Bwari Area Council Research Articles

Investigating the Occurrence of Fungi and Bacteria in Fruits Spoilage in Selected Markets in Bwari Area Council Abuja, Nigeria

Aim: This study evaluated the microorganisms that cause spoilage of four different fruits sold in selected markets in Bwari Area Council, Abuja. Study Design: Factorial experimental design was employed for this study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Microbiology, Veritas University Abuja between July to September, 2020. Methodology: Twenty-four samples (6 samples each) of four different fruits were obtained from Zuma, Kubwa and Bwari market, in Bwari Area Council. Standard microbiological method was used for the isolation, enumeration and identification of the bacteria and fungi species. Percentages were used to determine the distribution of the isolates in the different locations. Data collected were also subjected to Chi square test at P=0.05 level of probability to check significance difference between the fruit’s location, abundance and occurrence of the isolates Results: After microbiological analysis of the twenty-four samples, it was observed that the bacterial isolates include; Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp while the fungal spp were of the genus Aspergillus, Fusarium and Mucor. The bacterial count ranged from 1.2 x 106 to 6.1 x106 Cfu/ml and that of fungi ranged from 3.1 x106 to 5.4 x 106 Cfu/ml while the most occurring bacterial species was Staphylococcus aureus and Aspergillus spp occurred most for the fungi isolates. The Statistical analysis showed that there was no significance difference between the occurrence and abundance of fungi and location. Conclusion: Bacteria and fungi are associated with the spoilage of the selected fruits in Bwari Area Council and contamination rates are relatively high. The most common fungi associated with pawpaw, mango, banana and watermelon spoilage were mainly Aspergillus flavus, Mucor species, Fusarium species and Aspergillus niger while bacteria associated with these fruits were Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella species, and Escherichia coli. However, the most abundant species of bacteria and fungi associated with spoilage of fruits in Bwari Area Council were Aspergillus species and Staphylococcus aureus respectively.

Microbiological Assessment of Commercial Antibiotic Discs from selected Pharmacies in Bwari Area Council, Abuja, Nigeria

Aims: To assess the potency of two brands of locally prepared antibiotics against two bacterial species. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Microbiology, Veritas University, Abuja, Nigeria, between September 2021 and February 2022. Methodology: We purchased two brands of antibiotics and obtained our test isolates from General hospital in Bwari, Abuja. The test isolates were characterized both routinely and molecularly by Sanqer sequencing method to confirm the species. Agar diffusion method was employed to assess the effectiveness of the antibiotics on the test isolates. Finally, the results were compared with the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Results: The isolates obtained from the Bwari Genera l Hospital were characterized routinely and molecularly to identify the species. Disc - agar diffusion modified method was employed while the potencies of the discs were compared with approved standards of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). The two brands which are locally made and available in multidisc panels, demonstrated performances against Staphylococcus sciuri and Proteus mirabilis but showed significant variations in concentrations and in their inhibitory zone diameters. Both brands containing Tarivid (10 µg) produced only a small zone against Proteus mirabilis, while Streptomycin (30 µg) and Gentamycin (10 µg) exhibited unreadable zones against Staphylococcus sciuri. Unreadable zones of inhibition, which implies large zones that merged together and exceeded plate diameters at the time of reading; were common with both brands and can lead to mis-information, increase in the susceptibility of resistant organisms and eventually, drug abuse. Conclusion: The result of this assessment shows, that there is gross variation in these commercially available but locally prepared antibiotic discs. The disparity in the types of antimicrobial agents and their concentrations will pose a delicate problem to clinical microbiologists and subsequently in the diagnosis, administration of antibiotics and the likelihood of drug resistance.

