By-product Of Pyrolysis Research Articles

Chemical and Physical Properties of Selected Biochar Types and a Few Application Methods in Agriculture

Biochar, a carbon-rich by-product of organic matter pyrolysis, has a variety of physiochemical properties beside a variety of applications. This review highlights some physical and chemical characteristics of herbaceous, woody, and sewage waste biochar under different pyrolysis conditions, as well as soil and foliar applications of biochar. The controlling role of pyrolysis temperature was the reason for selecting the discussed biochar types in the study. This review concludes that increasing pyrolysis temperature mainly raised the values of some chemical properties of the biochar, such as pH, electrical conductivity (EC), ash content, total phosphorus (TP), and a few values of physical properties like porosity and specific surface area (SSA). On the other hand, yield and total nitrogen (TN) decreased with rising pyrolysis temperature. Among biochar application methods to soil, mixing biochar with soil before planting is one of the best methods of application, and in most cases, biochar reapplication improved soil properties, while foliar application of biochar has positive effects on plant growth and yield parameters, ranging from low rates to the highest ones.

Recovery of carbon fiber from carbon fiber reinforced polymer waste via microwave molten-carbonate pyrolysis

In recent years, the increased use of carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites has led to a significant rise in waste production. To address this issue, a recycling method using microwave molten salt pyrolysis-oxidation has been proposed to efficiently process CFRP and obtain regenerated carbon fibers (RCFs) under the combined effect of microwave and Na2CO3/K2CO3/Li2CO3 composite molten salt. The mechanism of microwave molten salt pyrolysis was examined in conjunction with the pyrolysis products (pyrolysis oil and gas), furthermore, the microwave molten salt pyrolysis process was optimized. The causes of the changes in the mechanical characteristics and wettability of carbon fibers (CFs) were additionally investigated and analyzed. The RCFs recovered from previous composite materials were processed into new composite materials and mechanically tested to assess their reusability. The study found that using microwave pyrolysis at 350°C for 10 min followed by oxidation at 450°C for 20 min resulted in recovered carbon fibers (RCFs) that retained 98.81 % of the tensile strength of the virgin carbon fibers (VCFs). Additionally, the RCFs showed a tensile modulus enhancement of 14.70 %, with the recovery ratio of carbon fibers as high as 98.44 %. Pyrolysis generates combustible gases like hydrogen (H2), carbon monoxide (CO), and alkanes, alongside products primarily composed of phenols and aromatic compounds. The recycling method can quickly recover high-performance carbon fibers and valuable pyrolysis by-products from CFRP waste, making them highly valuable for resource recycling and the sustainable development of carbon fiber materials.

Efficient and emission-reduced recovery of high-purity copper from waste enameled copper wires

The escalating demand for refined copper intensifies research into the recycling of copper-based solid waste, exemplified by recovery of copper from waste enameled copper wires (WECWs). Despite its potential, the pyrolysis process for WECWs is hindered by embrittlement, diminishing both recycling yield and quality. Our study pioneers the elucidation of the embrittlement mechanism during WECWs pyrolysis through atom probe tomography and first-principles calculations, revealing that hydrogen, a byproduct of paint film pyrolysis, accumulates at copper grain boundaries, inducing embrittlement by reducing adhesion energy. We introduce two innovative strategies to mitigate hydrogen-induced embrittlement: vacuum pyrolysis and enhanced N2 flow. These approaches significantly reduced hydrogen content from 11.1 % to about 5 % and increased elongation from 2.65 % to 15 %. Moreover, pyrolysis efficiencies of 92.79 % and 91.4 % were achieved, respectively, at temperatures 50 °C lower than conventional methods. Our findings provide crucial theoretical insights into embrittlement and offer effective recovery strategies for copper from solid waste.

