Butylated Melamine Formaldehyde Research Articles

Self-Powered Water Splitting of Ni3FeN@Fe24N10 Bifunctional Catalyst Improved Catalytic Activity and Durability by Forming Fe24N10 on Catalyst Surface via the Kirkendall Effect.

Highly efficient water splitting electrocatalyst for producing hydrogen as a renewable energy source offers potential to achieve net-zero. However, it has significant challenges in using transition metal electrocatalysts as alternatives to noble metals due to their low efficiency and durability, furthermore, the reliance on electricity generation for electrocatalysts from fossil fuels leads to unavoidable carbon emissions. Here, a highly efficient self-powered water splitting system integrated is designed with triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) and Ni3FeN@Fe24N10 catalyst with improved catalytic activity and durability. First, the durability of the Ni3FeN catalyst is improved by forming N, P carbon shell using melamine, polyetherimide, and phytic acid. The catalyst activity is improved by generating Fe24N10 in the carbon shell through the Kirkendall effect. The synthesized Ni3FeN@Fe24N10 catalyst exhibited excellent bifunctional catalytic activity (ηOER = 261.8 mV and ηHER = 151.8 mV) and remarkable stability (91.7% in OER and 90.5% in HER) in 1 m KOH. Furthermore, to achieve ecofriendly electricity generation, a rotation-mode TENG that sustainably generate high-performance is realized using butylated melamine formaldehyde. As a result, H2 is successfully generated using the integrated system composed of the designed TENG and catalyst. The finding provides a promising approach for energy generation to achieve net-zero.

High Permittivity CaCu3Ti4O12 Particle‐Induced Internal Polarization Amplification for High Performance Triboelectric Nanogenerators

AbstractHere, a composite material based on the butylated melamine formaldehyde (BMF) and high permittivity CaCu3Ti4O12 (CCTO) particles as a triboelectric dielectric material for stable high output triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) is proposed. CCTO particles, which have the high permittivity of 7500, can potentially result in the formation of strong internal polarization into the dielectric material under the electric field from triboelectric charges. As a consequence, the charge induction on the bottom electrode is enhanced thereby increasing the triboelectric output performance. A rotation‐type freestanding mode TENG based on BMF–CCTO 1 wt% composite material demonstrates high performance power output of a root‐mean‐square voltage and current density with 268 V and 25.8 mA m−2, respectively. The strategy of incorporating the high permittivity CCTO particles can be universally applied to any triboelectric polymer matrix in order to enhance the output performance of TENGs.

Butylated melamine formaldehyde as a durable and highly positive friction layer for stable, high output triboelectric nanogenerators

Butylated melamine formaldehyde as a strong candidate to be used as a triboelectric friction layer for the stable high-output performance of triboelectric nanogenerators.

Hyperbranched Soya Alkyd Nanocomposite: A Sustainable Feedstock-Based Anticorrosive Nanocomposite Coatings

Globular structured oleo alkyds possess low viscosity, good fluidity and play important role in the generation of volatile organic compound (VOC) free paints and coatings. Soya oil (SO), an abundant, inexpensive, renewable, and sustainable is one of the examples of such oleo alkyd precursor that meets the requirement of green chemistry. Present work reports the synthesis of hyperbranched soya alkyd based nanocomposite coatings and their corrosion inhibition efficiency. Hyperbranched alkyd (HBA) was synthesized using SO, pentaerythritol and phthalic anhydride. The magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles were dispersed via sonication in butylated melamine formaldehyde (BMF) modified HBA (HBA-BMF) to formulate the nanocomposite (HBA-BMF-Fe3O4) anticorrosive coatings. The ASTM methods were used to evaluate structural, morphological, physico-mechanical, thermal, electrochemical and anticorrosive properties of these coatings. The HBA has a globular structure with the good degree of branching (DOB = 0.69). HBA-BMF and H...

