Buying Disorder Research Articles

Compulsive buying disorder: Conceptualization based on addictive, impulsive, and obsessive-compulsive features and comorbidity

BackgroundThis study sought to examine the conceptualization of compulsive buying disorder in a sample of adults drawn from the community and its associated mental health correlates. MethodsAn online survey of “Personality, Mental Health, and Well-Being” was distributed to 300 adults aged 18–75 years. The survey measured a range of behaviors, such as buying behavior, alcohol and drug use, impulse control disorders, and dimensional constructs of impulsivity and obsessive-compulsiveness. ResultsA total of 294 participants (54.7% female) completed the survey and were included in the analysis. The overall frequency of probable compulsive buying disorder was 5.4% (n = 16). Compared to adults without compulsive buying disorder, those with probable compulsive buying disorder were significantly less likely to identify as heterosexual and were significantly more likely to endorse attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, drug use problems, symptoms of borderline personality disorder, binge eating disorder, and had higher levels of compulsivity plus impulsivity. ConclusionCompulsive buying disorder appears to be fairly common in adults and appears to have symptom or diagnostic overlap with obsessive-compulsive problems, addictive disorders, and impulse control disorders. Findings highlight the need for careful clinical screening to identify often overlooked comorbidities and treat them on an individual patient basis, as well as the need to conduct high-quality clinical trials for compulsive buying disorder itself and to explore its presentation longitudinally at large scale.

Psychosocial Functioning of Individuals at Risk of Developing Compulsive Buying Disorder.

(1) Background: This study aimed to establish the connection between depressiveness, workaholism, eating disorders, and personality traits, according to the five-point model called the Big Five, in women with a risk of compulsive buying disorder. (2) Methods: The study was conducted on 556 Polish women from the West Pomeranian Voivodeship. The study employed the diagnostic survey method using a questionnaire technique including Personality Inventory NEO-FFI, the Buying Behaviour Scale, the Beck Depression Inventory I-II, the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire, and a self-questionnaire. (3) Results: The analysis revealed the risk of compulsive buying being accompanied by a higher median score for depressiveness, neuroticism, Cognitive Restraint of Eating, Uncontrolled Eating, and a risk of workaholism. A lower score in the respondents in the compulsive buying risk group was observed in an assessment of agreeableness and conscientiousness. Work addiction was exhibited by 26% of people with compulsive buying disorder vs. 12% of people without it. (4) Conclusion: This study found that a high risk of compulsive buying disorder is accompanied by a high risk of moderate depressiveness, neuroticism, Cognitive Restraint of Eating, Uncontrolled Eating, and workaholism. It also confirmed the view that compulsive buying is a behavioural addiction which is a consequence of ineffective coping and being dissatisfied with one's social life.

Designing a model of psychological behavior of compulsive buyers in relation to brands: Based on qualitative approach and grounded theory method

Introduction: In the last two decades, the literature in field of consumer behavior has paid a lot of attention to the issue of compulsive buying, but there are gaps. Aim: The purpose of research was to design a model of the psychological behavior of compulsive buyers in relation to brands based on the qualitative approach. Method: In the research, a qualitative approach based on the foundational data theory was used. The studied population included residents of Tehran in 2021 with an age range of 16 to 50 years who had compulsive buying disorder, and specialists in psychology and psychiatry, and marketing managers from Tehran with at least 10 years of experience. In order to collect data, the semi-structured interview method and the Compulsive Buying Behavior Diagnosis Questionnaire of Maccarrone & Schofield (2017) were used. Open, central, and selective coding, with Max QDA software version 20, and SPSS version 26 were used for data analysis. Results: The found model showed that contextual conditions (psychological and sociological factors), along with intervening conditions (concepts related to the brand, lifestyle display, income, intensifying negative feelings), in formation of compulsive buyers in relation to brands is effective and social and emotional benefits from buying the brand were the cause of this behavior. In the meantime, the behaviors of compulsive buyers in relation to brands (floating among brands and listening to brands) leads to adverse consequences from a marketing point of view. Conclusion: Based on results, the formation of hating feeling towards the brand causes irreparable damage to the brand, and due to the presence of social networks, these feelings can be quickly transmitted among consumers and lead to the brand's reputation damage.

