BW Treatment Research Articles

Effect of Incorporating Soursop (Annona muricata) Leaves Powder on Reproductive Performance of Japanese Quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica)

Introduction: Soursop leaves are rich in various molecules, including total phenols, terpenes, and steroids, which possess a range of pharmacological properties that can be utilized in animal production to enhance both growth and reproduction of animals. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of incorporating soursop (Annona muricata; A. muricata) leaves powder into feed on the reproductive performance of Japanese quail. Materials and methods: A total of 80 Japanese quails (64 females and 16 males) aged two weeks were randomly divided into four experimental groups, labeled T0, T1, T2, and T3, and received feed additives with 0 mg/kg body weight (bw), 250 mg/kg bw, 500 mg/kg bw, and 750 mg/kg bw of powdered soursop leaves, respectively. Additionally, water was provided ad libitum, and the quails' weights were measured every 7 days for a period of 75 days. At the end of the period, 12 female quails from each group were sacrificed after 24 hours fasting period. Blood was collected for hematological (Leukocyte, Erythrocyte, and Platelet indices) and serum biochemical (total serum cholesterol, total proteins, albumin, and globulin, Aspartate aminotransferase, Alanine aminotransferase, Urea, and Creatinine) analysis. The males were also sacrificed to evaluate the spermatozoa characteristics (mobility, concentration, and viability). Results: No statistical significant changes in growth characteristics or hematological parameters were observed. However, biochemical parameters increased significantly with the inclusion of Soursop (A. muricate) in quail feed, including increased total cholesterol, total protein, and globulin levels, and decreased malondialdehyde levels. This effect was most significant at dosage of 500 mg/kg bw. Serum levels of urea, Alanine aminotransferase, and Aspartate aminotransferase were not significantly affected by A. muricata whatever the concentration considered. A significant increase in fast progressive spermatozoa, along with a decrease in immotile spermatozoa, was observed with A. muricate at dosage of 500 mg/kg bw compared to the control. Sperm viability also increased significantly, particularly in live at dosage of 500 mg/kg bw. Significant increase was observed in fertility parameters, including increased fertility rate, hatchability rate of fertile eggs, total hatchability rate, and chick weight, along with decreased embryonic mortality at 500 mg/kg bw treatment compared to the control. Conclusion: In conclusion, the findings indicated that incorporating A. muricata leaf powder at 500 mg/kg bw into quail feed positively influences reproductive cells and boosts fertility growth promoters.

Response of Soil Fungal Community in Coastal Saline Soil to Short-Term Water Management Combined with Bio-Organic Fertilizer

This study aimed to elucidate the response of soil microbial communities to saline soil amelioration via biological organic fertilizer. A year-long experiment was conducted on coastal saline soil, employing water and fertilizer strategies. Three treatments were compared: dry field (control, CK), paddy field (W), and combined dry and irrigated fields with biological organic fertilizer (BW). Soil DNA was extracted and sequenced using high-throughput methods, revealing significant reductions in soil electrical conductivity (EC) and pH with W and BW treatments. Moreover, the BW treatment notably increased soil organic carbon content by 17.2%, as well as soil urease and alkaline phosphatase activity. Fungal community richness increased, with the BW treatment showing a 36% rise in the ACE index and a 24% increase in the Shannon index, while the Simpson index decreased by 59%. Dominant fungal phyla were Ascomycota, Mortierellomycota, and Basidiomycota, with Basidiomycota prevailing at the genus level. Redundancy analysis (RDA) indicated that soil pH, EC, and organic carbon were key determinants of fungal community distribution, with the BW treatment correlating negatively with pH and salt and positively with soil organic carbon (SOC). Fungal functional groups varied among treatments, with saprophytic fungi predominating, but the BW treatment showed a higher relative abundance of animal pathogenic fungi. In summary, the integration of biological organic fertilizer with flooding ameliorates soil properties and influences the changes in soil fungal community structure and function in the short term. These results could enhance the scientific basis for the efficient utilization and development of saline soil resources in coastal areas.

