Business Office Research Articles

Investigating the Relationship between Awareness and Ecotourism Engagement among Academic staff in the Faculty of Agriculture Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria

The study examined awareness of ecotourism among academic staff in the faculty of agriculture, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto using semi structured questionnaire to elicit information on socioeconomic factors, awareness, participation in ecotourism, constraints to participation in ecotourism and perception of respondents towards ecotourism. Complete enumeration was used to administer questionnaire to eighty respondents (N=80) belonging to seven departments: Agricultural economics (n=10), Agricultural extension and rural development (n=08), Animal science (n=15), Crop science (n=12), Fisheries and Aquaculture (n=09), Forestry and Environment (n=09) and Soil science (n=16). Data was analysed using descriptive statistics, chi-square and ordinal regression. Results showed that majority of the respondents are male (96.3%) and married (98.8%). Majority have PhD (78.7%) with 10-20 years lecturing experience. Most of the respondents are aware of ecotourism (90%) and they got the information through academic line (52.2%) but only 36.3% have ever embarked on ecotourism trip. Busy office schedules were the major problems that affect respondents’ participation in ecotourism (55%). A significant relationship exists between age and respondents’ participation in ecotourism activities (χ2 =13.137). Ordinal logistic regression results showed that age (1.315) and educational qualifications (1.671) are significant predictors of respondent’s perception towards ecotourism (R2=0.27). Travels to ecotourism destinations are quite poor among the members of academic staff in the faculty of Agriculture in Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto, despite their level of education and their stance on biodiversity conservation practices. Academic staffs in tertiary institutions are encouraged to make use of their annual leave to embark on ecotourism trip.

The Catalog of Procedures as Part of Recordkeeping

The Regulation of the Government of the Republic of Serbia on recordkeeping of state administration bodies, which applies to other holders of public administration bodies from 2023, adapted recordkeeping to the needs of e-administration. The designed ePisarnica (Serbian erecords centre) as a unique software solution for recordkeeping and managing centralized registry of records, and a unique system for managing documents as a separate software solution, caused a number of changes in the way of managing registries on files in regard to the so far way of recordkeeping. The catalog of procedures is a new element in office business, it is a record of all administrative and non-administrative procedures of administration bodies and entities exercising public powers. The catalog also contains a codebook of records categories with retention periods. The paper will show the development and innovations in recordkeeping and the role of the catalog of proceedings in the central record of cases with special reference to the catalog of proceedings of provincial bodies.

Determinants of private giving at ranked U.S. universities 2011-2020: A panel data quantile regression analysis

The purpose of this research is to conduct an analysis to identify which variables contribute to student giving to universities in the United States. For this study, data were collected from fifty U.S. universities, most of them in quantile 1 of The Times Higher Education World University Ranking (THE Ranking) list. Also, information from the universities' financial statements and annual reports for the period 2011 to 2020 and information from the National Association of College and University Business Officers (NACUBO). The data were arranged in a panel data structure with a repeated structure for each cross-section. This structure is composed of fifty universities and ten years, as a time period, giving a total of 500 observations. When we perform the corresponding analysis, we can find that the variables that contribute to donations depend on the growth of State GDP, the type of university, university size, state contributions by Full Time Equivalent Students (FTE), the ranking score, tax rebates due to donations. Empirical evidence has also been found in which public universities receive less private giving than private universities. For this research we performed a panel data quantile regression analysis, to more accurately capture the variability of the data because top-ranked universities receive the most donations.

Evelyn J Hinz (ed): Diet and Discourse: Eating, Drinking and Literature

Evelyn J Hinz (ed): Diet and Discourse: Eating, Drinking and Literature, being issue 24/3-4 (summer/fall, 1991) of Mosaic (a journal for the inter-disciplinary study of literature): University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, 1991: 278 pp, no index, bibliographical references attached to each essay, no information about the cost of back numbers (which this presumably now is), but write to Business Office, MOSAIC, 208 Tier Building, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg MB, Canada R3T 2N2.

Abstract P108: Correlations of attended and unattended office blood pressure measurements with Left Ventricular Mass in untreated hypertensives.

