Button Switch Research Articles

Sensor-based isometric contraction examination tool after ankle sprain injury and ankle instability

Background. Previous studies have examined the application and benefits of sensors, both in sports and health. Unfortunately, the design of sensor-based isometric contraction examination tools after ankle sprain injuries and ankle instability is still rarely carried out. Purpose. The aim of this research is to design a sensor-based isometric contraction examination tool after ankle sprain injury and ankle instability. Material and Methods. The design used is research and development involving experts, namely instrumentation physics, sports physiology, and physiotherapy to assess the suitability of the tool before field trials. The tool developed is the “Isometric Contractions Test”, which is designed in the form of a box with dimensions of 10 cm (height) x 10 cm (width) x 25 cm (length). Various electronic components are also used, such as Arduino Pro Mini, Flexi Sensors, switch buttons, and OLED LCD as digital reading output. A total of 10 participants aged 18-23 years participated voluntarily for the field trial. Participants were men and women who had experienced sub-acute or chronic ankle sprains and ankle instability. The data obtained were analyzed using the correlation method. Result. The results of this study report that this sensor-based isometric contraction examination tool is valid, reliable, effective, and practical in detecting and treating post-injury healing of ankle sprains and ankle instability. Conclusions. This tool can be used to assist physiotherapists in carrying out observations and evaluations to treat healing quickly and precisely, both in athletes and non-athletes.

Perancangan dan Pembuatan Sistem Power Window pada Mobil Daihatsu Zebra Tahun 1995

Power window system is a series of electrical body system that functions to facilitate the driver when opening and closing the glass door electrically by using a power window switch mounted on the inside side of the door, where the manual power window system driver must rotate the glass opening lever to raise and lower the door glass. The power window motor rotates when the power window switch is pressed. The power window motor rotation will turn up and down through the door glass regulator to open or close the door glass.
 The power window application process includes preparation of component placement design and preparation of materials to be used such as motor power windows, relays, fuses and switches, after all is ready, then the installation of components such as motor power windows to the regulator which has been modified in the form of additional plates for the holder The motor, after the power window regulator is ready, then assembles the electrical system and the installation of connections or sockets to each component. After the regulator and the electrical system are ready then install the switch holder on the door trim that has been prepared.
 The results of the power window application obtained power window can work in accordance with its function using a switch, namely the glass door can move up and down according to the position of the switch button pressed on each switch and from the results of the measurement process that the average voltage requirement for the power window to the position goes up 11.5 V while the position goes down 12V. The average time needed to raise the glass on the door 3.63 seconds and to lower the glass door takes 2.78 seconds

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Based Library Management System

Purpose: The aim of this project is to design and build a library management system based on radio frequency identification that will help the librarian manage the shelves with less human involvement.
 Methodology: A dc supply at +5volts was connected to the microcontroller, with a voltage of +12volts dc connected to the buzzer, and a step-down transformer was used to convert 220volts to 5volts in this system. This power supply was connected to the switch, and by pressing a switch button, the current passed through the entire circuit. RFID collects all the data from the RFID tag. Using a UART module, the EM-18 RFID reader module was connected to 5v pic microcontrollers. The EM-1 RFID reader will read the tag number from an RFID tag when it is placed in its field of operation and output the information via a TX terminal. In order to signal successful tag detection, the beep terminal will turn low. Once the card is in front of the RFID reader, the student extracts the data from it and compares it to the data that is stored in the microprocessor, which is coded using embedded c language. If the data matches, the information is shown on the LCD.
 Finding: A library management system based on radio frequency identification and detection (RFID) was developed in this study to improve library use and management. To efficiently identify and manage the books, it will make use of the RFID reader. The student can search the database and, if the book is available, pick it up from the library because the database displays the book's availability at the library. The main advantages of this project in libraries include time savings, quick access to books, and the elimination of manual errors.
 Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and policy: Every inventive technical design has its limits. This passive RFID-based library management system has some limitations as a technology for precise data collection. This study recommend that the RFID reader should be improved so that it has finger and thumb print access, which is needed to access student data and details. However, it should also include a facial recognition application, which would further strengthen the biometric security of the system and protect it from impersonation by careless students.

