Butyrate Solution Research Articles

Formation of Alloyed Cu2CoxZn1-xSn(S,Se)4 Absorption Layer and Its Application in Solar Cells.

Partial substitution of cations is crucial for suppressing harmful defects in Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 thin-film solar cells. In this study, based on the mixed n-butylammonium and butyrate solution system, the alloyed Cu2CoxZn1-xSn(S,Se)4 phase can be prepared by substituting Zn2+ with Co2+, which can suppress harmful defects and optimize the crystallinity of the Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 absorption layer, and improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency (PCE) of devices. By systematic investigation of the impact of Co content on the performance of devices, the optimal substitution amount of Zn2+ with Co2+ is 0.05. At this time, PCE, the open-circuit voltage (VOC), current density (JSC), and fill factor (FF) of the devices can reach 9.0%, 416 mV, 33.87 mA/cm2, and 64%, respectively. It is the first time that the replacement of Zn2+ with Co2+ is applied to optimize PCE of CZTSSe solar cells. The excellent results also demonstrate that the substitution of Zn2+ with Co2+ can become a new approach for further performance optimization of Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 solar cells.

The effect of oral butyrate on colonic short-chain fatty acid transporters and receptors depends on microbial status.

Butyrate, a metabolite produced by gut bacteria, has demonstrated beneficial effects in the colon and has been used to treat inflammatory bowel diseases. However, the mechanism by which butyrate operates remains incompletely understood. Given that oral butyrate can exert either a direct impact on the gut mucosa or an indirect influence through its interaction with the gut microbiome, this study aimed to investigate three key aspects: (1) whether oral intake of butyrate modulates the expression of genes encoding short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) transporters (Slc16a1, Slc16a3, Slc16a4, Slc5a8, Abcg2) and receptors (Hcar2, Ffar2, Ffar3, Olfr78, Olfr558) in the colon, (2) the potential involvement of gut microbiota in this modulation, and (3) the impact of oral butyrate on the expression of colonic SCFA transporters and receptors during colonic inflammation. Specific pathogen-free (SPF) and germ-free (GF) mice with or without DSS-induced inflammation were provided with either water or a 0.5% sodium butyrate solution. The findings revealed that butyrate decreased the expression of Slc16a1, Slc5a8, and Hcar2 in SPF but not in GF mice, while it increased the expression of Slc16a3 in GF and the efflux pump Abcg2 in both GF and SPF animals. Moreover, the presence of microbiota was associated with the upregulation of Hcar2, Ffar2, and Ffar3 expression and the downregulation of Slc16a3. Interestingly, the challenge with DSS did not alter the expression of SCFA transporters, regardless of the presence or absence of microbiota, and the effect of butyrate on the transporter expression in SPF mice remained unaffected by DSS. The expression of SCFA receptors was only partially affected by DSS. Our results indicate that (1) consuming a relatively low concentration of butyrate can influence the expression of colonic SCFA transporters and receptors, with their expression being modulated by the gut microbiota, (2) the effect of butyrate does not appear to result from direct substrate-induced regulation but rather reflects an indirect effect associated with the gut microbiome, and (3) acute colon inflammation does not lead to significant changes in the transcriptional regulation of most SCFA transporters and receptors, with the effect of butyrate in the inflamed colon remaining intact.

Oleo‐Dispersions of Electrospun Cellulose Acetate Butyrate Nanostructures: Toward Renewable Semisolid Lubricants

AbstractIn this work, the electrospinnability of cellulose acetate butyrate (CAb) solutions, and the ability of the resulting micro‐ and nano‐architectures to structure castor oil are studied aiming to develop eco‐friendly lubricating greases. Particles, beaded‐fibers, defect‐free fibers, and porous nanostructures are successfully prepared by dissolving CAb in N,N‐dimethylacetamide/acetone (DMAc:Ac, 1:2 w/w) and methylene chloride/acetone (DM:Ac, 1:1 w/w) solvent mixtures at different concentrations (2.5–15 wt.%). The formation of bead‐free nanofibers is favored at concentration above 10 wt.%, when solutions achieve relaxation times of ≈50 ms and shear‐thinning in extensional and shear flow tests, respectively. Non‐porous and porous CAb nanostructures are successfully used as castor oil thickeners at concentrations of 3–5 wt.%, leading a wide variety of rheological responses which mimic those of traditional semisolid lubricants. The surface properties of the nanofibers have a significant impact on the wear and friction performance in metal–metal contact, which has been associated with the oil release ability of the generated 3D network. Oleo‐dispersions prepared with smooth fibers show tribological performance comparable to, or even better than, commercial lithium greases. Overall, this study reveals the potential of CAb electrospun nanostructures for the development of next‐generation renewable semisolid lubricant formulations.

Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and butyrate supplementation in rats with bone cancer reduces mechanical allodynia and increases expression of μ-opioid receptor in the spinal cord.

Chronic cancer pain is one of the most unbearable symptoms for the patients with advanced cancer. The treatment of cancer pain continues to possess a major challenge. Here, we report that adjusting gut microbiota via probiotics can reduce bone cancer pain (BCP) in rats. The model of BCP was produced by tumor cell implantation (TCI) to the tibia in rats. Continuous feeding of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) was used to modulate the gut microbiota. Mechanical allodynia, bone destruction, fecal microbiota, and neurochemical changes in the primary dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and the spinal dorsal horn (DH) were assessed. LGG supplementation (109 CFU/rat/day) delayed the production of BCP for 3-4 days and significantly alleviated mechanical allodynia within the first 2 weeks after TCI. TCI-induced proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-β in the DH, and TCI-induced bone destruction in the tibia were both significantly reduced following LGG supplementation examined on day 8 after TCI. Meanwhile, we found that LGG supplementation, in addition to inhibiting TCI-induced pain, resulted in a significantly increased expression of the μ-opioid receptor (MOR) in the DH, but not in the DRG. LGG supplementation significantly potentiated the analgesic effect of morphine. Furthermore, LGG supplementation led to an increase in butyrate levels in the feces and serum and a decrease in histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2) expression in the DH. Feeding TCI-rats with sodium butyrate solution alone, at a dose of 100 mg/kg, resulted in decreased pain, as well as decreased HDAC2 expression and increased MOR expression in the DH. The increased expression of MOR and decreased HDAC2 were also observed in neuro-2a cells when we treated the cells with serum from TCI rats with supplementation of LGG or sodium butyrate. This study provides evidence that reshaping the gut microbiota with probiotics LGG can delay the onset of cancer pain. The butyrate-HDAC2-MOR pathway may be the underlying mechanism for the analgesic effect of LGG. These findings shed light on an effective, safe, and non-invasive approach for cancer pain control and support the clinical implication of probiotics supplementation for patients with BCP.

Sodium acetate/sodium butyrate alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced diarrhea in mice via regulating the gut microbiota, inflammatory cytokines, antioxidant levels, and NLRP3/Caspase-1 signaling

Diarrhea is a word-widely severe disease coupled with gastrointestinal dysfunction, especially in cattle causing huge economic losses. However, the effects of currently implemented measures are still not enough to prevent diarrhea. Previously we found that dropped short-chain fatty acids in diarrhea yaks, and butyrate is commonly known to be related to the epithelial barrier function and intestinal inflammation. However, it is still unknown whether sodium acetate/sodium butyrate could alleviate diarrhea in animals. The present study is carried out to explore the potential effects of sodium acetate/sodium butyrate on lipopolysaccharide-induced diarrhea in mice. Fifty ICR mice were randomly divided into control (C), LPS-induced (L), and sodium acetate/sodium butyrate (D, B, A)-treated groups. Serum and intestine samples were collected to examine inflammatory cytokines, antioxidant levels, relative gene expressions via real-time PCR assay, and gut microbiota changes through high-throughput sequencing. Results indicated that LPS decreased the villus height (p < 0.0001), increased the crypt depth (p < 0.05), and lowered the villus height to crypt depth ratio (p < 0.0001), while sodium acetate/sodium butyrate supplementation caused a significant increase in the villus height (p < 0.001), decrease in the crypt depth (p < 0.01), and increase in the villus height to crypt depth ratio (p < 0.001), especially. In mice treated with LPS, it was found that the serum level of IL-1β, TNF-α (p < 0.001), and MDA (p < 0.01) was significantly higher; however, sodium acetate/sodium butyrate supplementation significantly reduced IL-1β (p < 0.001), TNF-α (p < 0.01), and MDA (p < 0.01), respectively. A total of 19 genera were detected among mouse groups; LPS challenge decreased the abundance of Lactobacillus, unidentified F16, unidentified_S24-7, Adlercreutzia, Ruminococcus, unclassified Pseudomonadales, [Ruminococcus], Acetobacter, cc 1, Rhodococcus, unclassified Comamonadaceae, Faecalibacterium, and Cupriavidus, while increased Shigella, Rhodococcus, unclassified Comamonadaceae, and unclassified Pseudomonadales in group L. Interestingly, sodium acetate/sodium butyrate supplementation increased Lactobacillus, unidentified F16, Adlercreutzia, Ruminococcus, [Ruminococcus], unidentified F16, cc 115, Acetobacter, Faecalibacterium, and Cupriavidus, while decreased Shigella, unclassified Enterobacteriaceae, unclassified Pseudomonadales, Rhodococcus, and unclassified Comamonadaceae. LPS treatment upregulated the expressions of ZO-1 (p < 0.01) and NLRP3 (p < 0.0001) genes in mice; however, sodium acetate/sodium butyrate solution supplementation downregulated the expressions of ZO-1 (p < 0.05) and NLRP3 (p < 0.05) genes in treated mice. Also, the LPS challenge clearly downregulated the expression of Occludin (p < 0.001), Claudin (p < 0.0001), and Caspase-1 (p < 0.0001) genes, while sodium acetate/sodium butyrate solution supplementation upregulated those gene expressions in treated groups. The present study revealed that sodium acetate/sodium butyrate supplementation alleviated LPS-induced diarrhea in mice via enriching beneficial bacterium and decreasing pathogens, which could regulate oxidative damages and inflammatory responses via NLRP3/Caspase-1 signaling. The current results may give insights into the prevention and treatment of diarrhea.