Antidiabetic activity of Akar Kuning (Fibraurea tinctoria Lour) Extract in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic White Male Rats

The Akar kuning (Fibraurea tinctoria Lour) is a well-known plant for its potential for the treatment of liver damage and hyperglycemia. However, the main constituent responsible for the anti-diabetic effect is unknown. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of administration of Fibraurea tinctoria Lour ethanol extract on the blood sugar levels in alloxan-induced diabetic male albino rats. All animals were acclimatized with normal feed, and were subsequently divided into 5groups (3rats/ group). Group 1 (negative control group) was given 0.3% NaCMC; Groups 2, 3, and 4 (treatment groups), were given 50, 100, and 200mg/kg BW of Fibraurea tinctoria Lour ethanol extract, respectively once daily for 15 days, while Group 5(positive control group) received 0.65mg/kg BW glibenclamide. Before the treatments, the rats were induced intraperitoneally with 175mg/kg BW alloxan monohydrate. The blood glucose levels were observed every five days. The results showed that the ethanol extract at the doses of 50, 100, and 200mg/kg BW caused a significant decrease (p <0.05) in the blood glucose levels compared to the negative control group. Also, the highest decrease in the blood glucose level was observed in the 100mg/kg BW treatment group. The findings from this study indicate that the ethanol extract of Fibraurea tinctoria Lour has an antidiabetic effect and the 100mg/kg BW dose was the most effective in lowering blood glucose levels.

Cattle, carcass, economic, and estimated emission impacts of feeding finishing steers lubabegron or ractopamine hydrochloride.

Lubabegron (Experior; Elanco, Greenfield, IN, USA) is the first U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved feed additive for reducing gas emissions from feedlot animals or their waste; it does not have live or carcass performance claims. Our primary objective was to determine the effect of lubabegron on feedlot performance and carcass traits in finishing beef steers compared to ractopamine hydrochloride (Optaflexx; Elanco, Greenfield, IN, USA). A commercial feedlot trial using cross-bred beef steers (n = 2,117; 373 ± 15kg initial body weight [BW]) was completed with a randomized complete block design. Treatments consisted of two feed additives: (1) OPT targeted to deliver 300mg/animal/d of ractopamine hydrochloride for 28 ± 7 d out from harvest and (2) EXP targeted to deliver 36mg/animal/d of lubabegron 56 ± 7 d out from harvest and a 4-d preslaughter withdrawal period. Twenty 70 to 142 hd pens with 10 pens per treatment were used. Cattle were weighed at arrival processing and at harvest and fed for an average of 167 d. Data were used to calculate production metrics, partial budgets, and estimated greenhouse gas emissions using published methods, and were analyzed using linear mixed models with pen as the experimental unit and block as a random intercept. A statistical significance threshold of α = 0.05 was determined a priori. There was no evidence for statistically significant differences between treatments for initial BW (P = 0.70), health-related outcomes (P values ≥ 0.43), or mobility scores (P = 0.09). Cattle-fed EXP had increased final BW, ADG, G:F, and decreased dry matter intake (P values ≤ 0.01) compared to OPT. Carcasses were 11 ± 1.76kg (hot carcass weight) heavier in EXP group (P < 0.01), and differed between treatments for both yield grades (YG) and quality grades distributions (P values ≤ 0.01). Cattle-fed EXP had a shift toward more YG 1 and 2, select and sub-select carcasses compared to OPT, which had as shift toward more YG 3, 4, 5, prime and choice carcasses. With increased beef production and efficiency compared to OPT, the estimated CO2 equivalent emissions from production were reduced by 6.2% per unit of carcass weight for EXP (P ≤ 0.01). Estimated net returns/animal shipped were $56.61 ± 9.37 more for EXP than OPT (P ≤ 0.01). In conclusion, when cattle were fed for the same total number of days, feeding EXP compared to OPT increased net returns, feedlot performance, and efficiency, but resulted in carcass yield and quality characteristics that may impact marketing programs.