The Study of Evolution and Application Related to the Chat-GPT

Chat-GPT has become increasingly popular and has provided tremendous help to people in their daily life. The fundamental working principle of Chat-GPT involves the incorporation of various methods such as Natural Language Processing (NLP), Recurrent Neural Network (RNN), Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), Transformer and Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback model (RLHF). These methods assist Chat-GPT in understanding, predicting and computing the desired outcomes for the users. NLP is used to help machines understand and process human language. RNN is employed to facilitate the machine in comprehending the input's logic. LSTM enables the control of memory elements, allowing the machine to combine unrelated elements in memory. RLHF serves as a switch button, controlling the machine's output and improving the accuracy of results. Chat-GPT can be used for image editing, coding, translation, paper editing and other tasks. However, it is critical to exercise caution while using Chat-GPT and not to become overly reliant on it, given the potential problems it may create.

Monitoring and Control of 3 Phase Electrical Energy Internet of Things (IoT) Based

Monitoring the use of electrical energy is generally done by looking at the kWh meter on the installed panel. Power consumption can also be done by measuring directly on the network or electrical load using a Watt meter. Monitoring of 3-phase electrical energy needs to be monitored, especially to find out the amount of energy used in each phase, and on the other hand, it needs to be controlled so that energy use can be controlled, both for each phase or 3 phases. This study aims to design an IoT-based 3-phase electrical energy monitoring and control application. Data on the flow of electrical energy flowing to the load can be monitored from the android, and vice versa can be controlled by disconnecting and reconnecting the energy flow. The PZEM004T component is used as an energy flow sensor, buttons on the application function to disconnect and connect energy flows, and LCD12C and smartphones are used as monitoring devices. The Blynk application is equipped with several switch buttons used to control energy use, along with electronic device control. The data read by the tool can be retrieved and stored in Blynk using the superchart widget so that the operator can see previous history record data sent to emails that have been linked to the Blynk application according to the operator's wishes. The results of the research show that the research tool can display voltage, current, power, energy, and frequency data that can be displayed on a smartphone and LCD. The average error of the mains power compared to the reference meter is 0.02%.

Design and Implementation of Remote Controlling System Using GAN in Optical Camera Communication

This article illustrates the controlling mechanism along with data transmission using optical camera communication in both line-of-sight and non-line-of sight (NLOS) environment. The transmitter of the system is mainly composite of microcontroller (Arduino Mega), DHT sensor, two LEDs, and four push button switches. Here, two LEDs are continuously transmitting the control and data signal. The control signal is operated through push button switches. We have used four different control signals that are transmitted from the LEDs and data transmission by collecting data from the surrounding through the temperature and humidity sensor. The entire transmitter operations are processed and controlled through arduino programming in a microcontroller. The COOK modulation technique is used for this system. For data reception, we have used laptop's camera that is controlled through five different exposure times and operated based on the rolling shutter effect of the camera. A logistic regression algorithm is applied to recognize the data transmitting LED from the normalized intensity of the stripe patterns. The receiver is capable to collect data under certain conditions, if the light source is obstructed by an object through deep neural network. Again, Generative Adversial Network (GAN) is used as a decoder to reduce the BER during moving scenario and NLOS conditions. Different activation functions are used in the GAN model to find the optimum solution for the system. However, we have archived the maximum 2.5 m communication distance with 10-4 BER. The receiver program is designed using Python 3.8.

Synthesis of Voltage PID Controller to Improve INC- MPPT Algorithm for Cascade Regulation of KC200GT Panel-Based Solar System

This paper proposes the Maximum Power Point Tracking MPPT method based on the Incremental Conductance INC algorithm. The primary goal is to prevent the ripple problem that is occurred in the output responses of the solar panel system. This last includes the KC200GT panel system, while using it to supply a resistive load throughout the DC-DC boost converter. This goal is reached through respecting the two following steps. First, the INC algorithm modified so that it produces an optimal reference voltage rather than a duty cycle control, which is often utilized in the standard INC-MPPT control strategy for controlling the switch button of the DC-DC boost converter. Second, the solar system behavior is modeled by the linear small-signal model for the design of the voltage PID controller. At each sample, a voltage discrepancy is generated as a result of comparing the previous reference voltage to the one delivered by the KC200GT panel where the introduction of the voltage PID controller becoming indispensable. These two steps create the development of a novel strategy that is afterwards known as improved INC-MPPT. The performance assessments of the proposed strategy are carried out by simulation using MATLAB®/SIMULINK software, and the obtained results reveal the crucial importance of including the voltage PID controller to overcome the ripple issue, occurred when applying the standard INC-MPPT control strategy.

