Activities Of Buyers Research Articles

Granger-Causal Effects of Consumer Behavior on NFT Sales

An understanding of what influences the NFT market is valuable in such a speculative space, and predictors of directional shifts in NFT sales are beneficial to NFT users and investors alike. For these reasons, research was undertaken to determine if metrics relating to consumer behavior could predict NFT market sales. To begin, a Buyer Activity Metric and a Buyer Valuation Metric were calculated using open-access data regarding the NFT market. A three-variable vector autoregression (VAR) model was then constructed using these metrics and NFT sales data. Changes in monthly NFT sales were found to be Granger-caused by changes in both the Buyer Activity Metric and the Buyer Valuation Metric. Changes in each metric were determined to precede changes in NFT sales by up to four months. The associations were also determined to be unidirectional, indicating a clear cause-and-effect style relationship. Questions about these predictive abilities were then theoretically explored.

DEVELOPMENT OF LACE MAKING IN TAMBOV PROVINCE IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE XIX - FIRST THIRD OF THE XX CENTURY

Evolution of the lace craft in Tambov Province in post-reform time and the period of the New Economic Policy is considered in the article. The centres of lacemaking in Tambov Province, both during the Tsarist Russia and the New Economic Policy period, were Ishchenskaya, Krasninskaya, Troekurovskaya and Cherepanskaya volosts of Lebedyansky (and after administrative reorganization of the province - Lipetsky) district. The main problem faced by lacemakers was the destructive activity of buyers. During monopolising the market, they were forcing needlewomen to operate at a loss. In pre-revolutionary Russia artisans were supported at different levels. Two allRussian homemade exhibitions were organised at the state level. Tambov zemstvo held a number of exhibitions, established lace schools and opened a craft store. A great contribution to the development of the craft was made by local patrons of the arts. However, despite considerable support, problems of local lacemakers could not be solved.When the Bolsheviks came to power it was observed that the artisanal lace production completely disappeared during the period of war communism, and only revived during the New Economic Policy period. The activities of buyers still had a negative impact on the development of lacemaking. The course taken to cooperate with artisans, which was supposed to solve this problem, ultimately failed, without achieving the desired result. The All-Russia agricultural and trade show, organized in 1923, was not a success either, since the handicrafts industry had not yet been able to recover and there was almost nothing to show. The revival of the craft was adversely affected by the persecution of the Tambov landowners who were engaged in patronage of the arts. In the end, the Bolshevik leadership also failed to solve the problems that were hindering the handicraft industry.

LAND MARKET IN UKRAINE: PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS

The article presents a study on the peculiarities of the formation of the land market of the agricultural sector of Ukraine. The first results of the initiated scheme of purchase and sale of agricultural land, the activity of buyers and sellers in the land market, their expectations and opportunities are analyzed. It is determined that land, labor and capital should function as goods in a market economy, as factors of production. It is emphasized that the basis of agrarian reforms is land reform. The land market in Ukraine opened on July 1, 2021. Citizens of Ukraine, legal entities of Ukraine, territorial communities and the state have acquired the right of ownership of agricultural land plots. The total area of agricultural land owned by a citizen and a legal entity may not exceed 10.000 hectares. Only individuals have the right to purchase land until January 1, 2024. Until January 1, 2030, the sale price of agricultural land allocated on the ground to the owners of land shares (units) may not be less than their regulatory monetary value. The author concluded that the land legislation of Ukraine should take into account all the threats and controversial issues that may arise in the case of the functioning of the land market in the agricultural sector. The conceptual model of land market regulation should protect the interests of all participants in the market process. The main functional components of this model are the redistribution of land resources into the ownership of efficient land users, achieving the required level of profitability of agricultural producers to ensure expanded reproduction, budget and tax support for agricultural producers and rural development, reproduction of land resources as part of the ecological system. The main directions for developing a conceptual model are the effective implementation of the regulated agricultural land market, regulation of lease relations, effective use of financial and tax levers to support the land ownership.