Coating properties of shellac modified with synthesised epoxidised-novolac resin

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to improve the properties of shellac by blending with epoxidised novolac resin for its use as coating material for metal surfaces.Design/methodology/approach– Epoxidised-novolac resin was synthesised by epoxidation of novolac resin, which in turn was synthesised by reaction of phenol with formaldehyde. The epoxidised-novolac resin was blended with different weight ratios of shellac ranging 10-50 weight per cent with an interval of 10 weight per cent. Films of the blends were studied for different coating properties using standard procedure.Findings– Significant improvement in coating properties of shellac such as gloss, scratch hardness and impact resistance was observed on blending with epoxidised novolac resin. Resistance towards water and alkali increased, while acid resistance decreased, with the increase in concentration of epoxidised novolac resin in the blends. Contact angle measurement revealed that blends showed more resistance towards polar solvent than non-polar ones.Research limitations/implications– Epoxidised-novolac resin used in the study was synthesised of epoxy equivalent of 187. Epoxidised-novolac resin of different epoxy equivalent can also be synthesised and used for blending and studying the properties.Practical implications– Blending of shellac with epoxidised-novolac resin improved the coating properties of shellac, which was further enhanced with the treatment of butylated melamine formaldehyde resin. The formulation can be used as coating material for metal surfaces.Originality/value– Blending of shellac with epoxidised-novolac resin was done for the first time. The formulation can be utilised for developing coating material for metal surfaces.

S-Triazine Ring-Modified Waterborne Alkyd: Synthesis, Characterization, Antibacterial, and Electrochemical Corrosion Studies

The surface coating industry is globally involved in developing useful, eco-friendly, and VOC (volatile organic compounds)-free coating systems, which exhibit promising physico-mechanical and corrosion protective performance. Herein, we report the synthesis of butylated melamine formaldehyde (BMF)-modified soy alkyd (SA-BMF). The structural elucidation and molecular weight of soy alkyd (SA) and SA-BMF resin was carried out by FT-IR, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR spectroscopy and gel permeation chromatography (GPC) techniques. The physico-chemical and physico-mechanical properties were tested by standard protocols. Initial decomposition temperature was measured by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The curing study and glass transition temperature were assessed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Hydrophobicity of the coatings was measured in terms of contact angle. The anticorrosion performance of SA-BMF was studied experimentally using polarization techniques and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), while the antimicrobial efficacy of the same were tested against Gram positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Gram negative bacterium Escherichia coli (E. coli) by the agar diffusion method. Overall, our studies revealed that the waterborne SA-BMF coating exhibited higher scratch resistance, impact resistance (150 lb/in.), and bend tests (flexibility retentive 1/8 in.), along with good antibacterial activity and anticorrosive performance. These coatings also find safe usage up to 200 °C.

Synthesis and characterization of poly(etherfattyamide) coatings from non edible seed oil

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to develop poly(etherfattyamide) coatings from Pongamia glabra seeds oil utilizing a sustainable resource, which is non edible, non medicinal and goes as waste. Seed oil based poly(etherfattyamide) is used as a coating material to improve the coating properties especially gloss and alkali resistance.Design/methodology/approachPongamia glabra oil was first converted into N,N′ bis 2‐hydroxyethyl Pongamia glabra oil fatty amide (HEPFA). HEPFA was treated with 1,4‐cyclohexanedimethanol (CHDM) to develop poly(etherfattyamide) (PEFA). PEFA was cured with (butylated melamine formaldehyde) (BMF) in different (35, 40, 45, 50) phr (part per hundred part of resin) to produce coating material. The structural elucidations of HEPFA and PEFA were carried out by FT‐IR, 1H‐NMR and 13C‐NMR spectral techniques. The thermal study was performed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), respectively. The physico‐mechanical and chemical resistance/anticorrosive properties were investigated by standard laboratory methods.FindingsThe authors developed a good coatings material from a sustainable resource. The physico‐mechanical and anticorrosive performance evaluation exhibits satisfactory results. PEFA‐BMF coatings material showed good alkali resistance and high gloss. The thermal studies showed that PEFA‐BMF45 may be safely used up to 225°C.Practical implicationsBMF modified PEFA coatings showed the highest scratch hardness 3.5 kg, flexibility (1/8 inch conical mandrel bend test) and gloss at 45° is 76‐82. Among all, PEFA‐BMF45 showed the best physico‐mechanical and chemical resistance performance. Thus, it may be used as an efficient coating material.Originality/valueThe synthesis of BMF modified PEFA from Pongamia glabra oil using 1,4‐cyclohexanedimethanol has been studied for the first time providing a new approach to utilize a non edible seed oil – a sustainable resource.