SYSTEMIC REVIEW ON VOICE ACTUATED SMART HOPITAL BED

During the 20th century, medical beds underwent technological advancements, especially making them smarter in patient care. The past fifteen years have brought various changes in the concept of smart bed technology, but no definitive evidence of the project's existence has been presented. These and previous systems typically use at least one push button or pressure-sensitive type switch to implement various control and articulation capabilities. Smart beds are designed to assist patients with mobility issue as it will allow them to control bed movement by themself and help them return to normal movement more quickly, with the presence of a monitoring system that alerts nursing staff when patients move and leave the bed with side rails. This type of high-end bed contributes greatly to the recovery of the patient's physical condition, health and activity because it is the main factor in achieving this goal, according to studies that have confirmed that the patient's movement during hospital stay as contributed to his quick recovery and early discharge from the hospital.

Design and Build Smart Street Lights by Utilizing Sensor and Tranduser Technology Based on Arduino Uno

Street lights or also known as Public Street Lighting (PJU) are lights that are used for street lighting at night making it easier for road users to see more clearly the road to be traversed, so as to improve traffic safety and security for road users and prevent the occurrence of accidents. crime, and gives an aesthetic value to a place. Public street lighting is an electronic item that is vulnerable or can be said to have a short service life, so repair and maintenance activities are absolutely necessary. Repairs can include network repairs, replacement of dead lights, checking cables and checking the condition of Public Street Lighting (PJU). The working system of street lights in Sei Kamah 1, Pasiran Village, Sei Dadap District, Asahan Regency, currently still uses the switch button on every electricity pole that is turned on by PLN officers or the surrounding community at night, and street lights still use essential light bulbs. so that the power released is too large and is detrimental to the electricity supplyer, although there are some street lights whose system turns on automatically when it is night and turns off automatically during the day but the installation is only in certain places plus sometimes street lights like this become the target of theft by irresponsible people. This study aims to create an automatic system street light design system in which this automatic system uses a motion sensor and a light sensor so that it can save more electric current. The device used is an arduino uno controller and uses the arduino ide programming language. The results of this study are expected to be a recommendation in the design of Public Street Lighting (PJU).

Development of an automated bitter leaf processing machine

Bitter leaf is known to be a delicacy and nutritious leaf in Nigeria which is commonly consumed by lots of people. The bitter sap or juice is extracted for medical use or disposed, while the leaf is used for cooking. Manual processing of bitter leaf could lead to injury to the palm and fingers and such could lead to the contamination of the processed leaves or become avenue for infection of injury that may be sustained. Also, processing a small or large amount of bitter leaf for domestic or commercial use could be tasking. For this reason, an automated bitter leaf processing machine was developed in this work to eliminate the risk of contamination and injuries by reducing human intervention to the minimum. The machine is timing-based and comprises the following components: water heater (500W), electric blender (200W), microcontroller(ATmega8A), MOC3021 optocoupler, BT151-500R thyristor, Relay module 12v, Tact button switch, Solenoid valve, I2C LCD interface, voltage regulator L7805CV, MOSFET (IRFZ44 55V 49A), etc. The processing of the bitter leaf with different masses (0.01, 0.025, 0.05, 0.075 and 0.1 kg) using a constant mass of water (0.5 kg) for every cycle was carried out at varying processing chamber (blender) spinning time of 5, 7.5 and 10 min. The results obtained showed that the total removal of the bitterness from the leaf was achieved at 5 min spinning and rinsing time, for 0.01 and 0.025 kg of bitter leaf. At 7.5 min and 10 min, slightly bitter results were recorded for processed bitter leaf masses of 0.05 and 0.075 kg. The results obtained show that the system is suitable for processing bitter leaf both for domestic and commercial purposes.

The Design of Infant Warmer with Simple Blue Light Therapy LED Addition

This paper presents a result of experiment on adding built-in blue light therapy on a purpose built infant warmer. Blue light therapy are often used in case of jaundice and usually a separated unit with added complexity. The blue light assembly was LED based that placed along the heater bar, placed on its aluminum strips and spaced to prevent being affected by the heater. Blue light LED specification was an SMD 5730 dimension with 465nm wavelength driven at 160mA at 12V for the three clusters of LED. Measured light output was around 618-716 lux and measured at the bed area with good uniformity for area under the heater bar at around 60-69 lux. There was another bottom blue LED source but the effect was negligible. The system uses a 10A maximum current source of 12V power supply exclusively for the LED arrangement and another 3A maximum current source of 5V power supply for supplying the rest of the control systems. The LED was controlled by a switch button and monitored for its activation by means of measuring the voltage difference with resistor circuits through the button switch. It works as intended.