Space Overlapping by Commercial Activity in Vibrant Kampong (Case: Kampong Cikini, Jakarta)

The existence of vibrant public spaces is one of livable and sustainable city criteria. It is important to study how high-density areas in a city provide vibrant spaces such as good atmosphere for economic activities. The research took place in Gang Ampiun -- a tight alley of Kampong Cikini, a strategic and tightly-packed settlement in Central Jakarta. There, people tend to use the street area, as an attempt to fulfil spatial needs within a limited space. The aim of this study is to discover how the overlapping happen in slack space and the result of overlapping in shifting or create threshold and boundary. The research is conducted through interviews, mapping, photos, and note-taking for four days using qualitative analytics method. Several aspects were observed, including spatial arrangements of property for commercial purpose, as well as where the seller and buyer activity take place. This study reveals that the alley and gutter are seen as slack space due to the emergence of the private owned property for commercial use. Therefore, it affects accessibility and results in a new or shifting boundary.

Spatial differentiation of activity of nonresident buyers in the housing market in the Moscow region

Housing construction in the Moscow agglomeration is closely linked with the migration of the population to the capital region. The acquisition of real estate by nonresident buyers in the primary market of the Moscow capital region (MСR) in the amount of 2.5 mln m2 provides housing for about 100 000 migrants per year, or about 40 % of the net migration inflow. Buyers from other regions account for 17 % of transactions in Moscow and 23 % in Moscow Oblast. The activity of buyers in the real estate market of the MCR has a spatial differentiation by the Russian regions, which is determined by the factors of natural resource rents, agglomeration effect, the status rents in the large cities, the distance from the MCR. Regional identity of buyers was determined by the addresses of their initial registration. Factor of natural resource rents is evident in the high share (6.4 %) of housing buyers in Moscow from Khanty-Mansi and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrugs that is almost four times higher than their share in the population. The factor of distance leads to exceeding 2.1 times the share of housing buyers in Moscow from the neighboring regions of the first order over their shares in the population. The greatest activity in the housing market of Moscow is characteristic for residents of cities with the 250 000-500 000 population, of Moscow Oblast - with the 100 000-250 000 population. The share of buyers from the million-plus cities (17.7 %) is slightly greater than their share in the population. Small towns and rural areas have weak buying activity in the housing market. Thus, the development of alternative to Moscow centers of attraction at the national level is associated with a change in migration incentives for residents of cities with 100 000-500 000 population.

Outcome attributability in performance-based contracting: Roles and activities of the buying organization

In buyer-supplier exchanges that feature services or service elements, performance-based contracts have gained increasing popularity. One key problem in such contracts is the possible lack of attributability of performance outcomes to supplier inputs and efforts; suppliers are reluctant to be penalized for performance shortfalls that they are not responsible for. Prior literature has indeed argued that in case of low performance attributability (or: high outcome uncertainty), performance-based contracts are less effective, but has studied this uncertainty mainly in relation to external factors. Attributability of performance has not been studied in terms of the responsibilities of the supplier and the buying organization in service design and production. In addition, there has been little literature on how buyer activities during contract execution can help address some of the problems. This paper aims to fill this gap by developing a conceptual model on how outcome attributability relates to the roles of the buying organization in the service exchange, and how contract management activities can attenuate the effects of (low) outcome attributability on the level of supplier inputs and effort, which directly affects actual performance. We engage in theory elaboration to formulate a conceptual model based on two cases of performance-based contracting of cleaning services.

STEEL WORKS OF THE RYAZAN PROVINCE – PARTICIPANTS OF THE REGIONAL AND ALL-RUSSIAN MARKET (XIX – THE BEGINNING OF THE XX CENTURY)

Article is devoted to a role of steel works of the Ryazan region in formation of the All-Russian market of metal in XIX – the beginning of the 20th century. The author characterizes the commercial activity of structures of metallurgical industry of the Ryazan province in the context of development of transport system in the Central Russia, shows value of the Nizhny Novgorod fair as main center of wholesale trade in metal, considers key parameters of participation of the Ryazan foundry and metalworking plants in the course of formation of exchange trade and commerce and industry syndicates during the post-reform period in Russia. The persons of the leading resellers involved in sale of the Ryazan iron and cast iron in the local markets and interregional fairs are lit. The author comes to a conclusion that the role of the Ryazan metallurgy in system of the Russian raw market during the considered period had contradictory character. Insufficient development of domestic market of metal and the high competition from the large mining companies and trade syndicates didn't allow the metallurgical enterprises of the Ryazan province to create rational and effective system of realization of their production. At the same time steel works were an important factor of development of enterprise activity of the population of the Ryazan region, including activity of buyers of metal and producers of metal products. Characteristic of commercial activity of the Ryazan businessmen in the second half of XIX – the beginning of the 20th century was the combination of wholesale and retail trade in metal to creation of the small foundries and mechanical workshops providing needs of local population, first of all the peasantry in agricultural stock, construction materials, pig-iron ware and other convenience goods.