Fluoride and Chloride Ions Concentration and their Health Implications in Groundwater within Bwari Area Council, Abuja, Nigeria

According to the World Health Organization, fluoride in drinking water, either below or above the established permissible range, can adversely affect oral health, including tooth decay and dental fluorosis. The objective of this study was to evaluate fluoride and chloride ion concentration and their health implications in groundwater within Bwari Area Council, Abuja, Nigeria using ion-selective electrode potentiometric titration for fluoride ion and Argentometric titration for chloride ion determinations. The results showed a high fluoride concentration in well water samples ranging from 0.126 mg/L to 0.216 mg/L, compared to borehole water samples ranging from 0.013 mg/mL to 0.052 mg/L. Among the chloride concentrations, the highest levels were observed in the well water sample A (96.09 mg/L), followed by borehole samples, A (63.08 mg/L) and B (49.35 mg/L). The lowest chloride concentration was recorded in the borehole sample H (11.82 mg/L). Notably, both well and borehole water sources in the studied communities had fluoride concentrations below the established minimum WHO standard (0.5 mg/L). The chloride concentrations in the groundwater samples from the study area fell within WHO standards (< 250 mg/L). The results from this study suggest that the continuous consumption of water from these community sources, without additional sources of fluoride, may increase the risk of tooth decay. Therefore, addressing this issue and ensuring appropriate water treatment measures is vital for maintaining optimal oral health in the region.

Perception of Mothers on the Impact of Postpartum Depression on Breastfeeding Patterns in Bwari Area Council Post-Natal Clinics: Implication for Counselling

This study was carried out to determine the perception of mothers on the impact of postpartum depression on their breastfeeding patterns. The rationale being to address the 3rd Sustainable Development Goal (SDG-3) which aims to reduce under 5 mortality and morbidity rate (through good practices of breastfeeding) to at least as low as 25 per 1,000 live births by 2023. To carry out this research, the Primigravida (first time mothers) were compared with the Multigravida (old mothers). A sample of 35 primigravida and 35 Multigravida were drawn from each of the three post-natal clinics sampled in Bwari Area Council, making a total sample of 210 mothers. The research is a descriptive survey design, two research questions were formulated and two hypotheses were tested employing t-test analysis at 0.05 significant level. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale was adapted to collect data which was analyzed with frequency counts, means and standard deviations to answer the research questions. From the findings, the Primigravida experienced moderate level of postpartum depression at a mean score of 2.44 and the multigravida at mean score of 2.08. The t-test analysis revealed a significance difference on the impact of the depression between the two categories of mothers, rejecting the hypothesis which states that “there is no significant difference between the Multigravida and the primigravida on the impact of postpartum depression on breastfeeding patterns depression. It was therefore recommended that the primigravida should receive psycho-education and undergo CBT to manage postpartum depression and engage in healthy breastfeeding practices.

Employment Barriers as Correlates of Economic Empowerment of Persons with Physical Disabilities in Bwari Area Council of Federal Capital Territory Abuja Nigeria

Employment Barriers as Correlates of Economic Empowerment of Persons with Physical Disabilities in Bwari Area Council of Federal Capital Territory Abuja Nigeria

Water Quality Assessment of Lower Usuma Dam Water from Treatment plant to points of Consumption in Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria

This study investigated and compared the bacteriological, physicochemical and heavy metals concentrations of drinking water quality of Lower Usuma Dam from treatment plant to the points of consumption in three Area Councils (Bwari, Abuja Municipal and Gwagwalada) of the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja, Nigeria. Most probable number technique was employed for coliform detection. Molecular characterization of isolated bacteria was carried out. Seven out of the 26 water samples analyzed in this study were contaminated in the range of 7 MPN/100ml to >23 MPN/100ml. Physicochemical parameters such as colour, pH, temperature, turbidity, total dissolved solids (TDS), total hardness, electrical conductivity, total alkalinity and seven heavy metals were also determined using Atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Results showed that Bwari had the highest value for colour, 16.67 Pt.Co while AMAC had the least with 1.00 Pt. Co, Gwagwalada had the highest pH value (7.33±0.12) and Bwari the lowest pH of 6.77±0.06. Bwari also had highest temperature of 30.23±2.80oC while AMAC recorded the least (27.29±0.26oC). Turbidity ranged from 1.86 to 2.83 NTU. The highest level of the other parameters [(TDS 54.27 mg/L, conductivity 90.10 µs/cm, total hardness 34.00 mg/L, total alkalinity 28.00 mg/L, Cl– 20.82 mg/L)] was observed in water samples from Gwagwalada Area Council. Gwagwalada recorded the highest values for iron and zinc at 0.09mg/l and 0.003mg/l respectively. Copper concentration was highest in AMAC (0.043mg/l) and lowest in Bwari area council (0.007mg/l). There was no significant difference (p>0.05) in the concentration of Cr detected in all the water samples. There is need for provision of adequate sanitation facilities and improvement on monitoring of distribution system in order to maintain drinking water quality and prevent water borne disease outbreaks.