286 The Effect of Dietary Copper Levels and Source on the Performance and Profitability of Finishing Pigs

Abstract The micronutrient copper (Cu) is known to improve performance variables and the overall health of livestock animals. Different responses have been reported based on the molecular form of Cu and the inclusion level supplemented to growing pigs. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate four inclusion levels (25 ppm, 75 ppm, 125 ppm, 175 ppm) of CuSO4 and two Cu sources tribasic Cu chloride and organic Cu, in performance variables and economics of production of pigs during the grower-finisher phases. This trial was conducted at the Baynesfield Swine Research Unit at Baynsefield Estate in KwaZulu Natal, South Africa, following local farm protocols. A total of 528 animals (70 d of age; Initial BW of 33.1 ± 0.31 kg; TN 70 Topig Genetics) were randomly allotted to 48 mixed sex pens, with 11 pigs/pen. The treatments were as follow: TRT1 25 ppm CuSO4, TRT2 75 ppm CuSO4, TRT3 125 ppm CuSO4, TRT4 175 CuSO4, TRT5 hydroxy Cu, and TRT6 organic Cu. Each treatment had 8 repetitions with an equal number of boars and gilts (44). A four-phase corn and soy-based diet were formulated on the same specs having the premixes altered to accommodate the four Cu levels and/or Cu sources. Experimental animals had ad libitum access to feed and water. Feed intake and body weight were measured at every phase change. Additionally, the carcass variables (lean meat %, grading, cold carcass weight, and dressing%) were measured at slaughter. Feed cost, carcass value, MOFC, and cost per gain were calculated to determine economic value for each treatment. Statistical analysis was conducted in SAS (2021) utilizing the Proc GLM model for the average effects within each period, and if significant (P &amp;lt; 0.05) the Fisher’s test was used for LSMeans. There were no significant differences between the dietary treatments for BW, ADFI, ADG, FCR, or yield (Table 1). However, cost over feed was greater for the TRT6 fed pigs compared with either the TRT2 or TRT3 treatments but similar to the other treatments (P &amp;lt; 0.05). But when considering margin over feed, there were no significant differences amongst the treatments. In conclusion, this trial did not demonstrate an economic advantage of feeding copper greater than 75 ppm or utilizing alternative forms of copper.

Assessing the feasibility of exogenous 17β-estradiol for inducing sex change in white snook, C. viridis: From growth, resting and maturation studies

This study evaluated growth, survival, and oogenesis before and after 17β-estradiol (E2) treatments. During the growth period, C. viridis reached a total length of 65 ± 4.2 cm and a weight of 2.5 ± 0.66 kg BW. To induce sex change in males, we implanted silastic tubing loaded with 0 (control), 0.5, or 1.5 mg of E2 kg−1, at days 0, 30, 60, and 90. Blood samples were collected before treatment (day 0) and on days 30, 60, 90, and 120. Initially, 23% of the selected males expressed milt. At 60 days post-treatment 13% in the control and 4.3% in both, 0.5 and 1.5 mg E2 kg−1 BW treatments. After 120 days we observed histological evidence of sex change in 50% of the histology-tagged fish in the 1.5 mg E2 kg−1 treatment. The gonadosomatic index and condition factor did not differ significantly (P > 0.05) between the control and the treatments. However, the mean individual fish weight differed significantly across all sampling times (P < 0.05). The control and 1.5 treatment groups had a 100% survival rate, while the 0.5 treatment showed a 95.6% survival rate. Steroid profiling showed high cortisol levels throughout the experiment but there was no relationship with E2 treatment or sampling point. After the first E2 dose, we observed inhibition of 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT), which persisted until the end of the experiment. At the end of a 150-day rest period, biopsy samples from the fish showed 0%, 29%, and 87% of females with primary growth oocytes in the control, 0.5, and 1.5 treatments, respectively. After 353 days of the maturation period, feminized fish did not reach vitellogenesis. The availability of C. viridis vitellogenic females after induced sex change remains unpredictable. More research is needed to encourage vitellogenesis in hormonally feminized fish of this species.

Effect of mixed light emitting diode spectrum on antioxidants content and antioxidant activity of red lettuce grown in a closed soilless system

BackgroundLight spectra have been demonstrated to result in different levels of comfort or stress, which affect plant growth and the availability of health-promoting compounds in ways that sometimes contradict one another. To determine the optimal light conditions, it is necessary to weigh the vegetable’s mass against the amount of nutrients it contains, as vegetables tend to grow poorly in environments where nutrient synthesis is optimal. This study investigates the effects of varying light conditions on the growth of red lettuce and its occurring nutrients in terms of productivities, which were determined by multiplying the total weight of the harvested vegetables by their nutrient content, particularly phenolics. Three different light-emitting diode (LED) spectral mixes, including blue, green, and red, which were all supplemented by white, denoted as BW, GW, and RW, respectively, as well as the standard white as the control, were equipped in grow tents with soilless cultivation systems for such purposes.ResultsResults demonstrated that the biomass and fiber content did not differ substantially across treatments. This could be due to the use of a modest amount of broad-spectrum white LEDs, which could help retain the lettuce’s core qualities. However, the concentrations of total phenolics and antioxidant capacity in lettuce grown with the BW treatment were the highest (1.3 and 1.4-fold higher than those obtained from the control, respectively), with chlorogenic acid accumulation (8.4 ± 1.5 mg g− 1 DW) being particularly notable. Meanwhile, the study observed a high glutathione reductase (GR) activity in the plant achieved from the RW treatment, which in this study was deemed the poorest treatment in terms of phenolics accumulation.ConclusionIn this study, the BW treatment provided the most efficient mixed light spectrum to stimulate phenolics productivity in red lettuce without a significant detrimental effect on other key properties.