Butyrate Ameliorates Intestinal Epithelial Barrier Injury Via Enhancing Foxp3+ Regulatory T-Cell Function in Severe Acute Pancreatitis Model.

Background:This study aimed to examine the effect of sodium butyrate on severe acute pancreatitis-related gut barrier injury in a rat model and explore its mechanism.Methods:Male rats randomly fell into 3 groups, that is, the control, the severe acute pancreatitis group, and the severe acute pancreatitis + butyrate group. Rats in the control group received sham operation, while rats in the severe acute pancreatitis group and severe acute pancreatitis + butyrate group received severe acute pancreatitis induction by intraductal infusion of 4% sodium taurocholate. After that, rats in the severe acute pancreatitis + butyrate group were fed with sodium butyrate solution with free access. Intestinal barrier injury was measured based on the expression of tight junction proteins by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting assay as well as immunohistochemical staining. The variation of Treg cells was measured by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting assay, immunohistochemical staining, and flow cytometry analysis.Results:Compared to rats in the control, rats in the severe acute pancreatitis group showed significantly higher pathohistological scores (P < .001) in the intestine, as well as decreased expression of occludin and ZO-1. While, rats in the severe acute pancreatitis + butyrate group showed mitigated histologic lesions (P < .05) and increased expressions of occludin and ZO-1. In addition, rats in the severe acute pancreatitis group showed the obvious reduction in the expressions of Foxp3 and GPR109a and the decreased percentage of Treg cells in the intestine (P < .001) compared to rats in the control. However, rats in the severe acute pancreatitis + butyrate group showed markedly increased expressions of Foxp3 and GPR109a and the upregulated percentage of Treg cells (P < .01).Conclusion:Butyrate could significantly mitigate the intestinal injury induced by severe acute pancreatitis, probably by inducing the differentiation of Treg cells.

Evaluation of butyric acid as a potential supportive treatment in anterior uveitis

Background: The aim of the study was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of topically administered aqueous sodium butyrate solution in an endotoxin-induced uveitis rat model and compare the results with corticosteroid treatment. Material and methods: Forty female Lewis rats were randomly divided into five groups. Uveitis was induced by a single lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection into each footpad of each LPS+ rat. Group I (naive) received saline injected into the footpad of each rat at a dose of 0.1 mL/each footpad; Group II (LPS+) received saline solution topically. Group III (LPS+ Dex) — an aqueous dexamethasone sodium phosphate solution topically; Group IV (LPS+ But 0.5 mM) — 0.5 mM aqueous sodium butyrate solution topically, Group V (LPS+ But 1 mM) — 1.0 mM aqueous sodium butyrate solution topically. Clinical scoring of inflammation in rat eyes was evaluated before LPS injection and after 24 hours. The iris involvement, posterior synechiae presence, and insight into the eye fundus were clinicallyassessed. A histopathological examination was also performed. The rats were euthanatized 24 hours after LPS injection, and aqueous humor (AqH) was collected from the eyes by anterior chamber puncture. Levels of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in the AqH were determined with commercially available Luminex assays. Results: Development of iris hyperemia associated with miosis and poor visibility of fundus details occurred 24 hours after LPS injection. Compared to the LPS+ group, the clinical scores were strongly suppressed in rats treated with Dexamethasone and moderately diminished in LPS+ But 0.5 mM. These clinical features were not observed in the controls (Group 1 — naive). Data from inflammatory cytokines evaluation indicates no significant differences between the LPS+ group (Group 2) and the LPS+ But groups (Groups 4 and 5). Histopathological examinations suggest that hyperemia, corneal stratification, and lesions were less common in the group of animals treated with BA in a lower concentration. Conclusion: Topical administration of sodium butyrate as a therapeutic agent might alleviate the severity of intraocular inflammation in eyes with uveitis. The effect of sodium butyrate was slight but clinically significant in 0.5 mM dose, so other doses of topically administered sodium butyrate should be considered and evaluated in further research.