Malaria Disease Prediction and Grading System: A Performance Model of Multinomial Naïve Bayes (MNB) Machine Learning in Nigerian Hospitals

bstract: Malaria disease is the number one cause of death all over the Sub-Sahara world. Data mining can help extract valuable knowledge from available data in the healthcare sector. This allows training a patient health prediction model faster than in a clinical trial. Various implementation of machine learning algorithms such as Bayesian Theorem, Logistic Regression, K-Nearest Neighbor, Support Vector Machine and Multinomial Naïve Bayes (MNB), etc. have been applied on Public Hospital Malaria Disease datasets but there has been a limit to modeling using Multinomial Naïve Bayes Algorithm. This research applied MNB modeling to discover the relationship between 15 relevant attributes of the Public Hospitals data collected from Bwari General Hospital in Bwari Area Council and Maitama Hospital in Abuja Municipal Area Council, Abuja, FCT, and Nigeria. The goal is to examine how dependencies between attributes affect the performance of the classifier. The MNB produces a reliable and transparent graphical representation between the attributes with the ability to predict new scenarios. The model has an accuracy of 97%. It was concluded that the model outperformed the GNB classifier which has an accuracy of 100% and RF which also has an accuracy of 100%.

Influence of Culture and Socio-Financial Elements on the Career Choice of Students in Bwari Area Council in Abuja, Nigeria

One of the most important decisions a person makes is their career choice, which will shape their future. The investigation examined cultural factors' impact on Bwari Area Council students' career choices in Abuja, Nigeria. Two hypotheses guided the research. All Bwari Area Council senior secondary school students are studied. The study includes all SSII male and female seniors. The study selected 315 SSII students using simple random sampling. The study included 63 students from each of the five schools. The self-structured questionnaire Influence of Sociocultural Factors on the Career Choice of Students (ISCFCCCS) with sub-instruments (Cultural and Socioeconomic Influences on Career Choice) and Career Choice Questionnaire (CCQ) with reliability coefficients of 0.88, 0.86, and 0.75 were used to collect data. Data was analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The study found that culture and parents' socioeconomic status strongly influence students' career choices. The study recommends that school leaders teach students about social factors that may influence their career choice. Parents should also stop pushing their kids into careers they don't fit into. Guardians should be cautious about pushing their children toward unrealistic careers. Parents should also work with school advising or professional guides to help their children choose smart careers. Keywords: Sociocultural, Financial status, Career choice Culture, Understudies, Influence

Chi-Square Analysis of the Survey of ICT Availability and Competency of Secondary Schools' Guidance and Counseling Officers in Bwari Area Council FCT Abuja, Nigeria

The quest for the use of Information and Computer Technology (ICT) by Guidance and Counseling Officers to discharge their duties in Bwari Area Council FCT Abuja, Nigeria, is of importance and has been emphasized. This study investigates the availability and competency of Guidance and Counseling Officers on the use of ICT. It also examines the influence of gender on Guidance and Counseling Officers’ perceived self efficacy. A total of One hundred and fifty (150) questionnaires were distributed out of which to a total of one hundred (100) were retrieved from Guidance and Counseling Officers (50 male and 50 females) in Bwari Area Council of Federal Capital Territory, Abuja Nigeria, who were asked to indicate the availability and their level of competence in the use of ICT. The validity of the questionnaire was approved by three experts in the field. The Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficients were 0.91, 0.83, 0.79 and 0.88 for experience of using computers, level of competency in basic computer operations, competency in using computer software and total score respectively. Percentage analysis showed that 72% of the Officers do not have the required experience in the use of computers, computer basic operations and the use of application software. The chi-square analysis indicated no significant difference between male and female Guidance and Counseling Officers’ competence in the use of computers, computer basic operations and the use of application software. It is recommended that the Officers should go extra mile in improving themselves as the professional development training provided by the government has proved inadequate. Guidance and Counseling Officers should be given adequate basic and advanced training on the use of ICT during their school training