SISTEM PENGATUR TIMER MEKANISME DAN SUHU PADA ALAT PENGASAPAN IKAN

This research aims to facilitate a more even fish maturation process due to the rotation process of the fish rack which is regulated by the system in Mechanism Timer and Temperature at the Fish Smoking machine. The smoking machine can also make it easier for people to smoke fish. It has an overall height of 150 cm, door height of 110 cm, Fuel tank height of 30 cm, and foot height of 10 cm, in the fish smoking room there are 2 fish tray racks. The fuel for the smoking machine uses coconut husk and the coconut shell is equipped with a Digital Thermostat to read the temperature in the room and is also equipped with a Thermohygro to read the humidity in the room. The working principle of this tool is that the first step is to connect the multi-plug to the power source, from the power source to the MCB, the MCB gets current and when the MCB is turned on, the current enters the Push Button Switch, and when the Push Button On is pressed, the red light turns on, indicating there is the current that enters the Digital Thermostat digital from the Thermostat to the plug terminal, from the plug terminal to the Timer and from the Timer to the Power Supply From the Power Supply changes the current from 220 volts to 12 volts when the green light is on then the Power Window functions by moving the fish rack tray.

A Dedicated Tool Frame Based Tongue Interface Layout Improves 2D Visual Guided Control of an Assistive Robotic Manipulator: A Design Parameter for Tele-Applications

It is crucial to increase the independence of severely disabled individuals. Assistive robotics can aid in the desired activities of daily living, including tasks requiring remote performance e.g. grasping remote objects, turning switches on/off, and opening/closing doors. The robot control is compromised by the lack of efficient interfaces for individuals with disabilities and the lack of depth perception. This paper addresses these challenges by presenting the development and evaluation of efficient tongue-based robot interfaces and low-level robot control schemes targeting tele-robotic control through a 2D display. Ten able-bodied participants were successful in completing ten rounds of controlling a JACO robot to perform a pouring water task, using five different control methods, under 2D or 3D visual feedback. The tool-frame based tongue interface layout, L2_TF (with emulated joystick, mode switch button and a “GO” button) improved the 2D visual guided control of the JACO robot compared with the other tongue control methods. The mean trajectory length of completing the task using L2_TF was 3% longer compared with the standard joystick when controlling through 2D. The trajectory length for reaching and grabbing a bottle was shortest for L2_TF compared with all other control methods, including the joystick. The iTongue control layouts performed well in gripping time, showing no significant difference between 2D and 3D. The transition from 2D to 3D resulted in a mean decrease of 27.7% for task completion time across all interfaces. L2_TF and the joystick had the strongest and most similar robustness to the transition between 3D and 2D.

A button switch inspired duplex hydrogel sensor based on both triboelectric and piezoresistive effects for detecting dynamic and static pressure

The capability to sense complex pressure variations comprehensively is vital for wearable electronics and flexible human–machine interfaces. In this paper, inspired by button switches, a duplex tactile sensor based on the combination of triboelectric and piezoresistive effects is designed and fabricated. Because of its excellent mechanical strength and electrical stability, a double-networked ionic hydrogel is used as both the conductive electrode and elastic current regulator. In addition, micro-pyramidal patterned polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) acts as both the friction layer and the encapsulation elastomer, thereby boosting the triboelectric output performance significantly. The duplex hydrogel sensor demonstrates comprehensive sensing ability in detecting the whole stimulation process including the dynamic and static pressures. The dynamic stress intensity (10–300 Pa), the action time, and the static variations (increase and decrease) of the pressure can be identified precisely from the dual-channel signals. Combined with a signal processing module, an intelligent visible door lamp is achieved for monitoring the entire “contact–hold–release–separation” state of the external stimulation, which shows great application potential for future smart robot e-skin and flexible electronics.