The Association Between Compulsive Buying Disorder and Childhood Trauma

Introduction: Compulsive buying disorder (CBD) is characterized by the recurrent purchase of unnecessary or undesirable products, resulting in severe negative effects. There is a strong empirical connection between childhood trauma and a range of self-regulation difficulties in adulthood. Adults with a history of childhood trauma generally suffer with self-regulation, including compulsive buying disorder, according to research. The objective of our research was to define compulsive buying disorder and shed light on its origins, link to other psychiatric diseases, and t2. he most effective treatment for it. Methods: A selective review of literature published between 2000 and 2022 on compulsive buying disorder. Results: We discovered a substantial link between early exposure to stressful experiences and the development of a compulsive shopping habit in adulthood. The disease of compulsive buying is very impulsive and can lead to out-of-control financial constraints. Compulsive purchasing disorder is associated with stress and depression, self-blame and low self-esteem, and is frequently viewed as a coping technique in those who feel unable to handle their difficulties. Although compulsive buying disorder is receiving more attention in consumer and psychological literature, there are few theoretical and empirical studies on its origins and treatment. Conclusion: Public policy measures that focus on education, legislation, and family professionals are likely to be of assistance to those who struggle with CBD as well as other types of excessive spending. To better understand the determinants of the CBD and to contribute to a more effective preventative intervention, more study is required.

Model Matematika Penyebaran Online Compulsive Buying Disorder

ABSTRACT Online compulsive buying disorder is a disorder of impulse control when shopping online, so that a person becomes uncontrollable when shopping online and is done repeatedly with a large number of purchases and not so useful. The purpose of this study is to analyze the mathematical model of the spread of online compulsive buying disorder. The method used is the descriptive method. Based on the analysis of the mathematical model of the spread of online compulsive buying disorder, one equilibrium point was obtained, where all eigenvalues of the Jacobi matrix were negative, so that the equilibrium point of the mathematical model of the spread of online compulsive buying disorder was stable asymptotic. This suggests that the spread of online compulsive buying behavior will go towards the equilibrium point over time.

Oniomania (Compulsive Buying Disorders) Among Working Women and Men in North Gujarat

Oniomania, often known as the "compulsive buying disorder," is characterised by excessive shopping thoughts and actions that cause discomfort or damage. The main aim and objectives of the study were to assess and compare the oniomania among working women and men, and find out the association between oniomania with selected demographic variables among working women and men. The research design selected for the study was non-experimental comparative descriptive research design. A non-probability convenience sampling technique was used to obtain sample of 120 (60-women and 60-men) working women and men who satisfied the inclusion criteria. The modified compulsive buying scale is used to assess oniomania, this is a 5-point scale and the total score is 45. After assessing the pre-test of oniomania, it is higher in working women compared to men. The mean of the working women and working men was (30.36) and (14.66) and the Standard Deviation of the working women and working men was (9.74) and (5.24). The Mean difference was (15.7). Working women mean was more than working men mean. This showed a significant difference between working women and working men on oniomania. The calculated chi square value was significant with education and monthly income, and other variables were insignificant. This study concluded that the prevalence rate of oniomania was higher in working women than men.

Compulsive buying disorder (CBD) among medical students in colleges of medicine, dentistry and pharmacy at King Saud University in Riyadh.

Compulsive buying disorder (CBD) is a dysfunctional chronic and extreme consumer attitude that attributes to negative overall impact on psychological and mental wellbeing. This study was aimed to examine the prevalence of compulsive buying disorder (CBD) among medical college students, particularly from colleges of medicine, dentistry and pharmacy. Secondary to this, we also examined (i) the association between sociodemographic factors and CBD; and (ii) the association between the five factors of CBD as per (II) Edward's Compulsive Buying Scale (ECBS) and participants' gender. This cross-sectional survey was conducted among 263 college students from the colleges of medicine, dentistry and pharmacy of King Saud University from February till March 2021. The results showed that the majority of participants were male (144, 54.8%) with mean age 20.1 ± 3.1 (range: 17-23); statistically significant difference was observed in compulsive buying disorder with respect to gender (P-value = 0.02), field of study (P < 0.0001) and educational year (P = 0.03). The study concluded that the prevalence of compulsive buying among university students was more frequent among female students in comparison to male students in Riyadh city. This study provided baseline data for the estimation of CBD prevalence among adolescent and youth in KSA, particularly Riyadh city.