Modified Drug Release from SiO2/Polyhydroxybutyrate Composite Prepared Using Bamboo Leaf-Derived Silica

The ability of a controlled or modified drug delivery system to supply the drug in a sustained way and assure on-demand bioavailability makes it preferable to traditional drug administration. Due to the reliance on alkoxysilane silica precursors, the preparation of silica/ polymer composite delivery material is costly. As a result, this study looked into using the bamboo leaf as a silica starting material. To evaluate in vitro degradability and modified-release in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) solution, the ash from the bamboo leaf was mixed with polyhydroxy butyrate (PHB) solution to make a (SiO2/PHB) composite, which was then loaded with the medication, tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH). The shape, phase composition, and chemical bond characteristics of the materials were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. An ultraviolet (UV) spectrophotometer was used to determine the TCH release profile. The SiO2/PHB composite was found to have a successful drug loading ability. In addition to regulated degradability in PBS, the composite exhibited a steady and sustained TCH release, with the degradation solution pH remaining below safe limits. As a result, the formulation of SiO2/PHB for continuous TCH delivery from bamboo leaf-derived silica suggests a significant potential economic benefit for a safe, regulated drug delivery method.

THE RAMIFICATION PATTERN OF PORTAL VEIN IN LEFT LOBE OF HUMAN LIVER STUDIED BY CORROSION CAST METHOD.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of the study was to know the intrahepatic ramication pattern of portal vein in left lobe of liver &amp; its variations. METHODS: 25 human fresh livers were obtained after autopsy and studied by corrosion cast method. Polymeric granules of butyl butyrate were dissolved in acetone and 20% homogenous solution was made. Solution was injected into portal vein and the injected liver was placed in 10 % formal saline for 24 hours at room temperature (20°C) for polymerization of infused butyl butyrate solution. Maceration of liver tissue achieved by whole-organ immersion in 1.8 N KOH solution at 68°C for 24 hrs. Each cast thus obtained was preserved in glycerin and details were studied. RESULTS: The length of the transverse part of Left portal vein (LPV) varies from 1.5 -3.7 cm (2.6 cm) while the length of umbilical part of LPV varied from 0.5 – 1.5 cm. (1.1cm.) and total length of LPV varies from 2.0 cm.-4.8cm.(3.7cm). Ramication of Left Portal Vein was described on the basis of its umbilical part. Two type of pattern observed Type I (Umbilical Part Turned Inferiorly) 60 % cases &amp; Type II (Umbilical Part Turned Superiorly). For segment II - Cranio- lateral (CAL) branch originated from the convexity of the curved portion of the umbilical part 84 % cases while in 16 % it has originated from the transverse part of the LPV. Segment III- Caudo- lateral branch (CRL) originated from the convexity of the curved portion of the umbilical part of LPV in all the cases. Segment IV- From the concavity, Inferio – medial branch ran downward &amp; medially while superior- medial branch ran superiorly &amp; medially to supply the lower &amp; upper part of segment IV respectively. The both superio- medial &amp; inferio-medial branches were present in 13 of 25 cases (52 %), while only superior -medial branches were present in 16 of 25 cases (64 %) cases &amp; only inferio-medial 21 of 25 cases (84%) in cases. In 5 of 25 cases (20 %), a common trunk has originated from the concavity of curved portion of the umbilical part then it divided in to superior-medial &amp; inferio-medial branches to supply the segment IV. The number of portal branches to the caudate lobe (segment I) varied from 1 to 4 branches: most commonly from LPV (52 %), then portal vein (16%) &amp; then right portal vein12% cases. At least one of these branches was always originated from LPV (100%). The number of the branches to supply the caudate lode was 2 as it observed in 56 %, while 3 braches in 16 % cases &amp; 4 branches were present in only 8% of the cases. The ndings of present CONCLUSIONS: study on hepatic vasculature have immense importance in the eld of hepato-biliary surgeries.