Manipulating micropore structure of hard carbon as high‐performance anode for Sodium-Ion Batteries

Hard carbon (HC) is the most promising anode material for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), but its low initial coulombic efficiency (ICE) and specific capacity limit its practical application. Herein, a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) strategy is used to address these challenges via filling the micropores of sucrose-based HC with pyrolysis by-products from acetonitrile, thereby reducing the specific surface area of HC microspheres. This approach mitigates the formation of solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) film leading to an enhancement in ICE. Moreover, the conversion of open micropores into closed pores creates additional storage space for sodium ions, effectively extending the specific capacity within the plateau region. Specifically, the HC prepared with a deposition duration of 1 h demonstrates the most favorable electrochemical performance. The optimal HC anode manifests an enhanced specific capacity of 307.6 mAh g−1 with an ICE of 66.01 % and exhibits excellent cycle stability (84.9 % capacity retention after 200 cycles at 100 mAh g−1). This study provides a feasible approach to optimize hard carbon anode materials for SIBs.

Synthesis and characterization of coconut coir biochar as potential adsorbent for removal of pharmaceutical and personal care products in wastewater

Abstract Biochar, a solid by-product of pyrolysis has attracted the attention of researchers because of it properties which is suitable for use as an adsorbent as well as energy source. As an adsorbent, biochar has similar properties to activated carbon which has high surface area, large pore volume, environmental stability, generous functional group, and high resource recovery. On the other hand, pharmaceuticals, and personal care products (PPCPs) – a class of growing environmental contaminants, are increasing public concerns for their possible effects on the ecosystem and human health. Some PPCPs are pervasive, persistent, and bioaccumulative which thus makes them easily found and currently increase in the environment, including groundwater and surface water. The main source of surface water contamination with PPCPs is due to municipal wastewater discharge that has not been adequately treated. Furthermore, due to coconut coir having a significant amount of lignin, it may be thermochemically converted into biochar with a high yield, meeting the requirements for biochar and its use in the adsorption process. This study aims to synthesize biochar from coconut coir, characterize it and determine its potential as an adsorbent for PPCPs. The biochar used for this study were characterized based on their chemical, structural and textural characteristics. The study that demonstrated good results on the adsorption of paracetamol from the aqueous phase of biochar has the potential to eliminate this pollutant by around 92%.

Effect of Combined Application of Wood Vinegar Solution and Biochar on Saline Soil Properties and Cotton Stress Tolerance.

Biomass pyrolysis by-products, such as biochar (BC) and wood vinegar (WV), are widely used as soil conditioners and efficiency enhancers in agriculture. A pot experiment was conducted to examine the effects of WV, both alone and in combination with BC, on soil properties in mildly saline soil and on cotton stress tolerance. The results demonstrated that BC and WV application, either individually or together, increased soil nutrient content. The combined application was more effective than the individual applications, resulting in a 5.18-20.12% increase in organic matter, a 2.65-15.04% increase in hydrolysable nitrogen, a 2.23-58.05% increase in effective phosphorus, and a 2.71-29.38% increase in quick-acting potassium. Additionally, the combined application of WV and BC led to greater improvements in cotton plant height, net photosynthetic rate (Pn), leaf nitrate reductase (NR), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) activities compared to the application of BC or WV alone. The enhancements in this study varied across different parameters. Plant height showed an increase of 14.32-21.90%. Net photosynthetic rate improved by 13.56-17.60%. Leaf nitrate reductase increased by 5.47-37.79%. Superoxide dismutase and catalase showed improvements of 5.82-64.95% and 10.36-71.40%, respectively (p < 0.05). Moreover, the combined treatment outperformed the individual applications of WV and BC, resulting in a significant decrease in MDA levels by 2.47-51.72% over the experimental period. This combined treatment ultimately enhanced cotton stress tolerance. Using the entropy weight method to analyze the results, it was concluded that the combined application of WV and BC could enhance soil properties in mildly saline soils, increase cotton resistance, and hold significant potential for widespread application.

