Butanol Blends Research Articles

Waste to Energy: Combustion, Performance, and Emission Characteristics of Waste Animal Fats/Diesel Blends Premixed with Various Alcohols as Port Fuels

AbstractAnimal flesh is a major food source with economic and industrial value for consumer demand. These meats produced biowaste during and after preparation and use. Chicken intestines make up most of the waste thrown away after processing or frying. This study considers it a biodiesel source. Transesterification turns chicken intestine waste fat oil into biodiesel. This oil is used in compression ignition (CI) engines but performs poorly compared to diesel. Diesel, the base fuel, is mixed with 20% biodiesel. The remaining 10% and 20% of butanol and pentanol are port fuels, improving combustion and lowering emissions in the 5.2 kW, 1500 rpm CI engine. 20% pentanol premixing outperformed butanol premixing, blending, and engine CIWFOB operation. The greater heating value improves combustion, therefore 20% pentanol premixing with blend produces 32.76% BTE, 10.57% more than diesel. It produced 55.18% less CO and 50.92% less smoke than diesel, which has a greater heat release rate (48.86 J/CAD) and peak pressure (64.76 bar). This premixing costs NOx emissions. The CIWFOB blend with 20% pentanol premixing improves engine performance. For SDGs 7, 9, 12, and 13, this study is supported.

Performance Analysis and Emission Characteristics for Butanol Blended Diesel fuel

This experimental study is done on a single cylinder DICI engine to evaluate its performance and emission for different ratio of butanol in diesel. At lower loading BTE and BSFC of the butanol-diesel blend were better than pure diesel. Blend with 40% v/v of butanol was 17.54 % more efficient than pure diesel at 16.67% loading, 12%v/v of butanol in diesel was around 3% more efficient than diesel at 50% loading. BSFC for diesel with 12%v/v of butanol was similar to diesel up to 50% loading. The investigation predicts that at lower loadings butanol promotes the premixing quality with increased oxygen contained in charge and at higher loading due to low calorific (CV) of charge performance of the test fuel. NOx emission of the butanol blend fuels is lower than the diesel and reduces with increase in butanol contained in diesel. NOx was least for B20D80 and B40D60 fuel at lower and higher loading, respectively. NOx emissions for B20D80 and B40D60 were 33.60% and 27.78 % lower than Pure diesel at lower and full loading, respectively. HC and CO emission butanol-diesel blend were lower than pure diesel at higher loading and CO emission for the blend were higher than diesel at lower loading, which may be implemented in the design of new engines.

Enhancing the Performance and Emission characteristics of Butanol-Diesel Blend with Ethanol

—In this experimental work diesel is blended with 12% v/v ethanol(E12D88), 12% v/v butanol (B12D88), 20%v/v butanol (B20D88) separately) and a fourth blend with 12% and 8% v/v of butanol and ethanol in diesel (B12E08D88) are prepared. These blends are experimentally investigation on a VCR engine at different loadings. Their performance and emission (PE) characteristics are compared with pure diesel in order to have optimum blending ratio. From the investigation it is found that B12D88 is having better brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and Brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) is better than all the blends at all loading condition. This is due to lower density, Cetane number and Calorific value (CV) of the alcohol as compared to pure diesel, CV of butanol is 23% more than ethanol. Emission characteristics of E12D88 is observed better than all the fuels. oxygenated fuels have lower emission. On investigating the data, it is observed that B12E08D80 blend is having better CO and HC emission than E12D88, Nox emission is larger than E12D88 but better than butanol blend and performance is close to B12D88

Improvement in Efficiency of Four Stroke Petrol Engine Blend with Butanol Using Hydrogen Supplementation

Hydrogen is seen as one of energy vector of the next century. Hydrogen, as a renewable energy source provides a potential form sustainable development particular in transportation sector. The hydrogen driven engine reduces both local as well as global emission. Hydrogen gas is in brown color and form of un-separated hydrogen and oxygen generated by the electrolysis process of water by a unique electrode design. Hydrogen gas was used as a supplementary fuel in a petrol engine with few modifications and without need of storage tanks. As hydrogen, Butanol is also used as fuel in engine. Blending of small proportion of petrol and butanol can be used in petrol engine without modification of engine. Using of butanol with petrol improve performance of engine. As hydrogen gas is used as a supplementary and butanol is blend with petrol, it will enhance the combustion characteristics of petrol engine and improve performance. In this project we are going to analyze the performance characteristics of petrol engine with butanol blends using HHO kit. Key Words: Hydrogen, Four stroke petrol engine, Butanol

Performance, combustion, and emission features of a diesel engine powered by biodiesel mixture and butanol blends