Study about Push Button Switch with LCD which Considered Elderly Person

Study about Push Button Switch with LCD which Considered Elderly Person

An IoT-based Smart Home System for Disabled People

Internet of Things (IoT) envisions a future in which physical objects and the digital world can communicate. Technical communications among appropriate information can create new categories of applications and services. Today, IoT is considered a suitable infrastructure technology for low-range wireless home control systems. In fact, smart homes and buildings provide a wide range of services, applications, equipment, networks, and systems that work together to provide an intelligent environment in areas such as security, control, communications, leisure, and comfort. The purpose of this research is an implementation of an IoT-based Smart home system that provides remote access control for disabled people to open the door lock and turn on or off the lights. Besides, this IoT-based smart home system was extended with two 2-Channel Relay Modules, which assign four keys to direct different components. In addition, this system offers a safe home environment that monitored any hazardous gas leakage, smoke, and fire, or unauthorized person. The motion sensor with a dual purpose has a bright feature that enables two applications: Energy Management System and Security System. Moreover, there are three options for users to open the door for authorized people: Using the Android application on their smartphones, voice command via Google assistant, and the "Unlock door pattern." Authorized people such as friends and family, caregivers, or dog walkers, can unlock the door by physically entering the key pattern via embedded switch buttons (doorbell, B, and C). The camera in this project gets activated as soon as someone rings the doorbell; a snapshot of the current situation behind the door will be sent to the registered user with a notification email. If the entered key pattern does not match the "Unlock door pattern," the alarm system will be triggered. The significance of this research is to provide a solution to help disabled people to live as conveniently and safely as possible in their homes.

Control system software design of tunnel automatic car washing Machine

This paper focuses on the control system of tunnel automatic car washing machine and puts forward a control scheme of automatic car washing system based on PLC control. This design uses domestic Hexin PLC as the core for control and man-machine interaction through touch screen, so as to control and monitor the work of the system. Each switch button, infrared sensor, ultrasonic sensor and limit switch are input to PLC as output signal, and then PLC controls the operation of each working part. This PLC based control system is more reliable, and easy to implement, in the actual use of simple operation, and easy to maintain, and have a good market prospects.

Design and Build Wireless Relay with Electricity Monitoring Based on Internet of Things

Electricity is a power source to run various electronic devices. Problem that often occurs is that users forget to turn off or turn on their electronic devices, then prepaid and postpaid electricity users cannot monitoring the electrical power usage of their electronic devices in realtime. The designed device to overcome these problems has a working principle like a switch, but there has relays and several sensors. Controlling electronic devices can be done by user using main switch in designed device, switch button and timer feature in Android application, then user can also monitoring the voltage, current and power in realtime on Android application. The results of several tests that have been done show that the designed device and Android applications that have been built can run well, but the current reading generated by the designed device are still not perfect, adjustments are needed so power calculation is better.
 Keywords : Android, Control, Electricity, IoT, Monitor

Women Safety Device with GPS Tracking using Arduino

In today’s world women safety has become a major issue as they cannot step out of their house at any given time due to fear of physical abuse and violence. Now these can be brought to an end with the help of a women safety device. This safety device consists of a micro controller, emergency button switch. On sensing the emergency situation this device provides the current location of women and sense it to emergency contact through GSM MODULE. This safety device also includes a LED and an electric shock inverter circuit which is used to hurt the attacking person due to which there is a chance for the women to escape. GPS receiver gets location INFORMATION from satellite in the form of latitude and longitude. The GSM modem sends an SMS to the pre-defined mobile number. When a woman is in danger she can press the switch which is with her. By pressing the switch the entire system will be activated. Then immediately the SMS will be sent to the person with location using GSM and GPS which can be traced from the goggle maps.

Development of Smart Home System based on Mobile Apps Control Using IoT for Educational Purposes

The Internet of Things (IoT) with its enormous growth widens its applications to the living environment of the people by changing a home to a smart home. The smart home is a system, which connect homes with various types of digital devices to communicate with each other through the internet. Based on our prior study, 59% of the respondent among Malaysians are unaware about the IoT or just heard about it without knowing its concept. Thus, this project will present a development of a smart home system based on mobile apps control using IoT to educate Malaysian. This project uses a combination of wireless technology and infrared sensor to detect the motion and a microcontroller to control the usage of appliances in the home. Blynk as a mobile app has been programmed and used to control and display the usage of LED, fan and camera. The output of the appliances will be displayed on the Blynk in kind of LED icon and stream video. The IoT system has been successfully developed and able to follow the instruction given. The LED, fan and camera will turn ON when the switch button in Blynk is pressed. The system has a limited range of operation because it depends on the Wi-Fi signal range, which is about 50 meters of the developed smart home using IoT control. The proposed smart home prototype is useful in the education sector to expose all Malaysian to the current technology especially students and staffs in the university.