English

BACKGROUND Variations in origin, course and distribution of renal blood vessels are frequent observations. The aim of this study was to observe the pattern of posterior segmental renal artery by corrosion cast method. METHODS Thirty pairs of kidneys were collected from cadavers in anatomy department of Subharti Medical College, Meerut. Corrosion casts of renal arteries were prepared by infusing cellulose acetate butyrate solution through abdominal aorta. They were macerated in conc. hydrochloric acid. Origin, course and distribution of the posterior segmental artery were studied. RESULTS Renal posterior segmental artery most frequently originated as a continuation of the posterior division (93 %). It has no anastomosis with nearby segmental arteries. CONCLUSIONS Posterior segmental artery supplies posterior segment of kidney and may also frequently give origin to apical segmental artery. This study of origin, course, distribution and variations of renal posterior segmental artery will be useful for surgical and radiological practice. KEYWORDS Kidneys, Renal Artery, Anterior Division, Posterior Division, Posterior Segmental Artery, Abdominal Aorta, Corrosion Casts

Volume and compressibility changes on mixing solutions of alkali halides/sodium acetate with sodium salt of butyric acid at 298.15 K: Understanding like charge ionic (anion–anion) interactions in water

Excess molar volumes of mixing (ΔmVex) and excess adiabatic compression of mixing (Δm(βV)ex) have been calculated by measuring density and sound velocity data for aqueous binary and ternary solution involving sodium acetate-NaBr, sodium acetate-KBr, sodium acetate-KI, sodium butyrate-NaBr, sodium butyrate-KBr, sodium butyrate-KI (in the concentration region 0.0993–1.0929 mol·kg−1 and at ionic strength of 1.0 in ternary solutions) and sodium acetate‑sodium butyrate (in the concentration region 0.1022–1.8480 mol·kg−1 and at ionic strength of 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 in ternary solutions) at 298.15 K. The density and sound velocity measurements are also reported for the aqueous binary solutions of studied electrolytes at 298.15 K and the data were utilized for the determinations of the apparent molar volume and apparent molar compressibility values at finite concentrations. Friedman's theory has been applied to the data for volume of mixing AX and BX as well for hetero combinations of ions to obtain the coefficients required to assess the contributions to volume changes on mixing due to the structural effects and ion-ion interactions (cation–cation, anion–anion and cation–anion–cation interactions in case of sodium acetate‑sodium butyrate solutions, common cation AX-AY and other heteroionic combinations. Similar calculations were made for adiabatic compressibility data and Δm(βV)ex are obtained. The studies reveal that the ΔmVex and Δm(βV)exvalues for all systems exhibit parabolic behaviours as a function of ‘y’ (fraction of ionic strength of an electrolyte (AX) in the mixture of two electrolytes (AX + BX or other combinations) in water at 298.15 K. The magnitudes of ΔmVex are in the order of CH3(CH2)2COONa + KI ≈ CH3(CH2)2COONa-CH3COONa > CH3(CH2)2COONa + KBr > CH3(CH2)2COONa + NaBr while the magnitudes of Δm(βV)ex are in the order of CH3(CH2)2COONa + KBr > CH3(CH2)2COONa + CH3COONa > CH3(CH2)2COONa + NaBr > CH3(CH2)2COONa + KI at ionic strength of 1.0. Similar trends were obtained for ternary solutions having compounds CH3COONa + NaBr/KBr/KI but having smaller magnitudes of ΔmVex and Δm(βV)ex at ionic strength of 1.0. The observed positive volume changes and negative compressibility changes have been interpreted in terms of hydrophobic interactions of anions, size and polarizability of anions as well the H-bonding with water molecules causing alteration in cosphere water contribution which may be of constructive type cosphere overlap due to anion–anion interactions.

SOLUTE-SOLUTE AND SOLUTE-SOLVENT INTERACTIONS STUDIES OF SACCHARIDES IN AQUEOUS SODIUM BUTYRATE SOLUTION AT 308K TEMPERATURES

Density and viscosity of D (+) galactose and D (+) lactose mono hydrates in aqueous solution of sodium butyrate solutions have been determined experimentally at 308 K. The results obtained from density and viscosity measurement have been used to calculate the, apparent molal volume фv, partial molal volume ф0v, transfer volume ∆ф0tr at infinite dilution, A and B coefficient and Sv experimental slope. The results are interpreted in terms of solute-co- solute and solute-solvent interactions in these systems. It has been observed that there exist strong solute-solvent and solute-solute interactions and complex formation between in these ternary systems. The properties of the D (+) galactose and D (+) lactose mono hydrates in aqueous solution of sodium butyrate solutions are discussed in terms of the structure making and hydrogen bonding effect.