Performance, combustion, and emission features of a diesel engine powered by biodiesel mixture and butanol blends

Pengaruh Penambahan Butanol Pada Bahan Bakar Solar Terhadap Karakteristik Pembakaran Single Droplet

Dependence on fossil fuels is one of the most serious threats to the global environment. In addition, petroleum reserves are also decreasing. Meanwhile, the level of oil consumption is always increasing to meet the demand for fuel. Economical and sustainable alternative energy solutions are essential to meet the growing global energy demand without compromising environmental sustainability. One type of alternative fuel that shows very promising potential is biofuel, especially biodiesel. Biodiesel has potential as a more environmentally friendly alternative to diesel fuel, but its low combustion rate and higher viscosity compared to conventional diesel fuel present technical challenges that need to be overcome. The different chemical properties of butanol from biodiesel allow it to have a positive impact on combustion characteristics, such as viscosity, flash point, heating value, and combustion rate. The combustion characteristics that will be studied in this research using single droplet combustion testing include droplet visualization to measure the dimensions of the flame, temperature during the combustion process recorded by a thermocouple, data logger, and video recording during the combustion process to obtain information regarding the ignition delay value. The test steps were repeated five times for each fuel variation and then averaged. In this study, the samples tested included pure diesel, diesel blend with 10% butanol, diesel blend with 20% butanol, diesel blend with 30% butanol, diesel blend with 40% butanol and diesel blend with 50% butanol. From this study, the visualization of the flame is obtained, where the combustion of pure diesel oil droplets has a higher and wider flame, while the flame of the butanol diesel mixture produces a flame whose maximum height is lower than pure diesel oil. The ignition delay time of pure diesel oil is greater than the ignition delay time of the diesel butanol blend. In addition, the maximum combustion temperature produced by each blend is different

Numerical Investigation on Energetic, Combustion, and Emissions Parameters of a Diesel Engine Fueled With Diesel/Butanol and Diesel/Pentanol

Abstract In this article, the effect of butanol/diesel and pentanol/diesel blended fuel with different proportions on the energetic, combustion, and emissions parameters of a diesel engine was studied. First, an engine model was established using Diesel-RK software. The modeled engine was a direct injection diesel engine having a fixed compression ratio, injection timing, and speed of 17.5:1, 23 degbTDC, and 1500 rpm, respectively. After that, a set of experiments was conducted using a 5% pentanol and 95% diesel by volume fuel blend maintaining the same operating conditions as the simulation, and the results of the experiment were compared with the numerical result using the same blend. The simulated results were found to be in respectable agreement with experimental findings. The analysis of the simulated results shows that at 100% load using 15% butanol and 85% diesel by volume and 15% pentanol and 85% diesel by volume brake thermal efficiency was increased by 0.96% and 0.8%, respectively. The emission of NOx was reduced by 24.4% and 10.75% on average using butanol and pentanol blends, respectively. The instantaneous heat release rate and ignition delay increase with the higher alcohol–diesel blends, whereas the peak pressure rise and combustion temperature decrease. Smoke emissions were reduced by 3.31–8.75%, and specific particulate matter emissions decreased by 20.9% and 15.07%, respectively, on average with the addition of butanol/pentanol in neat diesel.

Experimental investigations of CI engine performance using ternary blends of n-butanol/biodiesel/diesel and n-octanol/biodiesel/diesel

This study explored the ternary blends of biodiesel-diesel-n-butanol and biodiesel-diesel-n-octanol on common rail direct injec-tion (CRDI) diesel engines. The compositions of fuels, which varied from 0% to 100%, were altered by up to 5%. On the basis of their properties, these blends were chosen, with various concentrations of alcohol at 5% and 10%, 5% diesel, and the remainder being biodiesel. Two ternary fuel blends of waste cooking oil biodiesel (90–85%), diesel (5%), and butanol (5–10%), namely BD90D5B5 and BD85D5B10, and subsequently, another two ternary similar blends of waste cooking oil biodiesel (90–85%), diesel (5%), and octanol (5–10%), namely BD90D5O5 and BD85D5O10, were used to conduct the experiments. The experiments were done with varying injection pressure from 17° to 29° crank angle (CA) before top dead centre (bTDC). The optimum con-dition for the blends is achieved at 26°CA bTDC for 80% loading. So, the engine trials were conducted on 26°CA bTDC to attain the results. The BD90D5O10 blend achieved the lowest brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) reading of 0.308 kg/kWh while operating at full load. The maximum brake thermal efficiency (BTE) was 31.46% for BD90D5B5. The maximum heat release rate (HRR) achieved with BD85D5O5 fuel blend was 58.54 J/°CA. The quantity of carbon monoxide that BD85D5B10 created was the lowest (25.86 g/kWh). BD85D5B10 had a minimal unburned hydrocarbon emission of 0.157 g/kWh while operating at full load. Oxides of nitrogen (NOx) were emitted in the maximum quantity by BD85D5O10, which was equal to 6.01 g/kWh. This study establishes the viability of blends of biodiesel and alcohol as an alternative for petro-diesel in the future to meet the growing global energy demand.