Sewage sludge pyrolysis ‘kills two birds with one stone’: Biochar synergies with persulfate for pollutants removal and energy recovery

The disposal and resource utilization of sewage sludge (SS) have always been significant challenges for environmental protection. This study employed straightforward pyrolysis to prepare iron-containing sludge biochar (SBC) used as a catalyst and to recover bio-oil used as fuel energy. The results indicated that SBC-700 could effectively activate persulfate (PS) to remove 97.2% of 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) within 60 min. Benefiting from the appropriate iron content, oxygen-containing functional groups and defective structures provide abundant active sites. Meanwhile, SBC-700 exhibits good stability and reusability in cyclic tests and can be easily recovered by magnetic separation. The role of non-radicals is emphasized in the SBC-700/PS system, and in particular, single linear oxygen (1O2) is proposed to be the dominant reactive oxygen. The bio-oil, a byproduct of pyrolysis, exhibits a higher heating value (HHV) of about 30 MJ/kg, with H/C and O/C ratios comparable to those of biodiesel. The energy recovery rate of the SS pyrolysis system was calculated at 80.5% with a lower input cost. In conclusion, this investigation offers a low-energy consumption and sustainable strategy for the resource utilization of SS while simultaneously degrading contaminants.

Biochar Enriched Concrete for Carbon Sequestration

Abstract: In upcoming years , a lot of construction is going to happen leading to more cement consumption and more GHG’s emissions by default as an embodied carbon. Reduction of cement consumption is possible by partially repacing it with biochar which is a by-product of pyrolysis of biomass or adding it as an additive in cement mortar and concrete for carbon sequestration. Biochar is effective in carbon sequestration activity and results in high water and carbon dioxide holding capacity. Increase in biochar lead to increase in carbon sequestration . As pozzolanic activity lead to strength gaining characteristics and durability of concrete, this study focusses on investigating pozzolanic activity of biochar. Biomass considered in this study were walnut shells and pretreatment was done with 0.1 N HCl and and pozzolanic activity is checked by chapelle test by observing Ca(OH)2 fixation during the titration. It was observed that increase in temperature or Normality of HCl in pretreatment does not enhance pozzolanic activity of biochar . Hence pretreatment with 0.1 N HCl at room temperature for an hour is sufficient to enhance the pozzolanic activity of biochar with much high carbon dioxide sorption as compared to usual concrete without compromising with the strength of concrete. This study reclaims the potential use of biochar in concrete is reliable for carbon sequestration.

Study on Sugarcane Bagasse Biochar in Concrete for Carbon Sequestration

Abstract: Embodied carbon from manufacturing of cement is increasing day by day as constructions are happening everywhere so the consumption of cement is increasing by default. In next decade there are much more constructions are going to takes place that will lead to Increase in GHG’s emissions from cement manufacturing. It is supposed to be a threat to climate . To reduce this increase in embodied carbon there is need to reduce cement consumption by partially replacing cement with other suitable options. biochar which is a by-product of pyrolysis of biomass and is effective in carbon sequestration activity and results in high water and carbon dioxide holding capacity. In this study Sugarcane bagasse biochar is used in concrete and mortar as partial replacement of cement for carbon sequestration. Strength characteristics of materials are supposed to be interlinked with pozzolanic activity hence pretreatment is done with 0.1 N HCl to enhance pozzolanic property activity of biochar. This pozzolanic activity is calculated by considering Ca(OH)2 fixation during the titration in chapelle test. From the study results its is observed that pretreatment with 0.1 N HCl at room temperature is sufficient to increase the pozzolanic activity of biochar also this Sugarcane bagasse biochar is observed to be sequestering carbon dioxide and it is increasing with increase in biochar. But compressive strength of concrete is decreasing with increase in sugarcane bagasse biochar. Hence it is not suitable to be used in construction work but can be used in plaster mortar where no much compressive strength is required . Sugarcane bagasse biochar can act as carbon sequestering media in concrete but it can’t be recommended in concrete or mortar for construction work.

Experimental Study on Vacuum Distillation Separation Characteristics of Tar Containing Solid Particles: Distributions of Light Components.