Effects of swallowing and spitting on flavor intensity

AbstractDoes spitting provide the same flavor experience as swallowing? The objective of this research was to compare swallowing and spitting as procedures for evaluating flavor intensity. Participants evaluated taste or flavor intensity by both swallowing and expectorating water solutions, puddings, and cookies with added tastes and odors; each taste/odor was evaluated at several different concentrations. Flavor intensity was perceived to be more intense for caffeine solutions, ethyl butyrate solutions, and almond extract‐flavored puddings when panelists swallowed than when they expectorated. Such differences were not observed for sucrose solutions, citric acid solutions, and most monosodium glutamate solutions. Swallowing versus expectorating had no effect on the flavor intensity of cookies flavored with orange extract. Our observations that swallowing/expectorating does not impact all attributes equally, suggests that spitting will change both the intensity profiles and the character of a food compared with normally swallowing.Practical applicationsSpitting is a common practice in trained panel evaluations of food, wine judging, and other situations where people wish to minimize the amount of food they ingest. Spitting, however, changes the perceived intensities of some flavors, but not others, thus potentially altering the sensory character of the food.

Effects of early intervention with sodium butyrate on lipid metabolism-related gene expression and liver metabolite profiles in neonatal piglets

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of early intervention with sodium butyrate on the lipid metabolism and liver metabolite profiles in neonatal piglets. Ten litters of newborn crossbred Duroc×Landrace×Large White piglets were randomly assigned to the control or sodium butyrate treatment with 5 litters per treatment. Piglets in the sodium butyrate treatment were orally administered with 7–13mL sodium butyrate solution (150mmol/L) per day from d 0–6, whereas the piglets in the control treatment were treated with the same dose of physiological saline. At the age of 7 and 21 d, 1 piglet from each litter was sacrificed. The liver, backfat, and loin muscle of piglets were collected for gene expression or metabolome analysis. The results showed that sodium butyrate treatment had no effect on the growth performance of piglets. Sodium butyrate decreased the concentration of cholesterol (P<0.05) and tended to decrease high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (P=0.079) in the serum on d 7, while there was no difference in serum metabolites between 2 treatments on d 21. Real-time PCR assay showed that sodium butyrate down-regulated the mRNA expression of lipogentic genes sterol regulatory element binding protein 1c and fatty acid synthetize in the liver on d 7 (P<0.05). Adipocyte markers leptin, fatty acid binding protein 4, and peroxisome proliferatoractivated receptor γ expression in backfat were up-regulated (P<0.05) by sodium butyrate treatment on d 7. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis showed that sodium butyrate mainly affected liver glycolysis metabolism and gluconeogenesis metabolism of piglets on d 7 and 21. These results indicate that early oral administration of sodium butyrate could change the lipid metabolism by decreasing fatty acid synthesis, and modulate hepatic metabolite profiles.

Effects of Early Intervention with Sodium Butyrate on Gut Microbiota and the Expression of Inflammatory Cytokines in Neonatal Piglets.

Butyrate in the gut of animals has potential properties including regulating the innate immune, modulating the lipid metabolism, and protecting gut healthy. So far, only limited information on the impact of butyrate on the neonatal is available. This study aimed to investigate effects of oral administration of sodium butyrate (SB) on gut microbiota and the expression of inflammatory cytokine in neonatal piglets. Ten litters of crossbred newborn piglets were randomly allocated to the SB and control (CO) groups, each group consisted of five litters (replicates). Piglets in the SB group were orally administrated with 7 to 13 ml sodium butyrate solution (150 mmol/l) per day from the age of 1 to 7 days, respectively; piglets in the CO group were treated with the same dose of physiological saline. On days 8 and 21 (of age), gut digesta and tissues were collected for the analysis of microbiota, butyrate concentration and gene expression of inflammatory cytokine. Results showed that there was no difference in the butyrate concentration in the gut of piglets on days 8 and 21 between two groups. Real-time PCR assay showed that SB had no effect on the numbers of total bacteria in the stomach, ileum, and colon. MiSeq sequencing of the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene revealed that SB increased the richness in the stomach and colon, and the diversity of colonic microbiota on day 8 (P < 0.05). Genera Acinetobacter, Actinobacillus, Facklamia, Globicatella, Kocuria, Rothia, unclassified Leptotrichiaceae, unclassified Neisseriaceae, and unclassified Prevotellaceae in the stomach were increased in relative abundance by SB treatment, whereas the abundances of Lactobacillus decreased on day 8 (P < 0.05). At the genus and operational taxonomic unit (OTU) levels, SB had low impact on bacterial community in the ileum and colon on days 8 and 21. SB treatment decreased the expression of IL-6, IL-8, IFN-γ, IL-10, TGF-β, and histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) in the ileum of piglets on day 8 (P < 0.05). SB treatment down-regulated the expression of IL-8, IFN-γ, and IL-1β on day 21 (P < 0.05). Correlation analysis on the combined datasets revealed some potential relationships between gut microbiota and the expression of inflammatory cytokines. The results show that early intervention with sodium butyrate can modulate the ileum inflammatory cytokine in neonatal piglets with low impact on intestinal microbial structure, which suggests oral administration of SB may have a benefit role in the health of neonatal piglets.

