Butabarbital Research Articles

Activation of Thiazide-Sensitive Co-Transport by Angiotensin II in the cyp1a1-Ren2 Hypertensive Rat

Transgenic rats with inducible expression of the mouse Ren2 gene were used to elucidate mechanisms leading to the development of hypertension and renal injury. Ren2 transgene activation was induced by administration of a naturally occurring aryl hydrocarbon, indole-3-carbinol (100 mg/kg/day by gastric gavage). Blood pressure and renal parameters were recorded in both conscious and anesthetized (butabarbital sodium; 120 mg/kg IP) rats at selected time-points during the development of hypertension. Hypertension was evident by the second day of treatment, being preceded by reduced renal sodium excretion due to activation of the thiazide-sensitive sodium-chloride co-transporter. Renal injury was evident after the first day of transgene induction, being initially limited to the pre-glomerular vasculature. Mircoalbuminuria and tubuloinsterstitial injury developed once hypertension was established. Chronic treatment with either hydrochlorothiazide or an AT1 receptor antagonist normalized sodium reabsorption, significantly blunted hypertension and prevented renal injury. Urinary aldosterone excretion was increased ∼20 fold, but chronic mineralocorticoid receptor antagonism with spironolactone neither restored natriuretic capacity nor prevented hypertension. Spironolactone nevertheless ameliorated vascular damage and prevented albuminuria. This study finds activation of sodium-chloride co-transport to be a key mechanism in angiotensin II-dependent hypertension. Furthermore, renal vascular injury in this setting reflects both barotrauma and pressure-independent pathways associated with direct detrimental effects of angiotensin II and aldosterone.

Cytological and histological studies on reproductive system of hexaploid Bellevalia edirnensis Ozhatay & Mathew (hyacinthaceae).

In this study anther wall, meiosis, sporogenesis and the development of female gametophytes of Bellevalia edirnensis were examined cytologically and histologically. The young anther wall consists of an epidermis, a single layered fibrous endothecium, 1-2 middle layers which disappear early, and a single-layered tapetum. In the glandular tapetum; normal mitosis, the "sticky" type of division and secondary nucleus divisions were observed. In most microspore mother cells the course of meiosis is regular. In some cells irregularities were observed including chromosome bridges and univalents. Cytokinesis is of the successive type and the tetrads are isobilateral. The ovules are anatrapous, bitegmic and crassinucellate. The micropyle is formed by the inner integument. The female archesporium is unicelled and directly functions as the megaspore mother cell. The female gametophyte formed by the functioning chalazal megaspore is monosporic, of the Polygonum type.

Application of Postcolumn Ionization in the High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Analysis of Butabarbital Sodium Elixir

□ A sensitive postcolumn ionization high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for the quantitative determination of butabarbital sodium in butabarbital sodium elixir is described. The procedure employs a octadecylsilane column chemically bonded to porous silica microparticles. The mobile phase is a mixture of methanol and water (typically 35:65), adjusted to provide separation of butabarbital from two degradation compounds and other formulation ingredients. A buffer (pH10) added between the column and detector provides for the primary ionization of the barbiturate necessary for optimum UV-detector sensitivity at ~240nm. Determinations are made using the sodium salt; thus the need for extraction of the free base is eliminated. The procedure is linear over the 0.3–0.9-mg/ml concentration range of butabarbital sodium. Reproducibility values for 10 injections of a single reference standard range from 100.2 to 100.8% of theoretical with a mean of 100.5% and a coefficient of variation of 0.23%. An interlaboratory precision study for blind duplicates of one simulated product formulation and two commercial elixers produced coefficients of variation of 1.4, 1.3, and 1.1%, respectively. Recovery determinations for the drug in simulated product formulations ranged from 98.4 to 99.0%, intralaboratory, and 97.7 to 102.2%, interlaboratory. The HPLC procedure is stability indicating with respect to two decomnositinn products.

HYPERVENTILATION SYNDROME. A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF TRANQUILIZERS AND A SEDATIVE UPON THE ELECTROCARDIOGRAM.

The effects of five drugs‐diazepam, triflupromazine, butabarbital sodium; meprobamate, and chlordiazepoxide‐upon the electrocardiograms of 4 subjects with chronic hyperventilation were compared at rest and after 2 minutes of forced hyperpnea. Chlordiazepoxide was the only one which consistently appeared to inhibit the electrocardiographic alterations consisting of ST segment depression, and less frequently influenced the T wave lowering or inversion. The importance of avoiding the error of misdiagnosing coronary heart disease is emphasized. Exact mechanisms for the hyperventilation‐produced electrocardiographic distortions are not yet fully understood. A “blocking effect” by chlordiazepoxide upon certain areas of the central nervous system may postulate one factor. This medication may be useful in differentiating the electrocardiographic patterns of hyperventilations from those of organic cardiac origin. Similar additional applications of chlordiazepoxide and other psychotropiC agents merit further study.

Experiments with Tranquilizers and Sedatives in Broiler Production

Many of the nutrients now being given research attention produce only small changes in growth rate or feed conversion. Major improvements in broiler production will probably depend upon alteration of the physiology of the bird, rather than improved nutrition.This report summarizes some observations on attempts to produce physiological changes, of economic benefit, in chicks by feeding tranquilizers and sedatives. Compounds studied included the rauwolfia alkaloid reserpine, the diphenylmethane derivative benactyzine, butabarbital sodium, carbromal, and sodium bromide.While many reports have shown that tranquilizers effectively combat stress, conflicting results have been reported on weight gains and feed conversion under normal conditions (Babcock and Taylor, 1957; Garren and Hill, 1957; Wolterink et al., 1958; Couch, 1959; Ringer, 1959; and Burger et al., 1959).PROCEDURECross-bred broiler strain chicks, housed in batteries, were fed a typical, well fortified high energy broiler ration. Each experimental diet was fed to 2 groups of 20 …

Clinical Re-evaluation of Daytime Sedatives

Phenobarbital, butabarbital sodium, acetylcarbromal, glutethimide, meprobamate and prochlorperazine were evaluated under conditions of clinical practice to determine their relative effectiveness in producing daytime sedation, nighttime hypnosis by multiple daytime dosages, and combined daytime sedation and nighttime hypnosis. A therapeutic index (per cent effectiveness: per cent untoward reactions) was established for each drug. Butabarbital sodium provided the highest rating of sedatives studied for control of anxiety and insomnia by daytime dosages.

Development of tolerance and cross tolerance by mephobarbital.

Summary(1) Repeated daily intravenous injections of mephobarbital produces tolerance in experimental animals (rabbits). (2) The development of tolerance to mephobarbital also produces cross tolerance to butabarbital sodium.