The impacts of the composition and properties of tar products on their utilization are of great importance, while the consequences of varying tar separation conditions on distillation fractions remain underexplored. Solid impurities in special tar products (e.g., subsurface in situ pyrolysis-derived tar-like substances) can contribute to the separation as well. In the present study, low-temperature coal tar (LTCT) was used as an analogue to pyrolysis product, mixed with semi-coke and coal dust, representing pyrolytic byproducts and nonpyrolytic substances, respectively. The LTCT mixtures were tested with vacuum distillation at various pressures and temperatures. The results revealed the role of pressure in fraction distribution across temperatures, with higher pressure concentrating fractions at lower temperatures. The impact of solid impurities on distillation primarily stemmed from adsorption. Minimal concentrations of solid impurities carried coal dust/semi-coke into the distillation, but higher levels retained them in the residue. The adsorption of coal dust was quite high at lower temperatures and waned as temperature increased, unlike semi-coke, which had consistent adsorption throughout the distillation. The present study can advance the understanding of vacuum distillation for tar products in the presence of solid impurities, offering a framework for the effective distillation/utilization of coal tar. By probing separation conditions, tar properties, and solid impurity effects, the present research will refine strategies for optimizing coal tar use, crucial for enhancing energy security and sustainable progress in China.

Characteristics of carbon black recycled from lightly pyrolyzed tire rubber and its impact on the high-temperature performance of asphalt

Waste cooking oil (WCO) is commonly used as an excellent reaction medium for the mild pyrolysis of ground tire rubber (GTR). Carbon black is a byproduct of rubber pyrolysis with varying properties depending on the pyrolysis process. To promote the utilization of pyrolytic carbon black (CBp) in asphalt modification, this study aims to characterize the low-temperature pyrolysis carbon black (LTCB) produced through the co-pyrolysis of GTR and WCO, and assess its impact on the high-temperature performance of asphalt. LTCB260 was separated by toluene extraction from the waste rubber-oil mixtures (WRO) containing the highest concentration of soluble substances. The identification of LTCB260 was conducted by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results indicated that the pure carbon black content in LTCB260 is 57.35 %, which is lower than CBp and N330. Bound rubber and inorganic salt crystals were observed to be randomly distributed on the surface of LTCB260. High-temperature performance tests conducted on asphalt indicated that the high-temperature deformation resistance of the LTCB260-modified asphalt was comparable to that of the other two carbon black-modified asphalts when using the same mass of carbon black. This suggests that despite being coated with impurities on its surface, the carbon black released from lightly pyrolyzed ground tire rubber still positively influences the high-temperature rheological properties of asphalt. However, when the carbon black content in WRO is significantly lower than that of the light component, the beneficial effect of carbon black on the high-temperature performance of asphalt may not be evident.

Electrochemical performance of chemically treated pyrolytic carbon black from waste car tyres

Pyrolytic carbon black (CBp) is a solid by-product of tyre pyrolysis that contains various contaminants from the tyre additives. These contaminants limit the use of CBp as a carbon source for energy storage applications such as supercapacitors. This study aims to improve the physicochemical, morphological, and electrochemical properties of CBp by applying different chemical treatments and activation methods. The chemical treatments include acid (HCl), base (NaOH), acid-base (HCl/NaOH), and desulphurization (NaOH in xylene) processes to remove impurities such as sulphur, zinc, and silicon. The treated CBp samples are then activated by KOH impregnation technique to increase the surface area and porosity. The characterizations of the treated CBp samples are performed using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and Brunner Emmett Teller (BET). The electrochemical performance of the treated CBp samples are evaluated using galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The results show that the chemical treatments significantly reduce the impurity levels and enhance the electrochemical performance of CBp. The desulphurized CBp sample exhibits the highest specific capacitance of 218 F/g among the treated CBp samples. The findings of this study suggest that CBp can be effectively utilized as a potential carbon source for supercapacitor electrodes by applying suitable chemical treatments and activation methods. This will create a circular economy to valorize CBp.

Thermal behavior analysis and reaction mechanism in the preparation of activated carbon by ZnCl2 activation of bamboo fibers