Enhancing Butanol Production under the Stress Environments of Co-Culturing Clostridium acetobutylicum/Saccharomyces cerevisiae Integrated with Exogenous Butyrate Addition.

In this study, an efficient acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) fermentation strategy integrating Clostridium acetobutylicum/Saccharomyces cerevisiae co-culturing system with exogenous butyrate addition, was proposed and experimentally conducted. In solventogenic phase, by adding 0.2 g-DCW/L-broth viable S. cerevisiae cells and 4.0 g/L-broth concentrated butyrate solution into C. acetobutylicum culture broth, final butanol concentration and butanol/acetone ratio in a 7 L anaerobic fermentor reached the highest levels of 15.74 g/L and 2.83 respectively, with the increments of 35% and 43% as compared with those of control. Theoretical and experimental analysis revealed that, the proposed strategy could, 1) extensively induce secretion of amino acids particularly lysine, which are favorable for both C. acetobutylicum survival and butanol synthesis under high butanol concentration environment; 2) enhance the utilization ability of C. acetobutylicum on glucose and over-produce intracellular NADH for butanol synthesis in C. acetobutylicum metabolism simultaneously; 3) direct most of extra consumed glucose into butanol synthesis route. The synergetic actions of effective amino acids assimilation, high rates of substrate consumption and NADH regeneration yielded highest butanol concentration and butanol ratio in C. acetobutylicum under this stress environment. The proposed method supplies an alternative way to improve ABE fermentation performance by traditional fermentation technology.

Ordered meso-/macroporous silica and titania films by breath figure templating in combination with non-hydrolytic sol–gel processing

A facile and cost efficient approach towards meso-/macroporous silica and titania materials is presented by a combination of breath figure (BF) templating with non-hydrolytic sol–gel processing and evaporation-induced self-assembly. Coatings as well as powders can be synthesized by simply casting sols containing the respective metal alkoxide/chloride mixture in the presence of a polymeric cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB) solution and small amounts of water into Petri dishes. For the siliceous products a long range ordered mesopore network has been obtained, while for titania crystalline products comprising interparticle mesoporosity with only a low degree of long range ordering were synthesized. The addition of CAB to the sol induced the formation of macropores. It was found that the ageing time of the sol after homogenization by ultrasonication as well as the polymer content play an important role in the formation of the macroporous morphology.

A CORROSION CAST STUDY OF RAMIFICATION PATTERN OF PORTAL VEIN IN RIGHT LOBE OF HUMAN LIVER

Address for Correspondence: Dr. Ajay Singh Rajput, Assistant Professor, Department of Anatomy, RIMS, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India. 301, Eldeco Emperor, New Hyderabad, Lucknow, UP, India 226007. Phone : +918418995515 E-Mail: drasrajputcip@gmail.com Access this Article online Quick Response code Web site: *1 Assistant Professor, Department of Anatomy, RIMS, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India. 2 Assistant Professor, Department of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, Mayo Institute of Medical Sciences, Barabanki, Uttar Pradesh, India. 3 Associate Professor, Department of Anatomy, Career Institute of Medical Sciences and Hospitals, Ghaila, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India. Objectives: The aim of the study was to know the intrahepatic ramification pattern of portal vein in right lobe of liver & its variations. Methods: 25 human fresh livers were obtained after autopsy and studied by corrosion cast method. Polymeric granules of butyl butyrate were dissolved in acetone and 20% homogenous solution was made. Solution was injected into portal vein and the injected liver was placed in 10 % formal saline for 24 hours at room temperature (20°C) for polymerization of infused butyl butyrate solution. Maceration of liver tissue achieved by wholeorgan immersion in 1.8 N KOH solution at 68°C for 24 hrs. Each cast thus obtained was preserved in glycerin and details were studied. Results: The length of the right portal vein varies 0.5 to 1.8 cm (1.2 cm). The right portal vein bifurcated into second order branches right anterior portal vein (RAPV) & right posterior portal vein (RPPV) in 87 % of the cases, while trifurcated in rest of 13 % of cases. The angle between the anterior and posterior division ranged from 58°-95 °. Anterio-superior (P8) branch shown three type of ramification Bifurcation type (72 %), P8one pedicle type (8 %) and P8trifurcation type (20%). Anterio-inferior (P5 max ) branch shown the three type of ramification pattern P5 -common type (72 %), P5 – P8 anterior type (28 %) but P5 – P8 posterior type was not observed. Right Posterior Portal Vein has shown three types of ramification pattern Type I-Fan shaped (64%),Type II (28 %) & Type III-Trifurcation type (8%). Conclusions: The findings of present study on hepatic vasculature have immense importance in the field of hepato-biliary surgeries like hepatic resection, segmentectomy and liver transplantation.

