohorts of Washington County, Maryland, the Columbia, Missouri Serum Bank, and the Island of Guernsey Prospective Study, United Kingdom. A total of 167 incident invasive epithelial ovarian cancer cases were identified and each matched to an average of two controls on cohort, age, race, menopausal status, time since last menstrual period, current hormone use, date of recruitment, and time of day of blood draw. Baseline serum samples were assayed for CRP concentrations, and estimates of risk associated with CRP levels were assessed using conditional logistic regression. Ovarian cancer risk was positively associated with increasing CRP concentrations. The risk of developing ovarian cancer among women in the highest third of the distribution of CRP compared with those in the lowest third was 1.72 (95% confidence interval 1.06-2.77), with evidence of an increasing risk with increasing concentration of CRP (P trend=0.02). Similar associations were observed using established clinical CRP cutpoints for heart disease risk (odds ratio 2.03, 95% confidence interval 1.20-3.47 for 3-10 mg/L compared with less than 1 mg/L, P trend=.008). If this association is causal, roughly 23% of ovarian cancer cases are attributed to chronic inflammation as indicated by elevated CRP concentrations. Higher circulating CRP concentrations in women who subsequently developed ovarian cancer support the hypothesized role of chronic inflammation in ovarian carcinogenesis. II.

Association between the intake of vitamins and trace elements from supplements and C-reactive protein: results of the MONICA/KORA Augsburg study

To examine the association between plasma concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP) and the intake of vitamins and trace elements from supplements possibly related to inflammation such as vitamin C, vitamin E, carotenoids, selenium and zinc. Cross-sectional study using data from the Monitoring of Trends and Determinants in Cardiovascular Disease/Cooperative Health Research in the Region of Augsburg (MONICA/KORA) Survey 1994/95. Region of Augsburg, Southern Germany. Population-based sample of 2045 women and 2172 men, aged 25-74 years. Intake of dietary supplements containing vitamins and trace elements was associated with lower CRP levels in women. Especially vitamin E in combination with other vitamins like vitamin C, vitamin B(1), B(2), B(6), B(12), niacin, folic acid, pantothenic acid and selenium, was significantly associated with lower CRP levels. Odds ratios for elevated CRP levels (>3.0 mg/l) after multivariable adjustment were 0.57 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.37, 0.89) for the intake of vitamin E and 0.57 (95% CI: 0.35, 0.91) for the intake of multivitamins, defined as taking three or more different vitamins. These associations were not seen in men. Intake of vitamin C, carotenoids or zinc was not significantly associated with levels of CRP in both men and women. Our data indicate that the intake of certain vitamins and trace elements from supplements is associated with lower CRP concentrations in women. Thus, intake of these micronutrients could influence the inflammatory process underlying the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Specific dose response relationships and the best combinations of vitamins and trace elements have to be determined in further studies.