Introduction: Unattended (UA) office blood pressure (BP) measurements have been proposed as better substitutes for attended (AT) BP readings for the diagnosis and monitoring of patients with hypertension (HTN). A superior correlation of UA over AT BP measurements with Left Ventricular Hypertrophy (LVH), an early marker of hypertensive organ damage has not been conclusively demonstrated. We hypothesized that in a group with untreated HTN, UA BP would correlate more strongly with left ventricular hypertrophy than AT BP. Methods: Newly diagnosed untreated patients with HTN presenting newly to an outpatient clinic in Nigeria were consented as part of a larger study. Three sets of AT and UA seated BP readings were carried out using a validated device followed by same-day echocardiographic assessment of their Left Ventricular Mass Indexed to Body surface area (LVMI). Pearson’s coefficient (r) was determined and a 2-tailed significance was defined by a two-tailed P value (P) less than 0.05. Coefficients were compared using Fisher r to z transformation. Results: A total of 49 participants (female=25) were recruited with a mean age of 46.2 +/- 9 years. The mean of the AT BP in the cohort (mAT) was 157.1 +/- 13.5mmHg, while the mean of the UA BP was 151.9 +/- 15.7 with no significant difference in both (P=0.085). The mean LVMI of the cohort was 102.3 +/- 28.7 mg/m2. Both the mAT BP (r= 0.304, P= 0.034) and the mUA BP (r=0.354, P=0.013) positively correlated with LVMI, with no significant difference in the strength of both correlations with r to z transformation (z=0.27, P=0.394 ). Conclusion: In a small cohort of newly diagnosed Nigerian hypertensives, both attended and unattended systolic office blood pressure readings correlated positively with left ventricular mass indexed to body surface area, with no significant difference in the strength of their correlation. Having failed to demonstrate a superior correlation of unattended blood pressure readings with LVH, our findings support the continued use of attended office blood pressure readings for clinical monitoring in busy time-constrained office settings where unattended office blood pressure monitoring may not be feasible. Larger studies are however required to confirm these findings.

유연근무제 활용 만족도가 업무성과와 조직몰입에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구 : 자녀 유무의 조절효과

This study aims to conduct a quantitative analysis of the effect of the level of satisfaction with the use of the flexible work system of public officials on work performance and organizational commitment. In addition, the purpose of this study is to verify the moderating effect of the variable with or without children of public officials in the relationship between satisfaction with the use of the flexible work system, work performance, and organizational commitment. In order to statistically verify the research hypothesis, this study conducted statistical analysis on public officials of local government D. All public officials of local government D, which are the targets of this study, are regular public officials and include the main office, direct agency, affiliated agency, and business office. Excluding insufficient responses, the total number of respondents finally included in the statistical analysis of this study was 458. As a result of the analysis, it was found that the level of satisfaction with the flexible work system had a positive effect on the level of work performance and organizational commitment. In addition, it was verified that the child-presence variable has the effect of partially moderating the relationship between satisfaction with the flexible work system and work performance/organizational commitment. This study will contribute to the theoretical expansion of the domestic public sector flexible work system by verifying the level of satisfaction with the use of the flexible work system, the quantitative relationship between organizational outcome variables, and the moderating effect of the variable with or without children, one of the population control variables. In addition, the main analysis results derived from the statistical analysis of this study are expected to provide practical implications to induce more correct establishment and active use of the flexible work system in domestic public institutions in terms of design and execution.

Sosialisasi Profesi Akuntansi untuk Meningkatkan Minat dan Motivasi Pelajar SMK Muhammadiyah 9 Jakarta dalam Menghadapi Persaingan Dunia Kerja

e lack of public knowledge of the accounting profession. Even though as long as the business world and offices still exist, the ability and skills in accounting are still needed. The accountant profession is a problem not only because of technological developments but also because of the lack of socialization and promotion related to the output of accounting majors, so that students experience confusion in determining their interests and expected profession. In the digital era, there are concerns that the accounting profession may no longer be needed in the business world. This opinion is based on the perception that more affordable, fast, and accurate accounting software can replace the role of accountants, causing challenges for this profession. Therefore, the socialization of the accounting profession can be used as an opportunity from the threats that will be faced in the future. Socialization is given in the form of lectures, questions and answers and discussions from discussions that are carried out one day considering the busy learning of XII grade vocational students. The results of this socialization were that the participants were very enthusiastic about the material presented because the speakers delivered the material with light language adapted to today's gen Z children, participants could listen to the material well and followed by a question and answer session. The final evaluation was a positive response and good enthusiasm from the students of SMK Muhammadiyah 9 Jakarta along with the teachers of the socialization.