Pathogenic effect of intestinal immune dysfunction on irritable bowel syndrome in mouse model

Objective To investigate the role of intestinal immune dysfunction in the pathogenesis of irritable bowel syndrome(IBS) and to study the effects of Clostridium butylicum on the regulation of intestinal immune disorders.Methods A total of 50 male 6-week-old C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into three groups,including the experimental group (n =20),the control group (n =20) and the Clostridium butylicum group(n =10).A mouse model of constipation-predominant IBS (C-IBS) was established by perfusing sodium butyrate solution(200 μl,concentration of 500 mmol/L) into the mouse colon twice a day for three consecutive days.The mice in control group were intrarectally perfused with normal saline enema (200 μl).Two hours before the perfusion of sodium butyrate into colon,the mice in Clostridium butylicum group were given Clostridium butylicum 500 μl(viable cell concentration of 1×109 CFU/ml) by oral gavage once a day for six days.The colorectal distention test(CRD) was carried out for evaluation of clinical parameters.HE staining of intestinal tissue section was performed for histopathological assessment of colonic mucosal inflammation.Intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) and lamina propria mononuclear cells (LPMCs) were isolated and analyzed by flow cytometry to evaluate the correlation between IBS and intestinal immune dysfunction/abnormal activation of intestinal immune cells in mouse model of C-IBS,and to assess the regulatory effects of Clostridium butylicum on the intestinal immune disorder.Results (1) Compared with the control group,the mice in experimental group showed a significant change in physiological parameters,histological structure of colon,inflammatory cells infiltration and low-grade inflammatory state.There was a significant increase in scores of CRD and a decrease in lowest sensory threshold (t=8.926 and t=6.103,both P＜0.001) ; (2) There was a decrease in the numbers of DC in IELs (t =2.878 and t =3.086,both P＜0.05),but an increase in the numbers of macrophage (t=3.191,P＜0.05) and the memory T cells in mice with IBS (t=3.071,P＜0.05) as compared with that in control group; (3)DCs were decreased (t=2.880 and t=2.664,both P＜0.05),but memory T cells were increased (t =3.732 and 2.682,P＜0.01 and P＜0.05) in the LPMCs of mice in experimental group; (4)There was no significant difference in the physiological index between the mice in control group and the Clostridium butylicum group.Levels of memory T cells,macrophages and DCs in the IELs were close to the normal level (6 d,t =1.103,0.0213,0.418,all P＞0.05),and levels of macrophages and DCs in the LPMCs of mice in the Clostridium butylicum group were also similar to that in the control group (6 d,t =0.782,0.347,both P＞0.05) ; (5) Compared with the mice in experimental group,the level of memory T cells in LPMCs of mice treated with Clostridium butylicum was dramatically declined (6 d,t=2.346,P=0.0470,P＜0.05),however,which was still higher than that of mice in control group (6 d,t =2.233,P =0.0476,P＜0.05).The intestinal immune function was restored to normal level with Clostridium butylicum intervention.Conclusion The pathophysiologic mechanism of IBS might be closely related to the abnormal activation of intestinal immune cellsand disordered functional state in the intestinal mucosa.Clostridium butylicum could regulate the intestinal immune homeostasis and restore the physiological function of gastrointestinal tract. Key words: C-IBS; Visceral hypersensitivity; Immune system dysfunction; Low-grade inflammatory state; Clostridium butylicum

Preparation and Evaluation of β-Carotene Containing Microemulsion

Abstract Microemulsions (O/W, W/O and B.C.) formed in Tween80/ethanol/ethyl butyrate/water system were identified by phase diagram determination and conductivity measurement at 25 °C. Comparative studies were made, by means of dynamic light scattering, viscosity and UV measurements, on (1) the difference of viscosity and particle size between β-carotene solubilized and empty microemulsions; (2) the effects of sunlight and temperature on the stability of β-carotene both in microemulsion and in ethyl butyrate solution. It is shown that in β-carotene loaded systems, the mean particle diameter is 82.13 nm and the size distributions were quite broad (PDI = 0.35). Smaller particles (31.75 nm) and narrower particle size distribution of droplets (PDI = 0.14) were obtained in empty microemulsion. The sizes of droplets of both β-carotene loaded and empty ones get shrunk sharply in the first 3 days, then keep remarkable stability even for a month. β-carotene solubilized in microemulsion is much more stable than that solubilized in ethyl butyrate solution.