Butachlor Research Articles

Effect of herbicides on cellular growth, microbiological and physiological activities of an identified rhizosphere isolate Rhodococcus erythropolis

ABSTRACT Considering the excessive pesticide pollution in the environment, atrazine (ATZ), butachlor (BCR) and quizalofop-p-ethyl (QUIZ) were selected to assess their toxic effect on Rhodococcus erythropolis PSB-6 (NCBI Accession No. MG028649). MIC values of ATZ, BCR and QUIZ to R. erythropolis were determined to be 100, 200 and 150 μM, respectively. Biomarker enzymatic assays including LPO, LDH and oxidative stress (CAT) induced by herbicides represented significant (p ≤ 0.005) toxicity towards strain PSB-6. Herbicide-induced morphological changes viz. aberrant margins; cellular cracking and distortion/damage in R. erythropolis cells were apparent under SEM observation. Furthermore, herbicide-treated and DAPI (4’,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole)-stained cells showed concentration-dependent reduction in cellular permeability as revealed under CLSM. Furthermore, herbicides displayed toxicity towards bioactive molecules of PSB-6 in a dose-related manner. Among them, ATZ imparted maximum negative effect, where it reduced the bacterial production of IAA, ACC deaminase and 2, 3-DHBA by 68% (p ≤ 0.001), 75% (p ≤ 0.001), and 83% (p ≤ 0.005), respectively, over control. Additionally, following herbicide exposure, bacterial counts (log10 CFU mL−1) were reduced. Higher concentrations of ATZ and BCR completely reduced the growth patten of strain PSB-6. The current investigation provides an insight into a mechanistic approach of chemical herbicide-induced hazard toward a beneficial soil isolate. Careful monitoring is therefore necessary before agricultural application of pesticides.

Butachlor (BTR) degradation by dielectric barrier discharge plasma in soil: Affecting factors, degradation route, and toxicity assessment

Over the past few decades, the frequent and excessive usage of pesticides has had detrimental effects on the soil and other habitats. In terms of removing organic contaminants from soil, non-thermal plasma has become one of the most competitive advanced oxidation methods. The study used dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma to repair soil contaminated by butachlor (BTR). BTR degradation was investigated in actual soil under various experimental parameters. According to the results, DBD plasma treatment at 34.8 W destroyed 96.10% of BTR within 50 min, and this degradation was consistent with the model of first order kinetics. Boosting the discharge power, lowering the initial BTR concentration, using appropriate soil moisture content and air flow rate, and using oxygen as the working gas for discharge are all beneficial to the degradation of BTR. The changes in soil dissolved organic matter (DOM) before and after plasma treatment were assessed using a total organic carbon (TOC) analyzer. A Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and an Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-MS) were employed to investigate the degradation of BTR. A wheat growth test showed that the best growth was achieved at 20 min of plasma soil remediation, but too long treatment would lower soil pH and thus affect wheat growth.

Prostaglandin Metabolome Profiles in Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Exposed to Acetochlor and Butachlor

Prostaglandins (PGs) are critically important signaling molecules that play key roles in normal and pathophysiological processes. Many endocrine-disrupting chemicals have been found to suppress PG synthesis; however, studies about the effects of pesticides on PGs are limited. The effects of two known endocrine disrupting herbicides, acetochlor (AC) and butachlor (BC), on PG metabolites in zebrafish (Danio rerio) females and males were studied using widely targeted metabolomics analysis based on ultraperformance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). In total, 40 PG metabolites were detected in 24 zebrafish samples, including female and male samples, with and without exposure to AC or BC at the sub-lethal concentration of 100 μg/L for 96 h. Among them, 19 PGs significantly responded to AC or BC treatment, including 18 PGs that were upregulated. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test in zebrafish showed BC could cause significant upregulation of an isoprostane metabolite, 5-iPF2a-VI, which is positively related to the elevated level of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The present study guides us to conduct a further study to determine whether PG metabolites, including isoprostanes, could be potential biomarkers for chloracetamide herbicides.

The carrier effect mechanism of butachlor in water by three typical microplastics.