In this study, bamboo powder (BP), bamboo parenchyma cells (PCs), and bamboo fibers (BFs) were used as precursors to prepare activated carbon by ZnCl2 one-step activation to investigate the differences in the pore structures of the three. The results showed that BFs-based activated carbon had a higher specific surface area (2129 m2/g). Subsequently, the activation reaction paths of the BFs-based activated carbon preparation process were analyzed and explored by TGA, XRD, TG-MS-FTIR, EA, and other analytical methods, and the reaction mechanism was inferred. The results showed that the main reaction below 220 °C was the breaking of molecular bonds of oxygen-containing functional groups on hemicellulose, and the pyrolysis by-products at this stage were dominated by small molecules such as H2O, CO2, CH4, CH3OH, and HCHO. The pyrolysis of cellulose and the activation reaction of ZnCl2 were the main reactions between 220 °C and 650 °C. ZnCl2 was a strong dehydrating agent that can form ZnOCl2·2 H2O with intramolecular water molecules, and gradually decompose to form ZnO with the increase in temperature, the main gaseous products in this temperature interval were mainly H2O, CO, CO2, C3H4, and CH4. Above 650 °C, pyrolysis was basically completed and continued to shift to the aromatic structure, with the gaseous products mainly being H2, H2O, CO2, CH4, CO, C3H4, and a small amount of CH3OH and HCHO.

Insecticidal effects of the fast pyrolysis bio-oil against Spodoptera littoralis and Aphis gossypii insect pests

The detrimental effects of agricultural pesticides on human and environmental health necessitate the development of alternatives to conventional pesticides. In the laboratory, the cotton leafworm (Spodoptera littoralis) and aphid (Aphis gossypii) insects were used to evaluate the insecticidal activity of bio-oil derived from olive cake. The application of bio-oil by leaf dipping against S. littoralis demonstrated no mortality at a concentration of 1 % bio-oil. In contrast, the bio-oil showed better results against A. gossypii by slide dip method with LC50 = 1310.40 mg/l and LC90 = 3117.40 mg/l. The combined activity of bio-oil and the biopesticide Beauveria bassiana (bio-oil/B.b) was comparable, with LC50 = 1386.94 mg/L and LC90 = 3142.05 mg/L. The field application (two sprays) of bio-oil, bio-oil/B.b, and a commercial insecticide (alpha super) on aphids revealed a reduction of 52 %, 74.33 %, and 74.67 % in the first spray and 59.67 %, 63.33 %, and73.67 % in the second spray for, bio-oil, bio-oil/B.b, and super alpha respectively. The bio-oil and bio-oil/B.b had significantly less effect on the population densities of two predators (predator mite Amblyseius swirskii and aphid lion Chrysoperla carnea) than the insecticide used. Analyses of bio-oil by gaschromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) identified 30 compounds possibly have pesticidal activity. The most abundant compounds are 9 octadecenoicacid methyl ester, hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester, 6 octadecenoic acid, methyl ester and Phenol, 2methoxy. The pyrolysis byproduct (bio-oil) of olive cake biomass contains bioactive compounds that can be used as biopesticide.

Gas-to-Biochar Byproducts of Pyrolysis and Gasification of Star Anise Biomass

In a transition to a circular economy, second-generation biomass energy has come to the forefront. The present study is aimed at characterizing biochar and byproducts of the pyrolysis of star anise residue (ANI) in the N2 and CO2 atmospheres as well as the kinetics and optimal reaction mechanisms based on the Flynn–Wall–Ozawa and Coats-Redfern methods. The ANI pyrolysis involved three stages, with the first one (161.5–559.1°C) as the main phase. The activation energy was lower in the N2 atmosphere than in the CO2 atmosphere (179.44–190.17 kJ/mol). The primary volatile products generated during the ANI pyrolysis were small molecule products (H2O, CO2, CO, and CH4), organic acids, alcohols, and ketones. The atmosphere type exerted a minimal impact on the types of gases released, with the CO2 atmosphere increasing CO and CH4 emissions. The pyrolytic oil of ANI contained a variety of organic compounds, including alcohols, phenols, ketones, acids, sugars, and other nitrogen- and oxygen-containing cyclic compounds, with its predominant compounds being acids, esters, ketones, and sugars. The elevated temperature range of 300–700°C enhanced the charring degree of the ANI biochar. The biochar showed stronger aromaticity in the CO2 atmosphere but better granularity in the N2 atmosphere. This study introduced an innovative perspective by showcasing the potential of ANI as a promising biomass source for energy generation and underscored its abundance, sustainability, and applicability as a raw material in fragrance production. It also emphasized the significance of CO2-reuse technology as a means to mitigate CO2 emissions. The findings of this work offer a theoretical and practical basis for the comprehensive utilization and efficient disposal of star anise residues.