Effects of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lampung Robusta Coffee Extract on Shigella flexneri Induced Balb/C Mice; A Review of Colon Histopathology and Lymphocytes

Diarrhea is a disease that is still a health problem worldwide; one of the causes is Shigella flexneri. Non-dairy probiotic functional foods and beverages are gaining popularity, with researchers seeking to assuage consumer concerns regarding lactose intolerance and veganism. Coffee has anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties. This study aims to determine the effect of a mixture of Lampung Robusta coffee extract and Lactobacillus acidophilus bacteria on the colon of BalbC mice that experience diarrhea after being induced by Shigella flexneri. Twenty 3- to 4- month-old mice weighing 35–50 grams were randomly divided into three treatment groups (125mg/kg BW, 250 mg/kg BW, and 500 mg/kg BW) and a control group. The treatment and positive control groups were induced with Lactobacillus acidophilus 6x108 suspension using the sonde technique. The negative control group was not treated. Mice experienced diarrhea twice in 24 hours after induction. Each treatment group was given 0.4 ml of Lampung Robusta coffee extract and 0.5 ml of Lactobacillus acidophilus 1.5x108 for five days. On day 8, the colon of the mice was taken and processed histologically, and hematoxylin-eosin staining was performed. Inflammation, bleeding, congestion, and necrosis were observed. This study showed significant differences in each parameter (P &lt; 0.05). Lymphocytes were only found around the inflammatory cells, with a small amount in the positive control, 125 mg/kg BW, and 500mg/kg BW treatments. However, not found in negative control and 250 mg/kg BW.&nbsp

Antiosteoarthritis activities of 70% ethanol extract of Eleutherine bulbosa (mill.) urb. bulb on rats monosodium iodoacetate-induced osteoarthritis.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common degenerative joint situation that induces pain and disability in the elderly. Traditionally, Eleutherine bulbosa bulb from Pasuruan, East Java, is used to treat many diseases, also as an anti-inflammatory. In this research, we employed an in vivo model to examine the effects of 70% ethanol extracts of E. bulbosa (EBE) on the progression and development of OA. A singular intraarticular injection of Monosodium Iodoacetate (MIA) was used to create the OA model in rats. The progression of OA was observed for three weeks. Furthermore, treatment of EBE at a dose of 6, 12, and 24 mg/200g BW orally for four weeks was conducted to assess the effects on decreasing IL- 1. level, joint swelling, and hyperalgesia. Induction was successful, indicated by a significant difference (P<0.05) in decreasing latency time, increasing joint swelling, and IL-1. level. EBE 24 mg/200 g BW treatment has significantly (P<0.05) reduced IL-1. levels, joint swelling, and response to hyperalgesia. The 70% ethanol extract of E. bulbosa bulb has therapeutic effects on inflammation through reducing IL-1. in experimental MIA-induced osteoarthritis in a rat model. According to this study, EBE may have an effective potential new agent for OA therapy.

Effectiveness of Moringa oleifera Leaves on TNF-α Expression, Insulin Levels, Glucose Levels and Follicle Count in Rattus norvegicus PCOS Model

BackgroundPolycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a syndrome characterized by ovulation disorders accompanied by hyperandrogens. Women with PCOS are prone to develop insulin resistance which has metabolic characteristics similar to type 2 diabetes and leads to disturbance of follicular formation. PCOS is also known to increase the concentration of proinflammatory cytokines, namely TNF-α. Moringa oleifera leaves have been shown to have compounds that can reduce insulin levels and glucose levels in diabetes mellitus and should be able to reduce TNF-α and follicle count.PurposeThis study aims to prove the effectiveness of Moringa oleifera leaf in reducing insulin, glucose levels, TNF-α and follicle count in PCOS.MethodsThe three-month-old white rats Wistar (Rattus norvegicus) 150–170 grams were divided into four groups (n = 10), namely normal rats, PCOS model rats, PCOS model rats given metformin, and PCOS rats given 500mg of Moringa oleifera. The method of this study is taking PCOS model rats by injecting the 100mg/kg BW hormone testosterone propionate for 21 days. After 21 days of therapy, we analyzed insulin, glucose levels, TNF-α and follicle count.ResultsThe PCOS control group showed an increase in insulin level, glucose levels, TNF-α expression, and a decrease in the follicle count compared to the normal control group. The insulin level, glucose level, TNF-α and follicle count in the Moringa oleifera 500 mg/kg BW treatment group were significantly lower than in the PCOS control group.ConclusionMoringa oleifera leaves have the potential in reducing insulin levels, blood glucose levels, TNF-α and follicle count in PCOS patients.