Butachlor (BUT) is a widely used herbicide that can cause environmental problems when used excessively. BUT has been found to exist in large quantities in the water environment so far. As an agricultural pre-emergent herbicide, BUT can enter the water environment through multiple channels and cause pollution. This study investigated the mechanism of three types of microplastics (MPs): polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) to remove BUT from water. The adsorption behavior between MPs and BUT under different factors, namely pH, salt ion concentration, and aging, was investigated. This study further investigated the desorption and aging of BUT-adsorbed MPs. In this research, the adsorption capacity of BUT by PE, PP, and PVC are 13.65 μg/g, 14.82 μg/g, and 18.88 μg/g, respectively, and the order of carrier effect was: PVC>PP>PE. Experiments show that MPs have low adsorption performance on the microgram level for BUT. The adsorption behavior of PE, PP, and PVC on BUT conformed to pseudo-second-order kinetics, indicating the presence of physical and chemical adsorption. The Langmuir isotherm model fits well, indicating that the adsorption is a single-layer adsorption process. The pH value causes slight fluctuations in the overall carrier effect. Low concentration of salt ions can inhibit the carrier effect, and high concentration will promote the interaction between MPs and BUT. Aging experiments show that the carrier effect of the original materials was higher than the adsorption capacity of hydrogen peroxide and MPs after acid aging, and acid aging can cause the adsorption capacity to drop significantly.

Facile one-pot magnetic modification of Enteromorpha prolifera derived biochar: Increased pore accessibility and Fe-loading enhances the removal of butachlor

In this work, Enteromorpha prolifera derived magnetic biochar (MBC) is prepared for the removal of butachlor (BTR) and characterized. The NaOH added during the magnetic loading process has an activating effect and enhancing the accessibility of the pores. Based on the BET result, the importance of pore accessibility rather than the specific surface area has been proposed. The maximum adsorption capacity of BTR for MBC is 158.5 mg/g. Then, the batch experiment shows that the adsorption of MBC to BTR fitted with the quasi-second-order kinetic model. The effect factors on the BTR removal were studied. Through the result of BET, Raman, XPS and FT-IR, the mechanism of MBC adsorption of butachlor was explored. After 3 cycles, the prepared MBC has a negligible reduction in the removal capacity of BTR, which provides a reference scheme for the large-scale application of Enteromorpha prolifera and the water treatment of BTR.

Dissipation of S-metolachlor and butachlor in agricultural soils and responses of bacterial communities: Insights from compound-specific isotope and biomolecular analyses

The soil dissipation of the widely used herbicides S-metolachlor (SM) and butachlor (BUT) was evaluated in laboratory microcosms at two environmentally relevant doses (15 and 150 μg/g) and for two agricultural soils (crop and paddy). Over 80% of SM and BUT were dissipated within 60 and 30 days, respectively, except in experiments with crop soil at 150 μg/g. Based on compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA) and observed dissipation, biodegradation was the main process responsible for the observed decrease of SM and BUT in the paddy soil. For SM, biodegradation dominated over other dissipation processes, with changes of carbon isotope ratios (Δδ13C) of up to 6.5‰ after 60 days, and concomitant production of ethane sulfonic acid (ESA) and oxanilic acid (OXA) transformation products. In crop soil experiments, biodegradation of SM occurred to a lesser extent than in paddy soil, and sorption was the main driver of apparent BUT dissipation. Sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene showed that soil type and duration of herbicide exposure were the main determinants of bacterial community variation. In contrast, herbicide identity and spiking dose had no significant effect. In paddy soil experiments, a high (4:1, V/V) ESA to OXA ratio for SM was observed, and phylotypes assigned to anaerobic Clostridiales and sulfur reducers such as Desulfuromonadales and Syntrophobacterales were dominant for both herbicides. Crop soil microcosms, in contrast, were associated with a reverse, low (1:3, V/V) ratio of ESA to OXA for SM, and Alphaproteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Bacillales dominated regardless of the herbicide. Our results emphasize the variability in the extent and modes of SM and BUT dissipation in agricultural soils, and in associated changes in bacterial communities.

Individual and combined toxicity of atrazine, butachlor, halosulfuron-methyl and mesotrione on the microalga Selenastrum capricornutum

The importance of controlling weeds and the needs of agricultural production mean that different herbicides are used in certain agricultural applications, and so organisms in aquatic environments are often exposed to mixtures of herbicides. This study examined the single and combined toxicity of atrazine (ATR), butachlor (BUT), halosulfuron-methyl (HAL) and mesotrione (MES), widely used herbicides with different sites of action, to the microalga Selenastrum capricornutum after 48h and 72h algal growth inhibition, using the combination index (CI)-isobologram equation. The order of toxicity of single herbicides after 48h and 72h of exposure ranked HAL > ATR > BUT > MES. After 48h exposure the two mixtures of BUT + MES and BUT + HAL + MES showed a synergism effect at the effect (fa) level of 0.5. After 72h exposure the five mixtures of ATR + BUT, BUT + HAL, BUT + MES, HAL + MES and BUT + HAL + MES showed synergism or additive effects at fa 0.5. The results indicated that the increase in toxicity caused by mixtures of these herbicides could, at suitable concentrations, pose a significant hazard to microalgae in the aquatic environment. The CI-isobologram equation may be a useful tool for the assessment of herbicide toxicity in aquatic ecosystems.