Stressors, Stress and Impulsive Buying Behavior: Moderating Role of Emotional Intelligence

Workplace stressors and stress play a pivotal role in shaping an individual’s consumption behavior, but its implication, particularly in consumer psychology, remains nascent. This study, grounding on the theory of social conformity and compliance and the theory of reasoned action, addresses the impact of chronic workplace stressors on impulsive buying behavior through the mechanism of stress in the presence of emotional intelligence. For this purpose, a total of 230 respondents were engaged using a questionnaire. Based on a Structural equation modeling study found that Emotional intelligence plays a major part in shaping consumers’ buying behavior and develops theoretical linkages of a previously neglected area. Both WB and WD have a positive impact on the stress and are significant at 0.001. To reduce stress, workplace stressors control the emotions of people and compel them for impulsive buying disorders. From discussed practical implications, managers can better use the results by designing their products to make them more appealing to customers’ impulses.

Treatment of compulsive buying disorder: comparing the effectiveness of cognitive behavioural therapy with person-centred experiential counselling.

Outcome studies of the treatment of compulsive buying disorder (CBD) have rarely compared the effectiveness of differing active treatments. This study sought to compare the effectiveness of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) and person-centred experiential therapy (PCE) in a cross-over design. This was an ABC single case experimental design with extended follow-up with a female patient meeting diagnostic criteria for CBD. Ideographic CBD outcomes were intensively measured over a continuous 350-day time series. Following a 1-month baseline assessment phase (A; 28 days; three sessions), CBT was delivered via 13 out-patient sessions (B: 160 days) and then PCE was delivered via six out-patient sessions (C: 63 days). There was a 99-day follow-up period. Frequency and duration of compulsive buying episodes decreased during active treatment. CBT and PCE were both highly effective compared with baseline for reducing shopping obsessions, excitement about shopping, compulsion to shop and improving self-esteem. When the PCE and CBT treatment phases were compared against each other, few differences were apparent in terms of outcome. There was no evidence of any relapse over the follow-up period. A reliable and clinically significant change on the primary nomothetic measure (i.e. Compulsive Buying Scale) was retained over time. The study suggests that both CBT and PCE can be effective for CBD. Methodological limitations and suggestions for future CBD outcome research are discussed.

Greater interpersonal problems differentiate those who excessively acquire and save from those who only excessively acquire possessions

ObjectiveMaladaptive behaviours involving consumer goods underlie compulsive buying disorder and hoarding disorder, but only hoarding disorder involves a long-term maladaptive emotional attachment to possessions. Excessive object attachment may result from using possessions to manage interpersonal conflict and buffer its corresponding loneliness. The aim of the study was to examine these two groups (acquiring problems only vs acquiring plus discarding problems) with respect to their interpersonal functioning. MethodOne hundred eighty individuals who self-reported acquiring problems participated in the study; 121 of these individuals also had difficulties discarding possessions. Participants completed measures of insecure interpersonal attachment, interpersonal problems, and loneliness. ResultsParticipants who had acquiring and discarding problems (i.e., hoarding group) self-reported greater anxious attachment and more interpersonal problems, but not greater loneliness than those who only had an acquiring problem (i.e., compulsive buying group). The positive relationship between an anxious interpersonal attachment style and greater discarding difficulties was mediated by interpersonal difficulties. ConclusionsThese findings suggest that the emotional attachment to possessions central to hoarding disorder may be a function of using possessions to compensate for unmet belongingness needs. If true, treatment outcomes may be improved by helping individuals to strengthen their interpersonal relationships.

What's in a Name? Evaluating the Public Stigma of Gambling Disorder.