Effects of various pyrolysis temperatures on the physicochemical characteristics of crop straw-derived biochars and their application in tar reforming

As a by-product of the rapid pyrolysis of biomass, biochar not only plays an important role in the biomass conversion process but also holds significant potential value in the catalytic conversion field. This study aimed to evaluate the physicochemical properties changes of biochars at different pyrolysis temperatures and their potential application in tar reforming. Biochars derived from three feedstocks of maize straw (MS), rice husk (RH), and cotton straw (CS) were achieved by fast pyrolysis within a broad temperature range of 300–900 °C, respectively. The results showed that the pyrolysis temperature exerted a pronounced influence on the structural characteristics of biochar. With increasing temperature, the H/C and O/C ratios progressively decreased, accompanied by a significant reduction in oxygen-containing structures. In addition, elevated pyrolysis temperatures contributed favorably to the formation of the crystalline structure of biochar. Raman analysis unveiled a correlation between the fused aromatic ring system and H/C ratios, validating the aromatization progress of biochar. In the tar catalytic reforming process, the three representative biochars, under the effect of MS-600 (standing for MS biochar derived at 600 °C), RH-600, and CS-600 catalysts, exhibited outstanding catalytic performance with tar conversion efficiencies of 73.26%, 68.51%, and 71.43%, respectively. This study provided systematic support for the high-value use of biochar from crop straw.

Pretreatment of poplar powder by light bio-oil for preparation of porous carbon materials with excellent electrochemical performance

Reasonable pretreatment strategies play a crucial role in enhancing the pore structure and electrochemical performance of porous carbon materials (PCMs). In this paper, the light bio-oil, as one of the by-products of biomass pyrolysis, was proposed to pretreat poplar powder to investigate the influence on the properties of the PCMs obtained under ZnCl2 activation. The Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis showed that the surface morphology of the biomass was seriously destroyed by light bio-oil treatment. And, the relative crystallinity of the biomass increased after the treatment based on the X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Correspondingly, the obtained PCMs with the help of light bio-oil treatment have the better reasonable hierarchical pore structure and electrochemical performances. The specific surface area of PCMs obtained from light bio-oil pretreatment together with ZnCl2 activation at 500 °C reached 2063.8 m2/g. Its specific capacitance reached 306.5 F/g at 0.5 A/g. The symmetric supercapacitor assembled with the corresponding PCMs also exhibited excellent performance. The energy density reached 8.69 Wh kg−1 at 125 W kg−1. After undergoing 10,000 cycle tests, the capacitance retention rate was 98.46 %. This paper can provide some reference significance on the pathway for the preparation of supercapacitor electrode materials from biomass resources.

Effect of Biochar and Sewage Sludge Ash as Partial Replacement for Cement in Cementitious Composites: Mechanical, and Durability Properties

With the significant pace of industrialization, the emission of carbon dioxide (CO2) through cement manufacture, as well as from developed environments, will undoubtedly rise yearly. Biochar as a byproduct of biomass pyrolysis can be utilized in concrete to partially replace cement. Because of its ecological and economic benefits, such as carbon sinks or carbon capture, low thermal conductivity, chemical resistance, and low thermal properties, biochar has risen in popularity in recent years. On the other hand, the possibility of using sludge ash as a cement substitute in the process of making mortar has recently attracted increasing interest. The effectiveness and acceptability of using pine cones as a byproduct of biochar and sludge ash, a byproduct of wastewater treatment, to produce mortar in place of cement are being intensively explored. The integration of biochar and sludge ash into cementitious materials is a possible approach for pollution reduction by replacing Portland cement and reducing collection and disposal in landfills. In order to create high-performance mortar, this study experimentally explores the impacts of combining biochar at an optimal of 6% and sludge ash at optimal of 10%. It analyzes the rheological, mechanical, and durability attributes across curing times of 7 and 28 days in both wet and dry environments, while keeping a constant temperature of 20 °C. As a result, at 28 days, every blend was higher compared to baseline mixture at 7 days. Increases of 19.52% and 13.78%, as well as 24.76% and 21.68%, were seen in the mixtures with 5% and 10% sludge ash (SA) at 28 days compressive strength. With percentage increments for both 7 days and 28 days of 6.6% and 30.9% and 2.2% and 14.1%, the binary blend utilizing BC3SA10 and BC3SA5 significantly outperformed the reference mix. In mortar, the use of biochar could reduce capillary absorption. In addition, its inclusion fastens the rate of hydration of the cement and prevents shrinkage cracks in the mix. The current study concentrates on the significant features of biochar and sludge ash that have an impact on cementitious materials performance. The fresh as well as hardened properties of various concrete and mortar mixes after the replacement of cement with biochar and sludge ash components have been extensively reviewed based on the research results. In a nutshell, biochar and sludge ash materials are an excellent alternative for cement in construction.