Synthesis, characterization and the effect of the s-triazine ring on physico-mechanical and electrochemical corrosion resistance performance of waterborne castor oil alkyd

The sustainable resource based volatile organic content (VOC) free coatings with superior anticorrosive properties are some of the most in demand in the surface coating industry. In the present investigation, we report the synthesis of butylated melamine formaldehyde (BMF) cured waterborne castor alkyd (WCA-BMF) using environmentally friendly solvent for anticorrosion applications. The cured resin was characterized by spectroscopic techniques, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The molecular weight of the resin was determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The corrosion protection performance of the coatings on carbon steel strips (CS) was investigated by potentiodynamic polarization (PDP), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and the salt spray test. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) examinations were carried out to study the morphology of bare CS and coated CS before and after exposure to a salt spray chamber. The results showed the prominent role played by the amount of BMF in the performance of the castor alkyd, as reflected by the high thermal stability, good adhesion, bending ability (1/8 inch bend test), impact resistance (>100 cm), scratch hardness (7.50 kg), along with good hydrophobicity and high corrosion protection performance. Thus, this study revealed that the presence of the s-triazine moiety in waterborne castor alkyd can produce a high performance corrosion protection coating material via a green route.

Development of Polyesteramine-Butylated Melamine Formaldehyde–Based Polymeric Coatings

In the present communication, polyesteramine (PEA) resin was synthesized by condensation polymerization of triethanolamine and itaconic acid and further treated with butylated melamine formaldehyde (BMF) in different (35, 40, 45, 50, 55) phr (part per hundred parts of resin) used as cross-linker and orthrophosphoric acid as catalyst. The structural elucidation of PEA was carried out by FT-IR, 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR spectroscopic techniques. The physicochemical characterization of the resin, including acid value, hydroxyl value, refractive index, and specific gravity, were carried out by standard methods. The PEA-BMF systems were applied on mild steel strips of standard sizes by a brush to evaluate their physico-mechanical and chemical/corrosion resistance properties. Physico-mechanical properties and anticorrosive performance of PEA-BMF systems were investigated by standard methods. It was found that among all resin compositions PEA-BMF50 exhibited excellent coating properties. Morphology of coatings was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Thermal stability of the resin was determined by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Thermal analysis reveals that PEA-BMF50 can be safely used up to 200°C.

Development of polyaniline‐polydimethylsiloxane adduct nanoparticle dispersed butylated melamine formaldehyde cured soy alkyd

AbstractInherently conducting polymers (ICP) have attracted the attention of researchers because of their low cost and environmental stability. However, for commercial applications the poor processibility and solubility of ICPs have inhibited their widespread use. To avoid these disadvantages adducts, blends, and composites of conducting polymers have been developed. With a view to enhance the processibility of polyaniline (PANI), this work reports the synthesis of nano PANI polydihydroxydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) adduct and the formulation of its nanocomposite via the dispersion of this nano adduct in butylated melamine formaldehyde (BMF) cured soy alkyd (SA) in different weight loadings (0.25 wt %, 0.5 wt %, 1 wt %). The formation of PANI‐PDMS adduct and its dispersion in butylated melamine formaldehyde (BMF) cured soy alkyd (SA) was confirmed by FTIR, UV‐visible, 1H‐NMR whereas the morphological characterization was done using TEM and X‐ray diffraction analyses. The presence of PANI‐PDMS in SA‐BMF resin was found to significantly enhance the physicochemical, physicomechanical, and thermal properties which could be utilized in the development of corrosion protective paints and coatings. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012

Jute‐fiber‐reinforced polyurethane green composites based on Mesua ferrea L. seed oil

AbstractTwo types of environmentally friendly jute‐fiber‐reinforced green composites based on Mesua ferrea L. were prepared with poly(urethane ester) and poly(urethane amide) resin blends with commercially available partially butylated melamine–formaldehyde and epoxy resins through solution impregnation and hot‐curing methods. The composites were cured at a temperature of about 130–140°C under a pressure of 35 ± 5 kg/cm2 for about 2 h. The mechanical properties, such as tensile strength, flexural strength, elongation at break, hardness, and density, of all of the composites were measured and compared. The mode of interaction between the filler and the matrix were studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy of the fractured composite samples. The water uptake in different chemical media was observed, and we found that all of the composites possessed excellent hydrolytic stability against almost all of the media except the alkali. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were used to analyze the thermal behavior of the composites. TGA of the composites showed degradation much above that of the virgin blends, which indicated their high thermostability. The glass‐transition temperatures, as shown by DSC analysis, were found to be much higher. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010