Supply Chain Logistics, Trade Facilitation and International Trade: A Macroeconomic Policy View

Trade facilitation (TF) is the rubric that covers the research and policy analysis on impediments to global sourcing and multinational supply chains that are not the traditional border barriers such as tariffs or quotas. Trade‐facilitation research offers a macroeconomic perspective on how policymakers should change the environment facing business to promote international trade and economic growth, whereas the microeconomic perspective of supply‐chain logistics considers how a business should organize its operations given the policy environment. Four approaches to trade‐facilitation research that are oriented toward measuring the policy environment facing business are covered in this review: country benchmarking, country or product case study, deep econometric analysis of one type of trade facilitation and econometric analysis of multiple trade‐facilitation issues faced by businesses across multiple countries. All told, the research shows that the links between improved trade‐facilitation policies and business global sourcing through international trade are positive, although which policy reforms support more global sourcing is unique to each country, depending on the products and supply chains that the country is part of, and initial conditions. Even so, a key finding that spans the research is that unilateral policy reforms within a country can expand international trade more than multilateral trade negotiations, and that trade‐facilitation reforms tend to improve the country's supplier position more than its buyer activities. Moreover, adherence to International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and use of information technology are particularly important, confirming that ISO certification has become the “price of admission” for many supply chains.

Move to Depth: Buyer-Provider Interactions in Online Service Marketplaces

Extant literature characterizes the ties between buyers and sellers in online goods marketplaces–such as eBay or Amazon–as discrete transactions. In such transactions, parties are effectively strangers, and exchange goods under the assumption that they will likely never again meet in the marketplace. The rapid rise of online service marketplaces (OSM), however, warrants a thorough examination into the applicability of these conclusions to buyer-seller relationships in the nascent markets. We examine the buyer-provider interactions over buyer’s experience in the market using data collected from a leading online job auction site. The results suggest that buyer activity in the marketplace consists initially of discrete transactions whereby the inexperienced buyer gains exposure to a large number of potential providers. However, increased experience in the market leads to a convergence towards “service relationships” as buyers seek trust, reduced risk, and close partnerships through repeated exchanges with a same provider. Our results provide partial support for the moderating effects of key parameters differentiating deal hunters from relationship seekers, price sensitivity and degree of communications. The results will shed new light on the nature of buyer-seller relationships in OSMs.

The economics of the Nigerian liquefied natural gas project

Consideration for the environment is one of the major reasons for the ongoing global shift to gas as an energy source. Natural gas is a clean-burning fuel and poses less problems for the environment, when compared with current commercial sources of energy. This shift is gradually evolving a growing world demand for natural gas to be supplied either as pipeline gas or liquefied natural gas (LNG). Nigeria, with its relatively huge gas resources, is poised to supply a substantial part of this growing world demand with its LNG, which is expected to come on-stream by the final quarter of 1999. This paper examines the economics of Nigeria's LNG project. Nigeria is currently concentrating on the United States of America (USA) and Western European markets, because its LNG can be sold at competitive prices there. The study covers the demand and supply scenario in the world LNG trade. The activities of buyers and sellers in the world LNG trade are examined, with a view to identifying new markets for Nigeria's LNG. A payout time for the project is estimated and strategies for breaking into new markets are suggested. Finally, useful recommendations are made to ensure the sustainability of the LNG project.

Farmers Bargaining: Buying and Selling as a Subject in American Genre Painting, 1835-1868

This article uses genre painting as a data source for investigating the exchange activities of buyers and sellers in nineteenth-century America. Examples of this art are broken down into three subject categories (rural bargaining, itinerant peddlers, and African-American marketing exchange) and are examined in terms of their narrative content and artistic context. To better understand the sociocultural meaning of exchange during this period, four interpretive themes that cross the subject categories—social typing, retrospection, emotion, and morality are also considered.