Dietary Intake Is Predictive Of C-reactive Protein In 205 Adult Women

C-reactive protein (CRP) is one of best indicators of vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis. In fact, CRP has been shown to be a better predictor of coronary heart disease (CHD) than serum cholesterol levels. PURPOSE To assess the extent to which dietary intake is predictive of serum CRP levels in 205 adult women. An ancillary objective was to evaluate the influence of body fat percentage (BF%) on the diet and CRP relationship. METHODS All subjects were non-smokers and non-obese (BMI <30) with an average (± SD) age of 43.1 ± 3.0 years. Diet was measured using 7-day weighed food records. Each subject was taught how to operate an electronic scale that weighed foods to the nearest gram. Plastic food models were used to instruct participants concerning how to weigh and record everything they consumed. The 7-day food records were analyzed using ESHA software. Dietary intake was indexed using the ADA Exchange Lists, and the Cholesterol-Saturated Fat Index (CSI). Subjects were instructed to refrain from exercise for at least 48 hours prior to having their blood drawn, and to wait until fully recovered from any possible injury or illness. CRP was measured using the solid phase ELISA, manufactured by Alpha Diagnostics International, Inc. (Kit no. 1000). Assays were performed in duplicate and the average of the two measures was used to index CRP. The relationship between dietary intake and CRP was analyzed using multiple regression and the GLM technique. To aid interpretation, subjects were divided into quartiles based on CRP levels and the middle-two quartiles were collapsed forming three groups. RESULTS Average and median CRP levels were 1.28 ± 1.70 and 0.68 mg/L, respectively. Mean servings for the ADA diet categories were: Bread-Starch (6.9 ± 2.9), Carbs-Sugar (6.2 ± 2.8), Protein (2.0 ± 1.9), Meat (2.7 ± 1.5), Fruit (2.4 ± 1.6), Vetgetables (1.6 ± 1.0), Milk (1.1 ± 0.9), and Fat (10.3 ± 3.6). Average CSI was 34.4 ± 13.2. Servings of Meat (F=12.2, p=0.0006), Fat (F=8.5, p=0.004), and the CSI (F=11.7, p=0.0008) were directly related to CRP levels. Servings from the other ADA Exchange categories were unrelated to CRP levels. After adjusting for differences in BF%, the associations between servings of Meat and CRP (F=6.5, p=0.012), Fat and CRP (F=3.3, p=0.069), and CSI and CRP (F=3.0, p=0.050) were weakened, although Meat and CSI remained significant predictors of CRP. CONCLUSION Servings of Meat, Fat, and the Cholesterol-Saturated Fat Index are predictive of CRP concentrations in women. After controlling for differences in BF%, Meat intake and the CSI remain significant predictors of CRP levels.

Gender-specific association between pulse pressure and C-reactive protein in a Chinese population

There is growing evidence that low-grade chronic inflammation, as reflected by the raised serum concentration of C-reactive protein, might be a risk factor for hypertension, in particular in women. We therefore investigated gender-specific associations of systolic and diastolic blood pressure and pulse pressure with serum C-reactive protein concentration in a Chinese population sample. In 463 participants, we measured serum C-reactive protein concentration using a high-sensitivity immunonephelometric latex-enhanced assay. We performed single and multiple linear regression analyses. The 224 male and 239 female subjects were of similar age (51.0 years) and had similar levels of systolic blood pressure (124.7 mmHg) and pulse pressure (47.1 mmHg), but men, compared with women, had higher diastolic blood pressure (79.6 vs 75.8 mmHg; P<0.0001) and body mass index (24.3 vs 23.4 kg/m2; P=0.003). Both before and after adjustment for age, age2, body mass index, current smoking, alcohol intake, and use of antihypertensive drugs, pulse pressure was significantly associated with serum C-reactive protein concentration in women (P< or =0.002) but not in men (P>0.10; P=0.02 for interaction between gender and serum C-reactive protein). In women, with one-fold increase in serum C-reactive protein concentration, pulse pressure was 1.94 mmHg higher. The categorical analyses confirmed our findings. With similar adjustments applied, women in the fourth quartile, compared with those in the lowest quartile, had a 7.6 mmHg higher pulse pressure (95% confidence interval 3.5-11.7 mmHg; P=0.0003). Furthermore, when women were analysed according to menopausal status, the association between pulse pressure and C-reactive protein was only significant in postmenopausal (P< or =0.04), but not in premenopausal, subjects (P> or =0.21). In conclusion, taken together with the previous gender-specific observations on carotid lesions and hypertension, our finding suggests that chronic low-grade inflammation might play a role in the widening of pulse pressure in Chinese women. This cross-sectional observation warrants further investigation in prospective studies.

Relation of waist circumference and glycemic status to C-reactive protein in the Sandy Lake Oji-Cree.