Synthesis, characterization, and anticorrosive coating properties of waterborne interpenetrating polymer network based on epoxy‐acrylic‐oleic acid with butylated melamine formaldehyde

AbstractThe present study reports the synthesis and characterization of waterborne interpenetrating network (IPN) of epoxy‐acrylic‐oleic acid (EpAcO) with butylated melamine formaldehyde (BMF). The effect of BMF on the formation of IPN was investigated in terms of physicochemical, spectral, morphological, and thermal analyses. The coating properties of the IPN were investigated for their physicomechanical, corrosion resistance, and antimicrobial activity. The formation of the IPN was confirmed by FTIR and 1H NMR analyses as well as physicochemical properties. The EpAcO‐BMF IPN coatings were found to exhibit far superior corrosion resistance performance and good thermal stability when compared with the reported waterborne epoxy acrylic‐melamine formaldehyde systems [EpAc‐MF]. The preliminary antimicrobial investigations of the IPNs were carried out by agar diffusion method against some bacteria and fungi. The results revealed that antimicrobial activities were enhanced upon the formation of IPN. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009

Eco-friendly Crosslinking Agent for Acid Functional Acrylic Resin

Oil fromJ. multifidawas extracted and it was first converted intoN,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl) Jatropha fatty amide (HEJFA). HEJFA has been synthesized by reaction between Jatropha oil and diethanol amine in presence of zinc oxide as a catalyst. The reaction is relatively rapid and proceeded to high yield at 200±5OC. The resulting HEJFA was used to formulate thermosetting coating compositions. Films were cured at ambient (air drying) and elevated (stove drying) temperatures usingN, N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl) Jatropha fatty amide (HEJFA) as eco-friendly crosslinking agent for acrylic resin. The coating performance of the various compositions was tested by measurement of scratch hardness, impact strength and chemical resistance. The results show better performance of the HEJFA based compositions compared to butylated melamine formaldehyde (MF) based compositions.

Evaluation of Mesua ferrea L. seed oil modified polyurethane paints

Two types of stoving paints have been prepared from Mesua ferrea L. seed oil (MFLSO) modified poly(urethane ester) (PUE) binder systems. One stoving paint system was prepared from partially butylated melamine formaldehyde (MF) resin modified MFLSO-based PUE (70:30 weight ratio) and other one comprised of bisphenol-A-based epoxy resin modified with MFLSO-based PUE (50:50 weight ratio). Paints made with these two resin systems as binders were evaluated against the standard paint system. The physical properties of the paint systems viz. non-volatile content, specific gravity, viscosity, drying time, flexibility, adhesion, scratch hardness, gloss, etc. and chemical properties such as corrosion resistance, salt spray resistance, UV resistance, etc. were measured as per the standard methods and were compared. Thermal stability and surface morphology of the paints were also studied by using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. The performance characteristics of both the test paints were found to be comparable with the corresponding industrial standard paints. Out of the two test paints, the epoxy modified PUE-based stoving paint has been found to be preferred.

Studies on epoxy-butylated melamine formaldehyde-based anticorrosive coatings from a sustainable resource

In situ epoxidation of linseed oil (LO) was carried out as per previously reported method. Epoxidised oil (LOE) was further hydroxylated (HLOE) and cured with butylated melamine formaldehyde (BMF), in varying weight percentages (10–30 wt.% on the weight of epoxy resin) to develop coating materials. Structural elucidation of HLOE and HLOE–BMF system was performed by IR, 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectroscopic analyses. Physico-chemical characterization was carried out by standard methods. Thermal stability and curing behaviour of these systems were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), respectively. HLOE–BMF systems were applied over mild steel strips of standard sizes to evaluate their physico-mechanical and chemical resistance performance. It was found that, among all resin compositions, HLOE-30 exhibited far better coating properties.

Synthesis and Characterization of Piperazine-Modified Linseed Oil Fatty Amide Coatings

Piperazine-modified fatty amide (PMF) was prepared from N,N-bis(2 hydroxy ethyl) linseed oil fatty amide and piperazine through condensation polymerization. It was further cured with butylated melamine formaldehyde in different phr (parts per hundred part of resin) (PMF-BMF). PMF and PMF-BMF systems were subjected to spectroscopic analysis to ascertain their structure and curing scheme. Thermal studies and curing behavior of these resins were carried out by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The physico-mechanical performance and chemical resistance of PMF-BMF coatings were evaluated by standard methods. The effect of BMF content and curing temperature (ambient and elevated) on aforementioned coating properties was also investigated. It was found that PMF resin with 80 phr BMF cured at 120°C showed the best performance among all compositions.