Managing energy transition alongside environmental protection by making use of AI-led butanol powered SI engine optimization in compliance with SDGs

Enormous consumption of fossil fuel resources has risked energy accessibility in the upcoming years. The price fluctuation and depletion rate of fossil fuels instigate the urgent need for searching their reliable substitute. The current study tries to address these issues by presenting butanol as a replacement for gasoline in SI engines at various speeds and loading conditions. The emission and performance parameters were ascertained for eight distinct butanol-gasoline fuel blends. The oxygenated butanol substantially increases engine efficiency and boosts power with lower fuel consumption. The carbon emissions were also observed to be lower in comparison with gasoline. Furthermore, the Artificial Intelligence (AI) approach was used in predicting engine performance running on the butanol blends. The correlation coefficients for the data training, validation, and testing were found to be 0.99986, 0.99942, and 0.99872, respectively. It was confirmed that the ANN predicted results were in accordance with the established statistical criteria. ANN was paired with Response Surface Methodology (RSM) technique to comprehend the influence of the sole design parameters along with their statistical interactions controlling the responses. Similarly, the R2 value of responses in case of RSM were close to unity and mean relative errors (MRE) were confined under specified range. A comparative study between ANN and RSM models unveiled that the ANN model should be preferred. Therefore, a joint utilization of the RSM and ANN can be more effective for reliable statistical interactions and predictions.

Assessment of particulate PAHs toxicity from alcohol-diesel blends fuelled high compression ratio CI engine

Transport and power generation applications will play an important role in current and next-generation compression ignition (CI) engines. Methanol, ethanol, and butanol have emerged as potential alternative fuels for internal combustion engines capable of reducing overall greenhouse gases (GHG) and pollutant emissions. This study deals with the morphological characterization of particulate matter (PM) and toxicity assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) for methanol, ethanol and butanol blending with diesel, and provides new findings and results in the specific literature. It defines new limits of alcohol fractions in diesel blends for their applications in CI engines. For the experimental assessment, a single-cylinder CI engine was used with an increased compression ratio (CR) from 17.5 to 26. Alcohol fraction of 20% (v/v) in diesel reduced the PM emissions in the range of 29–38% than diesel. PM was further reduced, up to ∼50%, for higher ethanol and butanol fractions (∼50%), and the soot morphological characteristics exhibit smaller particle sizes (400–600 nm) than diesel (up to 2 μm). Moreover, 20% of alcohol fraction led to a 34–60% reduction in PAHs. The toxicity evaluation of the tested alcohol-diesel blend indicates that high molecular weight PAHs and nitro-PAHs are the main contributors to the overall toxicity. Benzo[a]pyrene and dibenzo-anthracene were the prominent PAHs. Increasing the alcohol blend ratio significantly reduced the toxicity potential, ranging from 20 to 67%.

The significance of low carbon bio-alcohols and bio-ketones fuels for clean propulsion systems

This experimental work investigates oxygenated bio-fuel component blends of butanol, pentanol and cyclopentanone with diesel on the combustion characteristics, gaseous emissions and particulate matter (PM). Furthermore, PM characteristics, including size distributions, morphology and nanostructure are investigated.The oxygen content on the sustainable fuel blend components (bio-alcohols and bio-ketone) and the lower cetane number leading to a longer ignition delay, larger premixed combustion phase and high mean peak combustion temperature reduced the total number of particle concentration by up to 91%. Characterisation of particles demonstrated morphological and nanostructural alterations, such as the reduction in primary particle size that would lead to greater particle oxidation reactivity. Furthermore, the combustion of oxygenated blends showed a reduction in the total hydrocarbon emissions and an increase in NO2 concentration. This research provides new knowledge to understand the effects of fuel properties on gaseous and particle emissions formation and characteristics. Overall this work demonstrates bio-alcohols and bio-ketones as low carbon fuels in unveiling strategies for vehicular emissions abatement.