To determine the prevalence of elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) in the Sandy Lake Oji-Cree, an aboriginal community residing in the Sioux Lookout zone of Northwestern Ontario, Canada, and to determine the associations of obesity and diabetes with CRP in a community with a very high prevalence of type II diabetes. We surveyed 512 community members aged 18 y and older to determine the prevalence and the determinants of elevated CRP in Sandy Lake. Clinical variables, indices of obesity and serum concentrations of CRP, insulin, serum amyloid A (SAA) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). The prevalence of CRP >or=3.8 mg/l was significantly higher in women than in men (51% vs. 32%, P<0.0001). Regression analysis determined that body mass index and IL-6 were independent determinants of CRP concentration in women and waist circumference and IL-6 were independent determinants of CRP concentration in men. Diabetes was associated with elevated CRP in both sexes, but was only a moderate strong determinant in CRP concentration in multivariate regression analysis. The prevalence of elevated CRP in this aboriginal community is remarkably high. These data further demonstrate that the association between CRP and specific indices of obesity and metabolism vary according to gender and glycemic status.

Levels of C-reactive protein in pregnant women who subsequently develop pre-eclampsia

Objective To investigate whether a maternal inflammatory response precedes the development of pre-eclampsia. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Antenatal clinic in an inner city teaching hospital. Population Two groups of women were examined at 23–25 weeks of gestation. The first group (45 women) had normal uterine artery Doppler waveforms and subsequently had a normal pregnancy outcome. The second group (45 women) had Doppler evidence of impaired placental perfusion and 21 (47%) of them had normal outcome, 14 (31%) developed intrauterine growth restriction and 10 (22%) developed pre-eclampsia, with or without intrauterine growth restriction. Methods C-reactive protein, an acute-phase reactant, was measured in maternal serum using a highly sensitive method with a detection limit of 0.05mg/L. Main outcome measures Development of pre-eclampsia, as defined by the International Society for the Study of Hypertension in Pregnancy. Intrauterine growth restriction was defined as birthweight <5th centile for gestation and sex of the neonate. Results The serum C-reactive protein concentration in women who subsequently developed pre-eclampsia (median 1.56, range 0.55–3.12mg/L) or delivered a baby with birthweight <5th centile (median 0.74, range 0.64–1.58mg/L) was not significantly different from that in women with uncomplicated pregnancies (median 1.28, range 0.75–2.08mg/L; P = 0.95 and P = 0.62, respectively). Conclusion These findings suggest that the onset of clinical signs of pre-eclampsia may not be preceded by a maternal inflammatory response, as assessed by measurement of C-reactive protein.

Levels of C-reactive protein in pregnant women who subsequently develop pre-eclampsia.

To investigate whether a maternal inflammatory response precedes the development of preeclampsia. Cross-sectional study. Antenatal clinic in an inner city teaching hospital. Two groups of women were examined at 23-25 weeks of gestation. The first group (45 women) had normal uterine artery Doppler waveforms and subsequently had a normal pregnancy outcome. The second group (45 women) had Doppler evidence of impaired placental perfusion and 21 (47%) of them had normal outcome, 14 (31%) developed intrauterine growth restriction and 10 (22%) developed pre-eclampsia, with or without intrauterine growth restriction. C-reactive protein, an acute-phase reactant, was measured in maternal serum using a highly sensitive method with a detection limit of 0.05 mg/L. Development of pre-eclampsia, as defined by the International Society for the Study of Hypertension in Pregnancy. Intrauterine growth restriction was defined as birthweight <5th centile for gestation and sex of the neonate. The serum C-reactive protein concentration in women who subsequently developed pre-eclampsia (median 1.56, range 0.55-3.12 mg/L) or delivered a baby with birthweight <5th centile (median 0.74, range 0.64-1.58 mg/L) was not significantly different from that in women with uncomplicated pregnancies (median 1.28, range 0.75-2.08 mg/L; P = 0.95 and P = 0.62, respectively). These findings suggest that the onset of clinical signs of pre-eclampsia may not be preceded by a maternal inflammatory response, as assessed by measurement of C-reactive protein.

Hormone replacement therapy and sensitive C-reactive protein concentrations in women with type-2 diabetes

C-reactive protein concentrations as a marker of inflammation predicts vascular risk and is raised in type-2 diabetes. In a 6-month double-blind placebo controlled trial, a combination of transdermal oestradiol 80 microg with continuous oral norethisterone 1 mg significantly reduced C-reactive protein concentrations in postmenopausal women with type-2 diabetes.