Replacement of dietary corn with corn bran plus condensed distillers solubles effects on feedlot growth performance and carcass trait responses of beef steers.

Dry-corn milling biorefineries have the opportunity to install technology to fractionate corn prior to fermentation, which creates a product stream of fibrous bran that can be fed to cattle. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of replacing dietary corn with corn bran and condensed distillers solubles (CBCDS) or wet-corn gluten feed (WCGF) on growth performance, efficiency of dietary net energy (NE) utilization, and carcass characteristics in finishing steers. British × Continental steers (n = 240; initial body weight [BW] = 401 ± 43.2 kg) were assigned to the following dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design (RCBD): 1) a control finishing diet with no corn milling coproducts; 2) a finishing diet that contained CBCDS at 20% replacement of dietary corn; and 3) a finishing diet that contained WCGF at 20% replacement of dietary corn. Dietary corn (50:50 of dry-rolled corn and high-moisture corn) was included at 81.5% for control diet-fed steers and 61.5% for steers-fed CBCDS and WCGF. Steers were fed for 145.5 d until visually appraised to have 1.27 cm of rib fat (RF) and were harvested at a commercial abattoir where carcass data were collected. Data were analyzed as an RCBD with pen as the experimental unit, treatment as a fixed effect and block as a random effect. There were no significant differences (P ≥ 0.28) between treatments for final BW, average daily gain, dry matter intake, feed conversion efficiency, observed dietary NE for maintenance (NEm), and NE for gain (NEg), or observed-to-expected NEm and NEg. Additionally, no differences (P ≥ 0.16) were noted between treatments for hot carcass weight, ribeye area, RF, marbling score, kidney–pelvic–heart fat, estimated empty body fat (EBF), BW at 28% EBF (AFBW), and distribution of USDA Quality and Yield grades. Control steers tended (P = 0.10) to have the highest calculated yield grade followed by WCGF and CBCDS. Furthermore, WCGF steers tended (P = 0.08) to have the highest calculated retail yield followed by CBCDS and control steers. Replacement NEm and NEg values of corn coproducts were determined to be 2.14 and 1.42 for CBCDS and 2.09 and 1.37 for WCGF, respectively. Thus, CBCDS can be included in finishing steer diets at 20% replacement of corn without detriment to growth performance or carcass characteristics.

Finishing diets with Sweet Bran and wet distillers grains with solubles alone or in combination improve performance and carcass characteristics of feedlot steers

This study evaluated the effects of Sweet Bran (SB) and wet distillers grains with solubles (WDGS) in the diet alone or in combination on performance and carcass characteristics of finishing beef cattle. For this study, steers (n = 455; 373 ± 15.5 kg) were stratified by BW and previous antimicrobial treatment to 48 pens in a randomized complete block design (12 blocks, 4 pens per block) using pen as the experimental unit. Within block, pens of steers transitioned over 20 d to 1 of 4 dietary treatments based on steam-flaked corn, containing no corn-milling products (CON), 20% WDGS (WDGS20), 20% SB (SB20), or 20% SB and 10% WDGS (COMBO). Final BW and overall (d 0 to final) DMI and ADG were greater (P < 0.01) for WDGS20, SB20, and COMBO than for CON, but overall G:F (P = 0.48) was not different. Hot carcass weight was greatest (P = 0.04) for SB20 and WDGS20, intermediate for COMBO, and least for CON. Dressing percentage, marbling score, QG, 12th-rib fat, LM area, and KPH did not differ (P ≥ 0.21). Yield grade tended (P = 0.09) to be greater for WDGS20 and SB20 than CON. No difference (P ≥ 0.32) was observed between treatments for QG. Liver scores were not different (P = 0.47) among treatments. Empty body fat did not differ (P = 0.25), but empty BW was greater (P = 0.04) for WDGS20 and SB20 than COMBO and CON. No difference (P = 0.13) was observed for performance-calculated NE (Mcal/kg; maintenance or gain). The results of this study suggest that addition of WDGS, SB, or both into finishing diets based on steam-flaked corn increases DMI and subsequently improves performance of feedlot cattle.

Detection of Astaxanthin at Different Regions of the Brain in Rats Treated with Astaxanthin Nanoemulsion.