Ambient Cured Tartaric Acid Modified Oil Fatty Amide Anticorrosive Coatings

A novel tartaric acid modified fatty amide diol (TAFA) was synthesized through the condensation polymerization of N,N‐bis(2‐hydroxy ethyl) linseed oil fatty amide and tartaric acid (TA).The structural elucidation of the TAFA resin was carried out by FT‐IR,1H‐NMR, and 13C‐NMR spectroscopic techniques. The physico‐mechanical and physico‐chemical characterization of the resin were done by standard methods. TAFA, when further reacted with butylated melamine formaldehyde (BMF) in different phr (part per hundred part of resin) (TAFA‐BMF) was found to cure at room temperature. The TAFA‐BMF cured system was subjected to spectroscopic analysis to ascertain the structure and curing scheme of the same. The thermal studies of these resins were carried out by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The physico‐mechanical properties and anticorrosive performance of TAFA‐BMF coatings were evaluated by standard methods. The effect of TA and BMF on thermal stability, physico‐mechanical and anticorrosive properties of resins was also investigated.

Fluorinated acrylic copolymers: Part I: Study of clear coatings

Fluorinated polymers find applications in various speciality coatings due to their low surface tension, non-wettability by water and oil, non-adhesive nature and antifouling properties. However, synthesis and composition of such fluorinated polymers remains a proprietary of few manufacturers and also requires expensive fluoro-intermediates. In this study we have adopted a simple method of synthesizing fluorinated acrylic copolymers. Acrylic copolymers based on methyl methacrylate (MMA), butyl acrylate (BA), and functional monomer, 2-hydroxy ethyl methacrylate (HEMA) were synthesized. The pendant OH functionality were partially esterified with tetrafluoro propanoic acid to varying extent and cured with butylated melamine–formaldehyde resin. The fluorine content of the resins was in the range of 4–10%. The clear coatings were studied for their optical, mechanical and protective properties. Incorporation of fluorine was found to extend the protective ability of coatings against atmospheric corrosion. The properties were compared with their non-fluorinated analogs.

Studies on new polyetheramide-butylated melamine formaldehyde based anticorrosive coatings from a sustainable resource

Polyetheramide (PEtA) resin was synthesized through the condensation polymerization of N, N-bis (2-hydroxy ethyl) linseed oil fatty amide with bisphenol-A. The structural elucidation of PEtA was carried out by FT-IR, 1H–NMR and 13C–NMR spectroscopic techniques. The physico-chemical characterization of the resin was done by standard methods. PEtA was further treated with butylated melamine formaldehyde (BMF) in different weight percentages and applied on mild steel strips of standard sizes by brush. The resin systems were then cured at different temperatures to obtain the optimum curing temperature. The cured resin systems were subjected to spectroscopic analyses to ascertain the structure of the same. The thermal stability and curing behaviour were studied by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), respectively. The physico-mechanical properties and anticorrosive performance of the PEtA–BMF systems were also evaluated. The effect of BMF loading and the influence of increase in curing temperature on aforementioned properties were also investigated. The studies revealed that the PEtA–BMF systems performed well as an anticorrosive coatings material.

Polyesteramide-amino Resin Systems for Industrial Maintenance Coatings

Oil-modified polyesteramide resins, suitable for surface coating applications, have been synthesised, using a non-traditional semidrying niger seed oil (Guizota Olifera). N,N-bis-(2-hydroxyethyl) niger amide (HENA) has been prepared by aminolysis of the oil with diethanolamine using zinc oxide as a catalyst. HENA was reacted separately with both phthalic anhydride (PA) and isophthalic acid (IPA) in varying molar ratios to obtain two series of hydroxy-terminated polyesteramides (HTPEAs), having varying hydroxyl values. Coating compositions from these resins have been formulated by incorporation of butylated melamine formaldehyde (BMF) resin in two different ratios and their various baked film properties have been evaluated. The results reveal that the oil can successfully be used as a component of polyesteramide resins for applications in industrial stoving finishes. Further, IPA based HTPEAs show good mechanical and chemical properties compared to their PA counterparts.