HIV/AIDS Risk Behaviour among Secondary School Students in Bwari Area Council of FCT-Abuja, Nigeria

Introduction: This research examined those risk behaviors in HIV/AIDS disease: Using a descriptive cross-sectional research design a proportional cluster sampling method was adopted to randomly select three government, one private, and three hundred and sixty senior secondary school students as volunteers for the study. A self-designed questionnaire was used for data collection. Data collected were analyzed using frequency counts and percentages to answer research questions while unpaired student’s t test was used to test hypotheses. Although no significant difference existed between practicable and workable solutions towards combating HIV/AIDS epidemic in Bwari Area Council of FCT-Abuja (P>0.05):We were able to establish however that reduction of sexual partners and sexual abstinence have significant impact at combating HIV/AIDS epidemics in Bwari Area Council of FCT-Abuja (P<0.05). It also showed that knowledge of HIV/AIDS risk behaviors has negative impact on the student’s school attendance and achievement. This study concluded that knowledge and peer group influence contributed to HIV/AIDS risk behaviors among secondary school students in Bwari Area Council of FCT-Abuja. It was therefore recommended that Voluntary Testing Centers (VTC), Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) and negative peer pressure reduction strict obligation and necessity in schools’ environments.

Assessment of Soil Quality Conditions for the Cultivation of Upland Rice in Bwari Area Council, Abuja Nigeria

1 2., 3 & 4 Department of Geography and Natural Resource Management University of Uyo Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria Phones: 1+234802-303-3114, 2+234803-781-0411; 4+234803-104-9807 Email: 1meansa1@yahoo.com; 2uwemituen@gmail.com; 4udyudofia07@gmail.com ABSTRACT This study examined the suitability of the soil chemical properties in selected communities of Bwari Area Council, FCT, Nigeria for the cultivation of upland rice. The communities which include Igu, Gyeyidna, Kuchiko, Piawe, Dutse, Jikoko, Shere, Piko, Ushafa and Jigo, were selected as non-contiguous pair from five geographical wards (Igu, kuduru, Dutse, Shere and Ushafa) in the Area Council. They were purposively selected using the criteria of 500 metres and above elevation (upland condition) and agricultural preponderance. The soil samples were collected from farmland in each of the communities using systematic sampling techniques, which involved measuring out a 100 by 100 metres quadrat and dividing it into sixteen equal grid squares with a dimension of 25 by 25 metres. Soil samples were taken at the mid points of each grid square at a depth of 0 – 30cm. The sixteen soil samples for each quadrat were uniformly mixed into one bulk composite sample for each community. The soil results were compared with the standard land quality requirements for upland rice cultivation for Southern Guinea Savanna. To the first study objective, pH, organic carbon, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, potassium, and cation exchange capacity (CEC) were assessed. Results show that there was no significant difference between the soil quality of the study area and standard soil quality requirements for the cultivation of upland rice. Based on these, it was concluded that the chemical soil properties of the sampled communities in Bwari Area Council will support the cultivation of upland rice, even though there are spatial variation in the soil chemical properties of the study area. Some strategic recommendation were made such as: the need to reduce the soil pH of the study area from its fairly alkaline state to moderately acidic level suitable for upland rice cultivation in Bwari Area Council. Keywords: Soil, Quality, Condition, Upland, Rice, Cultivation, Bwari Area Council, Abuja, Nigeria Aims Research Journal Reference Format: 1Ansa, Iniubong E. 2Ituen, Uwem J., 3Igomah, Maxwell M. & 4Udofia, Uduak-Obong O. (2023): Additive Manufacturing: A Paradigm Shift For Industrialization In Africa . Advances in Multidisciplinary and Scientific Research. Vol. 9. No. 2, Pp 1–16. www.isteams.net/aimsjournal. dx.doi.org/10.22624/AIMS/V9N2P1

Prevalence of Tuberculosis among Presumptive Tuberculosis Patients Offered HIV Testing Services in Federal Capital Territory, Abuja Nigeria