Context:Astaxanthin (Ast), a compound used widely as a dietary supplement, has high antioxidant properties but poor oral bioavailability. To benefit from its nutritional values in cognitive function, Ast was formulated into a nanoemulsion which may improve its penetration through the blood–brain barrier (BBB).Aim:The present study aims to quantitate the Ast nanoemulsion in different regions of the brain tissue using the high-performance liquid chromatography method.Materials and Methods:Sprague–Dawley rats were fed with Ast nanoemulsion formulation daily (40, 80, and 160 mg/kg body weight, bw) for 28 days before brain tissues were harvested, extracted, and quantified. A simple, sensitive, and reliable method using high-performance liquid chromatography with an ultraviolent detector was developed and validated to quantify Ast in the brain.Statistical Analysis:Data were analyzed using the ToolPak Data Analysis in Excel for t-test and analysis of variance single factor with Tukey post hoc analysis.Results:The calibration curve demonstrated a linear regression with an r2 of 0.9998 and absolute recovery ranging from 97.8% to 109.6%. The hippocampus of the 160 mg/kg bw treatment group showed a significantly higher concentration of Ast (77.9 ± 17.3 μg/g) compared to the cortex (22.3 ± 4.2 μg/g) and cerebellum (33.1 ± 5.4 μg/g). Ast was detected in the cerebellum of the 80 mg/kg bw (29.4 ± 7.8 μg/g) treatment group with the amount not being significantly different to the 160 mg/kg bw (33.1 ± 5.4 μg/g) treatment group.Conclusions:It was evident that the Ast nanoemulsion formulated was able to cross the BBB and may provide protective benefits.

Influence of Protein Source on Growth Performance in Nursery Pigs

A total of 330 pigs (241 × 600, DNA; initially 10.7 lb) were used to determine the influence of dietary protein source on growth performance in nursery pigs. At weaning, pigs were randomly allotted to 1 of 6 dietary treatments with 4 or 5 pigs per pen and 12 replications per treatment. Dietary treatments were arranged in a one-way treatment structure with diets containing different protein sources; enzymatically treated soybean meal (HP 300; Hamlet Protein, Findlay, OH), spray-dried bovine plasma (APC Corp, Ankeny, IA), fermented soybean meal (ME-PRO; Prairie Aquatech, Brookings, SD) with or without fish solubles (TASA, Lima, Peru), fish meal (TASA Prime meal; TASA, Lima, Peru), and custom-made fish meal (TASA Swine; TASA, Lima, Peru). Because of a delay in arrival of the fish meal source, all pigs were placed on a common phase 1 diet for 3 d after weaning. On d 3, all feeders were weighed, dumped, and refilled with experimental diets. Pigs were fed experimental phase 1 diets for 9 d (d 3 to 12) followed by phase 2 diets for 15 d. Following phase 2, all pigs were fed a common diet for an additional 15 d. In all weigh periods and overall, there were no significant differences between treatments for BW, ADG, ADFI, and F/G. For economic analysis (d 0 to 40), pigs fed spray-dried bovine plasma had the greatest (P ≤ 0.001) feed cost and feed cost per lb of gain compared to all other treatments. There were no differences in revenue or IOFC between treatments. In summary, utilizing alternative protein sources in phase 1 and 2 nursery pigs’ diets had no effect on growth performance. However, there was a 5 to 7% improvement in ADG for pigs fed spray-dried bovine plasma and custom-made fish meal.

ACTIVITY NANOKIRINYUH (CHROMOLAENA ODORATA) LEAVES EXTRACT IN ALLOXAN INDUCED DIABETIC RATS

Objective: Diabetes Mellitus is a type of degenerative disease that is increasing every year in countries around the world. Diabetes Mellitus is a major cause of blindness, kidney failure, heart attacks, and stroke. Nanokirinyuh leaves have potential as an antidiabetic because they contains chemical compounds that have antioxidant activity. The purpose of this study was to determine activity of nanokirinyuh leaves as an antidiabetic.&#x0D; Methods: Wistar rats as many as 24 animals were divided into 6 groups, namely the normal control group, positive control (glibenclamide 0.5 mg/Kg BW), negative control (alloxan 600 mg/BW rat), and nanochitosan kirinyuh leaves at a dose of 225 mg/Kg BW rat, 450 mg/Kg BW rat and 675 mg/Kg BW treatment was carried out for 10 d. Percent decrease of level glucose was evaluated along with histopathological investigation in various experimental groups of rats. Data analysis using the One Way Anova test and continued LSD test.&#x0D; Results: Level of Glucose at a dose of 675 mg/Kg BW rats showed the highest levels of the negative group and other dose groups. Pancreas histopathology test results showed that the group with a dose of 450 mg/Kg BW of rats had the lowest necrosis rate compared to the negative control group and other dose groups.&#x0D; Conclusion: Nanokirinyuh leaves can reduce of level plasma glucose and necrosis in a histopathology test.