Public stigma of gambling disorder has negative effects on the mental health and functioning of affected individuals and impedes treatment-seeking. One factor thought to be implicated in stigma is the label used to describe the condition. The aims of this research were to: (1) evaluate whether different labels for problematic gambling behavior influence public stigma; and (2) compare public stigma of gambling disorder to other health conditions. Separate samples of university student (Study 1) and general population (Study 2) participants were randomly assigned to label conditions and completed questionnaires assessing stigma and attitudes towards the assigned label. In Study 1, the eight conditions included four gambling labels (problem gambling, pathological gambling, gambling disorder, and gambling addiction) and four psychiatric or health comparison labels (depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, alcohol use disorder, and asthma). In Study 2, compulsive buying disorder was added as a fifth psychiatric comparison for a total of nine conditions. The results indicated that the four gambling label conditions elicited similar attitudes and stigma. Those conditions were also more stigmatized than the depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and asthma conditions. The gambling conditions elicited similar stigmatizing attitudes as alcohol use disorder but were slightly more stigmatized than compulsive buying disorder, with these conditions showing both similarities and differences across the stigma-related outcomes. The results were largely consistent across both samples and contribute to knowledge of the nature and origins of gambling-related stigma.

Компульсивный шопинг как частный вариант поведенческих аддикций. Современное состояние проблемы

Compulsive shopping, or compulsive buying disorders (CBD in English-language literature) is characterized by excessive, unnecessary spending, also known stereotypical «consumer behavior», which entails the development of various emotional disturbances and economic problems. The prevalence of disorder varies widely among countries and depends on socio-economic and cultural factors. Scattered data for Russia does not allow to reliably estimate the scale of the problem. Comorbidity of compulsive shopping is associated with various mental disorders: affective disorders, anxiety disorders, substance use disorders, eating disorders, and other pathology of impulse control. The generality of the pathogenetic mechanisms, the clinical picture, the treatment approaches makes it possible to attribute compulsive shopping to one of the variants of non-chemical dependence.

Development and validation of the compulsive-buying follow-up scale: A measure to assess treatment improvements in compulsive buying disorder

The aim of the present research was to develop a scale to assess treatment improvements for compulsive buying disorder (CBD), adapted from the Gambling Follow-up Scale Self-Report Version. The Compulsive Buying Follow-up Scale (CBFS) contains six self-report multiple-choice items assessing different aspects of compulsive buying in the past four weeks. Forty-eight treatment-seeking patients with CBD were evaluated, with 39 patients completing the 12-week follow-up. The scale's global alpha was high as well as the item-total correlations per item. The estimations of alpha if-item-deleted were all under the global alpha value, indicating that all items provided relevant contribution within the scale. The CBFS demonstrated significant correlations with previously developed scales of CBD and other measures of psychopathology, with the exception of a non-significant association with the Beck Depression Inventory at pre-treatment. The CBFS correlated significantly with all reference scales at post-treatment. The CBFS also demonstrated strong sensitivity to change and recovery status. The cutoff for the CBFS that provided the greatest sensitivity (0.93) and specificity (0.82) was 22. The results provide support that CBFS is a reliable and valid instrument to measure treatment outcomes over time for CBD.

Food addiction and other addictive behaviours in bariatric surgery candidates.

The present study investigated the association between food addiction (FA) and other addictive behaviours in 216 bariatric surgery candidates (91.7% class 3 obesity; 80.1% women; age Mdn=44.00years, range 18-73). Assessment included the Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0 (YFAS 2.0) and standardized self-report questionnaires to measure symptoms of disorders related to substance use (alcohol and nicotine) and behavioural addictions (gambling, Internet-use, buying, hypersexual disorders, and exercise dependence). Bivariate correlations indicated a moderate relationship of YFAS 2.0 FA symptoms with buying disorder symptoms and a weak association with Internet-use disorder symptoms. Fifty-nine patients (27.3%) met the YFAS 2.0 threshold for FA, 1.9% for alcohol use disorder, 6.0% for nicotine use disorder, 17.3% for buying disorder, 2.3% for Internet-use disorder, and 1.4% for hypersexual disorder. None of the patients scored above the respective questionnaire thresholds for gambling disorder or exercise dependence. Patients with versus without YFAS 2.0 FA diagnosis did not differ with regard to prevalence estimates of addictive behaviours. Clinical implications and potential limitations of the findings are discussed. Future studies should address the potential risk of postoperative addiction transfer using long-term follow-ups and controlled study designs.