A comparison of biomarker responses in juvenile diploid and triploid African catfish, Clarias gariepinus, exposed to the pesticide butachlor

Influence of waterborne butachlor (BUC), a commonly used pesticide, on morphometric, biochemical, and molecular biomarkers was evaluated in juvenile, full sibling, diploid and triploid African catfish (Clarias gariepinus). Fish were exposed for 21 days to one of three concentrations of BUC [mean measured µg/L: 22, 44 or 60]. Unexposed (control) triploids were heavier and longer and had higher visceral-somatic index (VSI) than diploids. Also, they had lighter liver weight (HSI) and showed lower transcript levels of brain gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), aromatase (cyp191b) and fushi tarazu-factor (ftz-f1), and plasma testosterone levels than diploids. Butachlor treatments had no effects, in either diploid or triploid fish, on VSI, HSI, weight or length changes, condition factor (CF), levels of plasma testosterone, 17-β estradiol (E2), cortisol, cholesterol, or mRNA levels of brain tryptophan hydroxylase (tph2), forkhead box L2 (foxl2), and 11 β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (11β-hsd2). Expressions of cyp191b and ftz-f1 in triploids were upregulated by the two highest concentrations of BUC. In diploid fish, however, exposures to all BUC concentrations decreased GnRH transcription and the medium BUC concentration decreased ftz-f1 transcription. Substantial differences between ploidies in basal biomarker responses are consistent with the reported impaired reproductive axis in triploid C. gariepinus. Furthermore, the present study showed the low impact of short term exposure to BUC on reproductive axis in C. gariepinus.

Alterations in juvenile diploid and triploid African catfish skin gelatin yield and amino acid composition: Effects of chlorpyrifos and butachlor exposures

Skin is a major by-product of the fisheries and aquaculture industries and is a valuable source of gelatin. This study examined the effect of triploidization on gelatin yield and proximate composition of the skin of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus). We further investigated the effects of two commonly used pesticides, chlorpyrifos (CPF) and butachlor (BUC), on the skin gelatin yield and amino acid composition in juvenile full-sibling diploid and triploid African catfish. In two separate experiments, diploid and triploid C. gariepinus were exposed for 21 days to graded CPF [mean measured: 10, 16, or 31 μg/L] or BUC concentrations [Mean measured: 22, 44, or 60 μg/L]. No differences in skin gelatin yield, amino acid or proximate compositions were observed between diploid and triploid control groups. None of the pesticide treatments affected the measured parameters in diploid fish. In triploids, however, gelatin yield was affected by CPF treatments while amino acid composition remained unchanged. Butachlor treatments did not alter any of the measured variables in triploid fish. To our knowledge, this study is the first to investigate changes in the skin gelatin yield and amino acid composition in any animal as a response to polyploidization and/or contaminant exposure.

Using morphology and genomic template stability (GTS) tracking herbicide effect on some submersed aquatic plants

The biodiversity are related to environmental status, the natural ponds contained more aquatic plant diversity than paddy field. Some species were found only in paddy fields e.g. Najas Graminea Del., while, some species were found only in natural water pond such as Ceratophyllum demersum Linn. Therefore these major species were selected for herbicide effect testing. The effect of glyphosate and butachlor on aquatic plant was observed in experiment, the color and morphology showed changing related to higher dose treatment. The RAPD profiles was analyzed for genomic template stability (GTS), the results indicated that GTS of Hydrilla verticellata was lowest (7.14%GTS), follow by Utricularia aurea lour (30.77 % GTS), Najas Graminea Del (38.71 %GTS), and Nitella sp. (59.38%GTS), respectively. The results indicated that these herbicides caused abnormally morphology and DNA instability, the RAPD profile cloud be used as biomarker for detection of herbicide contamination in aquatic ecological system.

Compatibility of mutant isolates of Trichoderma spp. with agrochemicals.

Two stable mutants, one each of Trichoderma viride (TvM 1 ) and Trichoderma harzianum (ThM 1 ), obtained through gamma radiation were tested for their compatibility with different pesticides in order to fit them in integrated disease management for the control of fusarial wilt of chilli. Both the fungal mutants showed high compatibility carbendazim (0.1%), fipronil (0.2%), imidacloprid (0.025%) and fluchloralin (0.33%). TvM 4 showed compatibility with captan (0.25%), copper oxy chloride (0.15%), phosalone (0.1%) and butachlor (0.2%) and ThM 1 , was compatible with mancozeb (0.125%) and phosalone (0.1%). Mancozeb (0.25%), copper oxy chloride (0.3%), dicofol (0.5%), pendimethalin (0.66%) and alachlor (0.4%) were found to be highly inhibitory to the radial growth of the mutants TvM 1 and ThM 1 .