Tuberculosis is a communicable disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, considered a major risk to global health security. This study determined the prevalence, treatment outcomes, and factors associated with tuberculosis among 737 presumptive tuberculosis patients in Federal Capital Territory Abuja, Nigeria from 1st April 2019 to 30th May 2021 through retrospective cross-sectional study and multi-stage sampling. From Non-Municipal Area Councils, Bwari was selected while from Health Facilities, General Hospital Bwari and Gwarimpa were selected from Bwari and Abuja Municipal Area Council respectively by simple random sampling and data abstractions were done and analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 23.0 Software. The prevalence of tuberculosis amongst the patients was 19.4%. The tuberculosis treatment outcome showed that 66.4% were cured, 14.7% completed treatment, 7.0% failed treatment, 5.6% lost to follow-up and 0.7% removed from the Register. The prevalence of tuberculosis in the Bwari Area Council was 8.2%. The association between Area Council of Resident and tuberculosis was significant (p = 0.001). Patients that reside in Bwari Area Council were 0.078 times less likely to have tuberculosis compared to those who reside in Abuja Municipal Area Council and, Area Council of Residence was a predictor of tuberculosis (aOR = 0.001; 95% C.I. = 0.043 - 0.141). The prevalence of tuberculosis amongst patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus was 29.6%. The association was significant (p = 0.001) but not a predictor of tuberculosis (aOR = 0.840; 95% C.I. = 0.617 - 1.810). Keywords: Human Immunodeficiency Virus, Presumptive, Tuberculosis.

Assessment of Cassava Production towards Household Food Security in Bwari Area Council, Abuja, Nigeria

Assessment of Cassava Production towards Household Food Security in Bwari Area Council, Abuja, Nigeria

Factors influencing intermittent preventive treatment for malaria prevention among pregnant women accessing antenatal care in selected primary health care facilities of Bwari Area Council, Abuja Nigeria.

Although studies in Nigeria showed the efficacy of intermittent preventive treatment using sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (IPT-SP) in preventing malaria in pregnancy among Nigerian women there is still poor implementation of the intervention in Nigeria. A mixed method study was conducted in Bwari Area Council, Nigeria in 2018. The quantitative part of the study is presented and discussed in this paper. Pregnant women were interviewed using a validated interviewer-administered questionnaire and observations of current practice were performed. A total of 422 pregnant women were recruited into the study (mean age, 26 years) with the majority being married women (90.3%). Most respondents (68.5%) did not know who could take IPT-SP and 58.5% of respondents did not know when and how many times IPT-SP should be taken during pregnancy. Nearly all participants (99.5%) did not take SP at the facility under direct observation of the health worker. None of the facilities had free SP and all respondents paid for SP through the Drug Revolving Fund. The knowledge of the use of SP was significantly influenced by respondents' parity, ward of residence, antenatal clinic (ANC) attendance history and education. Respondents who had tertiary and secondary education were 8.3 (95% CI: 1.01-68.27) times more likely to use IPT-SP than those without formal education. Most women who attend ANC in Bwari Area council did not receive IPT-SP as per the national guidelines. The unavailability of logistics (SP, Water and Cup) on a regular basis, the cost of the SP, poor knowledge of the importance of IPT in malaria prevention, and the non-implementation of the administration of SP under direct observation were factors influencing the use of IPT-SP. Outcomes could be enhanced through the provision of measures to address identified gaps by this study.

Physico-chemical analysis of the quality of sachet water and their source point sold in Bwari Area Council Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria

Monitoring of the physicochemical water quality parameters plays a vital role in assessing the water environment, and restoring water quality. This study was conducted to assess the physicochemical parameters of four brand of sachet water, and their source points using standard methods of American Public Health Association (APHA). The values for physical parameters which include temperature, colour, turbidity, total dissolved solid, and conductivity were all within the World Health Organization (WHO) permissible limit for both the source of water and sachet water. Chemical parameters include pH, chloride ion, electrical conductivity and alkalinity were also all within the WHO limit except total hardness which had a value of 222 mg/L for source of water (brand A) which was above the 200 mg/L limit of the WHO. The analysis of the heavy metals showed that iron and cadmium were not detected in all the samples analyzed, chromium was only found in brand A, with 0.10mg/mL for the source of water and 0.12 mg/L for the sachet water and this was above the WHO maximum contamination level of 0.05 mg/ml. Copper was found in all the samples ranging from 0.19 - 0.27 mg/ml for the source of water while a range of 0.15 - 0.24 mg/ml was recorded for the sachet water. There was no significant difference (p≥0.05) in the values of heavy metals obtained. The values recorded for the source of water in this study was higher than the values for sachet water for most of the physicochemical parameters analyzed which could indicate that there is an effect of the treatment process on the sachet water.