Adsorption isotherm model of Hg2+ with biochar from young coconut waste

Biochar is a carbon-rich byproduct of biomass pyrolysis that may be used to restrict Hg mobility in soil by utilizing amelioration technology. This study examines the ability of biochar from young coconut waste to adsorb Hg in solution. Isothermal adsorption of Hg by batch equilibrium method. The basic principle of Hg adsorption behavior with biochar from young coconut waste (B-YCW) processed through the Kon-Tiki method at a temperature of 682 0C, moisture of 81.27%, and a yield ratio of 20.87% at a size of 0.5 mm. The adsorption of Hg2+ on B-YCW increased with increasing Hg concentration and decreasing pH. The capacity and adsorption coefficient of Hg2+ by biochar from young coconut waste was 312.88 mg g−1 and 69.64 L Kg−1 at a pH of 1.55 and a concentration of 100 mg L−1 Hg2+. The adsorption isotherm of Hg2+ occurs in the Freundlich and Langmuir models (Freundlich > Langmuir). The Freundlich model (y = 1.0375x - 1.2523; R² = 1) with a value of n of 0.96 and KF of 17.78 (L mg−1)1/n, and the Langmuir II model (y = 17.126x - 0.0244; R² = 1), with average Qm was 18.57 mg g−1; KL 68.198 L mg−1 and RL 0.0054 (favorable) from the Langmuir isotherm model.

Physiological and Biochemical Mechanisms of Wood Vinegar-Induced Stress Response against Tomato Fusarium Wilt Disease.

Wood vinegar, a by-product of charcoal biomass pyrolysis, has been used as a biofungicide in plant disease management because of its antimicrobial properties. However, the physiological and biochemical mechanisms through which wood vinegar alleviates biotic stress are poorly understood. In this study, pot experiments were conducted to investigate the resistance and regulation mechanism of wood vinegar prepared from different raw materials (ZM) and from a single raw material (SM) in controlling tomato (Solanum lycopersicum "Bonny Best") Fusarium wilt at different concentrations (0.3%, 0.6%, 0.9%, 1.2%, and 1.5%). The results showed that ZM and SM had significant control effects on tomato fusarium wilt under different concentrations in the same growth cycle. Under biotic stress, the two kinds of wood vinegar significantly increased the plant height, stem diameter, leaf area and yield of tomato under the concentration of 0.3%, 0.6%, 0.9% and 1.2%, and significantly reduced the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in tomato leaves. The effect of 0.9% treatment was the most significant, ZM and SM significantly increased tomato yield by 122% and 74%, respectively, compared with CK under 0.9% treatment. However, the plant height, stem diameter and leaf area of tomato were significantly reduced under 1.5% treatment, but the content of soluble sugar, soluble protein and vitamin C in tomato fruit was the best. Compared with CK, ZM significantly increased by 14%, 193% and 67%, respectively, and SM significantly increased by 28%, 300% and 159%, respectively. Except for 0.3% treatment, both significantly increased the activities of catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in tomato leaves. The response intensity of two kinds of wood vinegar-physiological and biochemical-to tomato disease resistance, growth and development, showed ZM > SM. The disease index of tomato showed highly significant negative correlation with plant height, stem thickness, leaf area and antioxidant physiology CAT, and highly significant positive correlation with MDA and H2O2 content. In conclusion, ZM was more effective than SM in enhancing tomato disease resistance by promoting tomato growth and development, decreasing leaf MDA and H2O2 content, and inducing antioxidant enzyme activity in leaves at moderate concentrations.