Effects of GnRH and Anti-Dopamine on Gonad Maturation of Osteochilus melanopleurus (Bleeker, 1852)

The Osteochilus melanopleurus (Bleeker, 1852) is one of the endogenous fish in the Siak River waters of Riau province which has high economic value. However, the fulfillment of needs still depends on the catch in nature. Efforts to overcome these problems are the availability of mature gonads. Broadly to accelerate the maturation of gonads through hormone induction until the fish are ready to be spawned to produce fish fry continuously. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of gonadotropin and anti-dopamine hormone induction with the trademark “Oodev” on the final gonad maturity (TKG) of the prospective broodstock of O. melanopleurus. The research was conducted from April to August 2021 in the fish rearing column and the experimental pond, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science. The research method was a Completely Randomized Design with 4 treatment levels and 3 replications, while the treatments were P0 (without Oodev injection), P1 (Oodev dose 0.5 mL/kg), P2 (0.7 mL/kg), and P3 (0,9 mL/kg). Measured responses: percentage of broodstock that reached TKG and egg diameter. The results of the research that have been carried out, the measurement of the diameter of the eggs produced showed that the use of the Oodev hormone at a dose of 0.7 mL/kg body weight of O.melanopleurus given every week for twelve weeks was able to stimulate the development of the gonads of O.melanopleurus. Ovaprim injection of 0.7 mL/kg body weight produced 89,566 eggs with a latency of 4 hours. oodev injection dose of 0.7 ml/kg BW or P2 treatment has succeeded in achieving a TKG of 82%.

Aktivitas Anti Inflamasi Ekstrak Biji Litsea Garciae Vidal Pada Odema Telapak Kaki Dan Gambaran Histologis Kaki Mencit

Litsea garciae or malek is a native species from Borneo and belongs to the Lauraceae family. Scientifically, the use of these plants is not widely known. The purpose of this study was to determine the anti-inflammatory activity of Litsea garciae seeds against edema in mice feet and to determine the histology of the carrageenan-induced integument thickness of mice. The study used a completely randomized design with 5 treatment groups. The treatment group consisted of a negative treatment group (K1), a positive treatment group (K2) with 3 different dosages of Malek seed extract groups. The treatment doses used were Malek seed extract at a dose of 0.625 mg/g BW (P1), 1.25 mg/g BW (2), and 2.50 mg/g BW (P3). Edema percentage and integument thickness were analyzed by the One-Way ANOVA test with (α = 0.05). The results showed that the Malek seed extract dose of 0.625 mg/g BW had anti-inflammatory activity against edema of the mice's feet. The percentage of inflammation with doses of 0.625 mg/g BW, 1.25 mg/g BW and 2.5 mg/g BW was 31.10%, 22.58%, and 25.83%. The percentage of reduction in inflammation in the positive control treatment of Na-diclofenac (42.70%) was significantly differ-ent from the treatment of Malek seed extract at a dose of 0.0625–2.5 mg/g BW. The percentage of reduction in inflammation in the group treated with 1.25 mg/g BW (P2) Malek seed extract was not significantly different from the 2.5 mg/g BW (P3) treatment of Malek seed extract. The results of histological observations of mice's feet showed that the extract of Malek seeds did not have a significant effect on the thickness of the carrageenan-induced mice leg integument.

The influence mechanism of the main suspended particles of Yellow River sand on the emitter clogging − An attempt to improve the irrigation water utilization efficiency in Yellow River basin