Physiochemical and Bacteriological Analysis of Groundwater at Dutse, Bwari Area Council, FCT, Abuja

This study characterizes groundwater's physicochemical parameters and bacteriological analysis in Bwari, FCT, Nigeria. Nine boreholes were randomly selected for sampling. Sample locations include Dutse Sokali, Dutse Baupma, Dutse Jabu, Kogo, Bwari, Sabon Gari Bwari, Dimas Isuwa Street, Bwari, Dutse Alhaji, Tasha Bwari and F01 Kubwa Bwari. The parameters studied were pH, Electrical Conductivity, Fluorine, Nitrate, Total Dissolved Solids, Chloride, Sulphate, Biocarbonate and bacteriological assessment. In addition, a comparative analysis was done using the World Health Organization water quality standard (WHO). The comparative analysis shines a light on the groundwater contamination in the area.

Potability of some selected sachet water sold in Bwari area Council Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria along the production and distribution chain

Potability of water is the degree to which water is safe and clean. This study focuses on the potability of some selected sachet water sold in Bwari area council of FCT Nigeria. Samples of sachet water of 4 different brands were collected at random, and then subjected to bacterial assessment and antibiotics susceptibility. Most probable number technique were employed for the detection of coliforms and spread plate technique for bacteria loads. A total of 138 isolates were obtained from this study. Seventy-three (73) isolates were obtained from the source of water while 10 isolates were obtained from the sachet water collected from the factories just after production process. Hand swab of the factory workers showed a total of 24 isolates while 15 and 16 isolates were obtained from the distributors. This shows microbial recontamination after treatment processes along the distribution chain. The highest number of bacteria isolated was 44 isolates and this was obtained from brand D. Brand A and B both had 33 isolates while brand C had 28 isolates which represented the least number of bacteria isolated. The microorganism isolated from the four brands analyzed were not significantly difference (p≥ 0.05). Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus spp was the most frequently isolated bacteria. All the brands of sachet water analyzed were below the drinking water standards set by WHO and are of doubtful quality. Care must be taken as these product moves from production sites to consumers. There is also need for regular monitoring of the production process by the National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control.

Potability of some selected sachet water sold in Bwari area Council Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria along the production and distribution chain

Potability of some selected sachet water sold in Bwari area Council Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria along the production and distribution chain

Fungal Assessment Of Some Selected Sachet Water Sold In Bwari Area Council Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria

This study focused on isolating and identifying fungi from sachet waters sold in Bwari area council of Federal Capital Territory Nigeria, and also to determine the quality of the sachet water after treatment processes.

Assessing Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises as an Instrument for Human Capital Development and Poverty Reduction in Abuja Area Councils of Nigeria

The objective of this study was to assess the role of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprise as an instrument of human capital development and poverty reduction in the Bwari Area Council of Nigeria. The study was a survey research sampling the opinion of 184entrrepreneurs in the Area Council. Their opinion was collected using a structured questionnaire. The data obtained was analysed by tabulation and percentages, and the formulated hypotheses tested using Kendal coefficient of concordance method. The findings revealed that MSMEs contributes to human capital developments and is a strategy for eradication of poverty, because it creates jobs for people, and improves their standard of living; and MSMEs contributes to increase in income level of people in the area. The study concluded that MSMEs functions as a nursery for developing entrepreneur talent, and therefore recommended among others that, Government procurement policy that supports locally produced goods and services especially of small and medium size enterprises must be implemented, to help improve the activities of MSME in Bwari Area Council, so as to reduce poverty among the populace. Also more infrastructures should be provided by Bwari Area Council Administration. When basic infrastructures are provided, the entrepreneurs and MSMEs will be motivated to take advantage of such amenities, expand their operations, employ more hands, and reduce unemployment and poverty.