Prediction of heavy-duty engine performance for renewable fuels based on fuel property characteristics

Renewable drop-in fuels can bring timely and efficient defossilization of the current fleet of heavy-duty vehicles. In the present study, different blends of renewable components with standard diesel were analyzed in the context of end-use performance. Based on experimental data from driving cycles, a novel modeling approach was applied to develop a state-of-the-art mathematical model that enables an accurate estimation of fuel consumption and tailpipe CO2 emissions from heavy-duty vehicles relying solely on fuel properties. The predictions revealed strong agreements with experimental data confirmed by the high coefficient of determination (0.975). The final model represents fuel properties’ collective impact on heavy-duty vehicle’s fuel economy over the Braunschweig cycle where heating value, density, and cetane number showed the strongest impact (p-values <0.01). The developed model was applied to simulate the effect of alternative diesel fuels on end-use performance. The increase in mass-based fuel consumption was observed for FAME (14%), oxymethylene ether blends (up to 65%), moderate contents of butanol and pentanol blends (up to 11%), while neat HVO improved fuel economy (6%). The introduced model can be applied to the assessment of renewable liquid fuel blends in heavy-duty transport and serves as a support for industry and decision-makers.

Large eddy simulation of spray and combustion characteristics of biodiesel and biodiesel/butanol blend fuels in internal combustion engines

Biofuel is a crucial renewable and environmentally friendly energy source for addressing greenhouse gas emissions and other energy-related issues. Biodiesel and butanol, among alternative biofuels, possess complementary physical and chemical properties, offering multiple possibilities for their use in existing internal combustion engines. However, biodiesel’s distinctly different physical and combustion properties from conventional diesel fuels make its combustion process substantially different. The complex composition of biodiesel presents significant challenges in accurately simulating its spray combustion characteristics. This paper presents a systematic evaluation of six single-component surrogate fuel models and a five-component model for the prediction of biodiesel spray characteristics under various conditions using large-eddy simulation (LES). The results show that single-component surrogate fuel models can only predict the gaseous penetration of biodiesel but not the liquid-phase penetration. A five-component fatty acid methyl ester surrogate fuel model is proposed, demonstrating an accurate simulation of biodiesel spray evaporation characteristics under different conditions. Based on the five-component evaporation model, LES is utilized to examine three strategies of biodiesel/butanol-fueled internal combustion engines: direct injection of pure biodiesel in conventional diffusion-controlled combustion (CDC) engines, direct injection of biodiesel–butanol blend in CDC engines, and biodiesel/butanol reactivity-controlled compression ignition (RCCI) engines. The simulation results are validated against engine experiment results, showing that the five-component model can successfully predict spray and combustion characteristics in internal combustion engines. The RCCI concept can significantly reduce NOx emissions; however, CO and UHC emissions are higher than in the CDC engines due to incomplete combustion in the fuel-lean butanol/air mixture.

Fuel Consumption Rate Optimization Analysis of Dual-fuel Marine Diesel Engines Based on Orthogonal Design

To investigate the influence of diesel engine operating matching parameters on the comprehensive fuel consumption rate of butanol-diesel dual-fuel engines, a high-pressure combustion chamber cycle model of a 4190ZLC-2 marine medium-speed diesel engine was established using AVL-FIRE simulation software. After establishing the optimum blending ratio of butanol, the fuel system parameters were optimized using a one-time regression orthogonal experimental design method, and a mathematical model for fuel consumption rate prediction was constructed to find the combination of parameters with the lowest fuel consumption rate as the target. The study shows that inlet pressure has the greatest influence on the fuel consumption rate, followed by EGR and inlet air temperature. The lowest fuel consumption rate was achieved by combining the following parameters: (butanol blending ratio of 20%, EGR rate 0, inlet pressure 0.233 MPa, inlet temperature 325.15 K, Injection advance angle 22.6 °CA, the diameter of oil injection hole (0.26 mm); after optimization, the fuel consumption rate was reduced by 9.96% compared to the original machine.

Determining and modeling of density and viscosity of biodiesel-diesel and biodiesel-diesel-butanol blends

Abstract In the present work jatropha, palm, and karanja-based biodiesel and diesel blends, as well as biodiesel diesel and butanol blends, were studied. 112 density data for biodiesel-diesel blends in the temperature range of 30–65 °C were generated. 651 data for viscosity for these blends were generated in the temperature range of 25–65 °C. Blends with butanol were studied only at room temperature. The addition of butanol has not made much of a difference in the density or viscosity of the blends. Empirical models available in the literature were fitted to the data. The linear model in volume fraction and temperature was accurate for density. A generalized model was proposed representing the density for the biodiesel/diesel blend comprising all three biodiesels. A new empirical model for viscosity was also proposed in the study. The proposed model performed well compared to other models, with % an OARD of 3.74 %. A generalized model for viscosity was also proposed. The generalized models could estimate the density and viscosity with % OARD of 0.673 and 5.25 %, respectively.