Adsorption and mobility of acetochlor and butachlor on soil.

Adsorption and mobility of acetochlor and butachlor on soil.

Summary of Toxicology Studies with Butachlor

ブタクロールは, 米国モンサント・カンパニーが開発した一年生イネ科雑草および一部の広葉雑草を対象とする稲作用除草剤である. 動物実験の結果, 本剤の哺乳動物に対する急性経口, 経皮, 吸入毒性はいずれも軽微で, 眼および皮膚一次刺激性は低い. モルモットを用いた皮膚感作性試験において陽性の反応が認められた. 亜急性および慢性毒性試験の結果, 主として肝臓および腎臓に検体投与による影響が認められたが, これらの影響には閾値が存在した. ラットを用いた慢性毒性/発がん性併合試験において腺胃, 鼻部および甲状腺の腫瘍が認められたが, 腫瘍発生のメカニズムに関する試験研究の結果, これらの腫瘍は閾値の存在する非遺伝子傷害性の作用によって引き起こされていることが解明されている. これらの腫瘍の発生に結びつく前段階の症状には閾値があり, 最大耐量以上の用量でブタクロールを投与した動物実験においてのみ認められた. また, 鼻部の腫瘍の発生には, ラットにおいてのみ認められる種特異的代謝が関与していた. このようにラットにおいて観察された腫瘍をヒトに外挿することは妥当ではない. この結論は, ブタクロールへの暴露量が最も高いと考えられるブタクロールおよびアラクロール製造工場の労働者を対象とした疫学調査の結果, 死亡率および腫瘍発症率の増加が認められなかったことからも支持されている. 本剤には, 哺乳動物生体内における遺伝毒性は認められず, 正常な繁殖や発生過程を阻害することもなかった.ここに要約した毒性試験成績の評価に基づき, ラットにおける慢性毒性/発がん性併合試験における無毒性量1mg/kg/日および安全係数100を用い, 0.01mg/kg/日のADIが設定されている.ブタクロールは, マーシェット®粒剤として昭和48年3月登録を取得して以来, 水田用の雑草発生前土壌処理剤として広く使用されている. 登録保留基準は, 米に0.1ppmと設定されている.

Application and Improvement of the Bulletin Method on the Analysis of Quintozene, Triflurarin, Isoprothiolane and Butachlor

Application and Improvement of the Bulletin Method on the Analysis of Quintozene, Triflurarin, Isoprothiolane and Butachlor

Adsorption of butachlor to soils

Adsorption of butachlor to soils

Effects of Herbicide Butachlor on Nitrogen Transformation of Fertilizers and Soil Microbes in Water-logged Soil

除草剤ブタクロールを一般使用量, 10倍量および50倍量で湛水土壌中に施用し, 尿素および硫安施用時のチッ素の形態変化におよぼす影響を対照区と比較した結果, pH 6.8, 30℃ではブタクロールはいずれの濃度においても尿素のアンモニア化成と硫安の硝酸化成をわずかに促進することが認められたが, pH 4.9の場合には10倍量および50倍量においては尿素のアンモニア化成を遅延させ, 50倍量では硫安の硝酸化成を阻害することがわかった. 15℃においては対照区とほとんど差異はなかった. ブタクロールの土壌微生物による主要代謝物の一つである 2-chloro-2′,6′-diethylacetanilide は1,000ppmの濃度においてはアンモニア態チッ素の利用を遅延させ, 亜硝酸態チッ素の酸化を阻害した. ブタクロールと三種類のジフェニルエーテル系除草剤NIP (nitrofen), CNP (chloronitrofen), およびクロメトキシニル (X-52) とのそれぞれの混合剤では一般使用量および10倍量ではアンモニア化成および硝酸化成に著しい影響を与えない. 土壌の塩基置換容量はブタクロールを使用後7週間後においても大した変化はなく, 一般使用量では初期に土壌の呼吸の促進を認めたが10倍量および50倍量では一時的の阻害現象が認められた. ブタクロールの添加はいずれの濃度においても1週間後には対照区よりも多い土壌微生物の存在が認められ, 4週間後には高濃度においてより高い数値を示した.

Chemical Weed Control in Transplanted Winter Rice in Saudi Arabia

Four granular and two liquid herbicides were tested in transplanted winter rice in the Al-Hassa Oasis. Among granular herbicides, benthiocarb-M and butachlor gave better control of weeds with no sustained injury to rice while nitrofen and MO-401 did not perform effectively under local conditions. Both liquid herbicides, propanil and benthiocarb, also provided adequate control of weeds but caused more crop damage than the granular herbicides. More economical control of weeds in transplanted winter rice in Saudi Arabia appears likely with the use of herbicides.