Dual diagnosis of obsessive compulsive and compulsive buying disorders: Demographic, clinical, and psychiatric correlates

AimThe present research assessed the rates as well as the demographic, clinical, and psychiatric correlates associated with comorbid obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and compulsive buying disorder (CBD). MethodParticipants were drawn from a large (N = 993) multi-center study of people seeking treatment for their OCD. The diagnoses of psychiatric disorders were made using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM by registered psychologists and psychiatrists. The clinical correlates, including the severity and presence of OCD symptoms and dimensions were assessed using psychometrically sound measures. Results75 (7.5%) participants met criteria for comorbid CBD. The results of binary logistic regression found that women were more likely to present with comorbid CBD, whereas being a student was a protective factor. The presence of hoarding dimension, poorer insight, social phobia, binge eating disorder, internet use disorder and kleptomania were significantly associated with comorbid CBD. ConclusionThe results suggest that individuals with a dual diagnosis of OCD and CBD may represent a unique clinical population that warrants tailored interventions. Specifically, they were more likely to present with other psychiatric disorders characterized by high levels of impulsivity and compulsivity. Targeting psychological mechanisms common to impulsivity-compulsivity disorders may enhance treatment utility in this dual-diagnosis population.

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and addictions (substance and behavioral): Prevalence and characteristics in a multicenter study in France.

AimThe aim of this study is to determine the possible links between attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and the presence of concomitant addictions with or without substance use in a French student population.MeasuresA battery of questionnaire measuring socioeconomic characteristics, university curriculum, ADHD (Wender Utah Rating Scale and Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale), substance consumptions (alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis), and behavioral addictions [(eating disorders (SCOFF)], Internet addiction (Internet Addiction Test), food addiction (Yale Food Addiction Scale), compulsive buying (Echeburua’s), and problem gambling (The Canadian Problem Gambling Index)] and measures of physical activity (Godin’s Leisure Time Exercise Questionnaire) was filled up by university students in Rouen and Nanterre in France.ResultsA total of 1,517 students were included (472 from Paris Nanterre and 1,042 from Rouen). The mean age was 20.6 years (SD = 3.6) and the sex ratio male to female was 0.46. The prevalence of ADHD among the students (current ADHD with a history of ADHD in childhood) was 5.6%. A quarter (25.7%) of students had already repeated their university curriculum, compared to 42.2% among the students with ADHD. Students with possible ADHD had repeated classes more often and believed to have a lower academic level than the students without ADHD. Significant differences were found as students with ADHD were less likely to succeed in their studies (repeated classes more often) than non-ADHD students, and considered their academic level to be lower. They also had significantly higher scores on substance (alcohol, cannabis, and tobacco) as well as behavioral addictions (gambling, compulsive buying disorder, eating disorders, and Internet addiction).ConclusionIt seems essential to determine students’ problems and propose interventions adapted to students’ needs, in order to reduce the negative impact on their future academic and global successes.

Underlying Mechanism of the Comorbid Presence of Buying Disorder with Gambling Disorder: A Pathways Analysis.

Buying disorder (BD) and gambling disorder (GD) are behavioral addictions that are increasingly being researched and treated by mental health professionals. This study analyzes the underlying mechanisms of the comorbidity between both conditions in a sample of treatment-seeking patients. The sample included n = 127 patients recruited from a specialized unit in addictive behaviors at a public university hospital who presented BD symptoms with and without GD. Structural equation models analyzed the mediational mechanisms that explained the presence of the comorbid condition BD + GD. Personality variables indirectly influence the concurrence of GD and BD, and the relationship patterns were modulated by the age of onset of these two conditions. A direct relationship between being male and an increase in the risk of GD + BD comorbidity was also found. Sex and the amount of disorder-related debts also were directly associated with psychopathology. These results provide evidence on the pathways of concurrent BD + GD, which could contribute to the development of evidence-based preventive and therapeutic interventions.