Investigation on Flame and Spray Characteristics of Butanol and Lemon Peel Oil Blends With Gasoline Using Optical Engine

Abstract The current research investigates the spray behavior of lemon peel oil (LPO) and butanol in a controlled environment under various engine-like conditions. The liquid spray morphology of both fuel blends is captured using a standard Mie scattering technique, and the liquid spray penetration length is compared to a baseline fuel isooctane. In order to simulate and create engine-like conditions, these experiments are carried out in a constant volume chamber under various pressure and temperature conditions. Furthermore, the combustion quality of binary and ternary blends is studied using an optical gasoline direct injection engine at three different injection timings. According to the constant volume spray study, isooctane has the shortest penetration. Because of its higher boiling point, LPO has a longer liquid spray penetration length. Despite its lower boiling point, butanol penetrates better than isooctane. The temperature was also discovered to influence liquid spray tip penetration length more than pressure significantly. In-cylinder combustion imaging results also revealed that injection timing significantly impacts combustion. Although butanol improves combustion, LPO-dominant blends demonstrated more diffusion burning due to poor evaporation characteristics. The blends prepared for the study were similar to gasoline in combustion conditions. It was discovered that these blends ran optimally without requiring any modifications to existing engines, even though late injection is recommended to improve combustion quality and peak performance.

Impact on combustion stability, fuel economy and emission compliance with butanol enleanment strategy in gasoline engine – A drop-in fuel approach

In this work, the butanol was investigated at various concentrations with gasoline at three different throttle positions to identify the potential replacement in gasoline engines. Fueling with the butanol blends, the enhanced performance of better fuel saving rate and increased thermal efficiency were observed with the Bu20 and Bu40 blends. Moreover, the increase of butanol ratio displayed a remarkable reduction in the carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide emissions at all the throttle positions as well as the reduction in hydrocarbon was achieved at 80% of the throttle position. However, this reduction was not observed in the oxides of nitrogen emissions at all the throttle positions and the hydrocarbon emissions at low throttle positions. The combustion characteristics such as in-cylinder pressure and heat release rate of Bu20 and Bu40 were witnessed to be much better than gasoline and this effectiveness was not observed with higher butanol concentrations. Also, better stability in the combustion process was observed for all the butanol blends where the CoV of Pmax was within 10% except the Bu0 and Bu100. In conclusion it was identified that the Bu40 would be a most potential replacement and Bu60 can provide almost equivalent output responses to gasoline in a spark ignition engine.

Effect of ABE and butanol blends with n-dodecane in different volume ratios on diesel combustion and soot characteristics in ECN spray a conditions

This study investigates the feasibility of using Acetone-Butanol-Ethanol mixture (ABE) as a function of the volumetric ratios (20 %v, 30 %v, 40 %v, 50 %v blended with n-dodecane) in order to determine the most suitable ABE ratio for CI engines in comparison to a butanol/n-dodecane blend. The “New One Shot Engine” set-up was used to determine the lift-off length (LOL), ignition delay (ID) and soot concentration by means of OH* chemiluminescence and Diffused Back Illumination imaging at an ambient pressure and temperature of 60 bar and 900 K corresponding to ECN Spray-A conditions. It was found that ID and LOL increased, while soot concentration was reduced with the increase in concentration of ABE and Butanol in dodecane blends. The blends with the smallest content (20%) of ABE or Bu exhibited similar combustion characteristics to n-dodecane with a considerable reduction in soot, indicating that these blends can be considered as a Diesel substitute without any engine modifications.

Evaluation of emission characteristics &amp; performance of a biogas-biodiesel dual fuel engine using blends of butanol in different ratios

Evaluation of emission characteristics &amp; performance of a biogas-biodiesel dual fuel engine using blends of butanol in different ratios

Simulation Study on NO and PM Emission Reduction of Engine by Coupled Miller Cycle with Butanol Blending

Trade-off effect of engine emission, that is, NO emission reduction will lead to increase of PM emission. In order to alleviate the contradiction between NO and PM emission, coupling miller cycle with burning butanol was proposed. The simulation model was built by using AVL-FIRE software. The coupling scheme is optimized by changing intake pressure with power performance as constraint condition and emission reduction as evaluation index. Simulation results show that the mixing ratio B30 combined with miller degree M20 scheme matches the intake pressure 0.213MPa well. On a constant power basis, the simultaneous reduction of NO and PM is achieved.