The existence of suspended particles in water poses a great challenge to the adaptability of drip irrigation technology. To explore the differences in emitter clogging caused by irrigation water containing various suspended solids, this research used irrigation water containing Yellow River sand, quartz sand, and sodium bentonite as the main suspended particles (designated HW, SW and BW, respectively) to conduct a short-period emitter anti-clogging test and particle settlement test in static water. The results showed that the type of suspended particles had a very significant impact on the relative flow rate (Dra) of the emitter (P < 0.01). Emitter clogging was the most serious in the HW treatment, followed by the SW treatment, and emitters in the BW treatment had the lowest clogging degree. The clogging substance formed in the HW treatment exhibited a compact and stable structure; that in the SW treatment was a loosely structured accumulation of large particles; and that in the BW treatment had a flocculent structure with strong plasticity that flowed easily with water. These three types of suspended particles experienced two stages of sedimentation: short rapid sedimentation followed by slow sedimentation. Grid clogging at the emitter’s water inlet caused emitter clogging. The total mass of sediment in laterals in the HW treatment was the largest, and the Dra was the smallest; the total mass of sediment in laterals in the BW treatment was the smallest, and the Dra was the largest. In the SW treatment, the values of these two indexes were between those in the HW and BW treatments. Single suspended particles, such as quartz sand (powder) or sodium bentonite (clay), had more difficulty forming stable clogging structures, so the Dra was relatively high. Coarse and fine particles were balanced in Yellow River sand; thus, the emitter was easily clogged, and the degree of clogging was the most serious. This study tried to provide a basis for the differences and formation mechanisms of emitter clogging and the anti-clogging strategies of emitters in drip irrigation systems in different reaches of the Yellow River.

256 Evaluation of Replacement of Dietary Corn with Corn Bran Plus Condensed Distillers Solubles on Growth Performance and Carcass Trait Responses in Finishing Beef Steers

Abstract This experiment evaluated replacing dietary corn (50:50 blend of dry-rolled and high-moisture) with corn bran plus condensed distillers solubles (CBCDS) on finishing phase growth performance, efficiency of dietary net energy (NE) utilization, comparative NE value, and carcass trait responses in finishing beef steers. This study used 30 pens of 8 steers/pen assigned to one of three treatments in a randomized complete block design (initial BW=401±43.2 kg); pen served as the experimental unit. Treatments included: 1) finishing diet that contained no corn co-product (Control); 2) finishing diet that contained a dry-corn milling bio-refinery product (20% DM basis inclusion) that replaced corn in the diet: CBCDS; 3) finishing diet that contained a wet-corn milling co-product (20% DM basis inclusion) that replaced corn in the diet: wet corn gluten feed (WCGF). For all analyses, an α of 0.05 determined significance and an α of 0.06 to 0.10 was a tendency. No differences were detected (P ≥ 0.58) among treatments for carcass-adjusted final BW (HCW/0.6433), ADG, or G:F. Observed NE for maintenance and gain was not impacted (P ≥ 0.28) by treatment. No appreciable influence for treatment was detected for the ratio of observed to expected dietary NE for maintenance or gain (P ≥ 0.40). Replacement NEm and NEg values (Mcal/45.4 kg) were determined to be 93.5 and 62.3 for CBCDS and 91.5 and 60.5 for WCGF. There was no influence (P ≥ 0.16) of treatment on DP, HCW, REA, RF, USDA Marbling, KPH, EBF, or final BW at 28% EBF. Treatment tended to influence (P = 0.10) YG, where steers fed WCGF had lesser YG than Control; however, CBCDS diet was intermediate, not differing from WCGF or Control. Distribution of USDA Quality and Yield Grade did not differ (P ≥ 0.29) among treatments. Substitution of corn for CBCDS at 20% of dietary DM can occur without detriment to growth performance or carcass traits.

The Effect of Coffee Arabica (Coffea arabica L.) Fruit Skin Extracts on Small Intestine Morphometry of mice (Mus musculus L.) with Ethanol-Induced

Consumption of alcoholic beverages can increase ROS and inflammation. In the duodenal, the consumption of alcohol can result in erosions, bleeding, and mucosal injury. Arabica coffee fruit skin contains antioxidant substances, which are expected to have a good role as an antioxidant effect. Currently, unknown effects of alcohol and extract of Arabica coffee fruit skin administration on the damage of the small intestine of mice (Mus musculus L.). This study used an experimental design, and 25 males of mice were divided into five groups of treatment for 15 days. After the treatment, the mice at necropsied and the small intestine were taken for histopathological examination using hematoxyline-eosin staining. The Data analyzed used One Way ANOVA and Duncan's tests. Histopathological observations showed a dose of 250 mg/kg BW experienced the most significant improvement damage of the small intestine of mice compared to other treatments. Histomorphometry measurement, The dose of 250 mg/kg BB showed the high of villi 272,10 ± 13,36 µm, (P&lt;0.05), duodenal villi crypt depth 117,33 ± 30,35 µm (P&lt;0.05) and surface area of small intestinal villi 7,66 ± 0,55 mm 2 (P&lt;0.05) was similar with negative control. The conclusion of this study is a dose of 250 mg/kg BW treatment was able to improve the histopathology and morphometry small intestine of mice that were damaged due to consumption of ethanol 15%.