The need to consume: Hoarding as a shared psychological feature of compulsive buying and binge eating

IntroductionCompulsive buying and binge eating are two frequently co-occurring psychiatric conditions. Hoarding, which is the psychological need to excessively gather and store items, is frequently associated with both compulsive buying severity and binge eating severity. In the present study, we explored whether different dimensions of hoarding are a shared feature of compulsive buying and binge eating. MethodParticipants consisted of 434 people seeking treatment for compulsive buying disorder. Registered psychiatrists confirmed the diagnosis of compulsive buying through semi-structured clinical interviews. Participants also completed measures to assess compulsive buying severity, binge eating severity, and dimensions of hoarding (acquisition, difficulty discarding, and clutter). Two-hundred and seven participants completed all three measures. ResultsSignificant correlations were found between compulsive buying severity and the acquisition dimension of hoarding. Binge eating severity was significantly correlated with all three dimensions of hoarding. Hierarchical regression analysis found that compulsive buying severity was a significant predictor of binge eating severity. However, compulsive buying severity no longer predicted binge eating severity when the dimensions of hoarding were included simultaneously in the model. Clutter was the only subscale of hoarding to predict binge eating severity in step two of the regression analysis. ConclusionOur results suggest that the psychological need to excessively gather and store items may constitute a shared process that is important in understanding behaviors characterized by excessive consumption such as compulsive buying and binge eating.

Cue-reactivity in behavioral addictions: A meta-analysis and methodological considerations.

Background and aimsRecent research has applied cue-reactivity paradigms to behavioral addictions. The aim of the current meta-analysis is to systematically analyze the effects of learning-based cue-reactivity in behavioral addictions.MethodsThe current meta-analysis includes 18 studies (29 data sets, 510 participants) that have used a cue-reactivity paradigm in persons with gambling (eight studies), gaming (nine studies), or buying (one study) disorders. We compared subjective, peripheral physiological, electroencephal, and neural responses toward addiction-relevant cues in patients versus control participants and toward addiction-relevant cues versus control cues in patients.ResultsPersons with behavioral addictions showed higher cue-reactivity toward addiction-relevant cues compared with control participants: subjective cue-reactivity (d = 0.84, p = .01) and peripheral physiological and electroencephal measures of cue-reactivity (d = 0.61, p < .01). Increased neural activation was found in the caudate nucleus, inferior frontal gyrus, median cingulate cortex, subgenual cingulate, and precentral gyrus. Persons with gambling, gaming, or buying disorders also showed higher cue-reactivity toward addiction-relevant cues compared with control cues: subjective cue-reactivity (d = 0.39, p = .11) and peripheral physiological and electroencephal measures of cue-reactivity (d = 0.47, p = .05). Increased neural activation was found in the caudate nucleus, inferior frontal gyrus, angular gyrus, inferior network, and precuneus.Discussion and conclusionsCue-reactivity not only exists in substance-use disorders but also in gambling, gaming, and buying disorders. Future research should differentiate between cue-reactivity in addictive behaviors and cue-reactivity in functional excessive behaviors such as passions, hobbies, or professions.

CAPITALISM, CONSUMERISM AND POPULAR CULTURE

A product’s utility has evolved over time. In today’s world, the commodities possess the power to define us. Every product that we own today, through its branding, reflects our social status, values and vice versa. It is difficult to refute the negative influence of capitalism that we witness in form of obsession with possession. The aim of the paper is to study the extent to which the products of the modern society like the protagonists in the following two movies suffer; whether it is possible to imagine an end of consumerism and not the world or has it become an inherent part of the late capitalist world in which there is no completeness but the perennial emergence of substitutes (objects). This paper studies the aforementioned issues through the movies “Fight Club” and “Confessions of a Shopaholic”. The first section of the paper uses the case of soap industry as the foundation and analyses “Fight Club”. The second section examines the role of credit card companies in compulsive buying disorder through “Confessions of a Shopaholic”. Despite the similarity between the two movies on the grounds of the modern world “suffering”, the paper highlights the difference in their treatment of the main theme of consumerism and links it to the gender politics. The final section draws a comparison between the endings of the two movies and investigates the premise of disorder in “Fight Club” and its existential threat to capitalism.