The Influence of MSMEs on Economic Growth in Jayapura City

The research was conducted in Jayapura City by utilizing quantitative methods. In this study using time series data. Time series data is data that is organized based on the time sequence of events. The time series data includes all MSMEs in 21 sub-districts registered at the Jayapura City Office of Cooperative Trade and Micro Business during 2015-2022. The results showed that the growth of MSMEs in Jayapura City played an important role in the economic growth of Jayapura district / city by increasing the Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP). The effect of MSMEs on economic growth, showing the results of the tcount value of the variable number of MSMEs on GRDP of -8.9259 with a probability value of 0.000. Because the probability value is smaller than 0.05, it can be concluded that the growth in the number of MSMEs is significant in influencing the growth of GRDP in Jayapura city. The negative regression coefficient shows that the growth in the number of MSMEs is inversely proportional to the growth of GRDP in Jayapura city. When the number of MSMEs has decreased since 2021, the GRDP of Jayapura city has actually continued to increase.

Selective postmortem arterial angiography of head and neck using digital x-ray or computed tomography: A practical and rapid method to identify vascular injuries.

Identification of vascular injuries is crucial for complete postmortem evaluation and understanding of trauma deaths by the Medical Examiner. Some vascular injuries are difficult to evaluate due to challenging anatomic locations, especially in the head and neck. Documenting injuries of the facial and vertebral arteries is challenging and necessitates time-consuming dissections that can create artifacts and disfigurement. In busy medical examiner offices with a significant number of traumatic injuries, finding a creative solution to employ reliable postmortem angiography is desirable. At the Office of the Chief Medical Examiner for the State of Maryland (OCME), we created and effectively implemented a selective angiography procedure using traditional indwelling Foley catheters and water-soluble barium swallow contrast to evaluate arterial injuries using either digital radiography or computed tomography imaging modalities. This technique and imaging interpretation can be performed by a medical examiner or forensic pathology fellow after basic technical training and basic radiology training. This study outlines the technique, methods, and utilization of the procedure and describes the findings of six deaths due to vascular lesions from different injury mechanisms and disease processes and describes the ease of implementation on a broader scale in busy Medical Examiner's offices.

An Improvement Project in Reducing After-Visit Phone Calls in a Community Pediatric Neurology Clinic: Too Much Communication?

Physicians strive to provide high-quality clinical care, yet after-visit patient telephone calls create extra demands on a clinician's time. Pediatric neurologists are particularly affected by this challenge given the number of patients with chronic illnesses they serve and the volume of worried parents they support. Added workload coupled with a busy office practice increases the likelihood of early physician burnout, which can have downstream effects on the quality of patient care and patient satisfaction. Using the IHI model for quality improvement (abbreviated QI moving forward), QI methodology was used to determine volume and key drivers of patient/family communications after a visit to a pediatric neurology clinic. Interventions aimed at reducing telephone messages by 15% over a 6-month period were put into place. A baseline audit of clinic phone calls was completed in 2019 to develop an overview of after-visit communications. After-visit telephone calls and web-based portal messages were then tracked for 3-week periods in 2019, 2020, and 2021 to understand key trends. A key driver diagram of patient/family communications after a clinic visit was created, and interventions aimed at reducing telephone messages were discussed. These interventions included optimizing MD-RN workflows, synchronous and asynchronous educational initiatives, and changes to our clinic's voicemail phone tree. Our primary outcome measure was the average monthly telephone call volume, and this measure was tracked monthly from November 2020 through December 2022. Similarly, electronic portal message volume was tracked and served as our balancing measure. Physicians, nurses, and patients were primary drivers of phone call volume. After interventions were in place, the average monthly call volume decreased by 30% from a baseline of 293 calls to 203 calls. This change was sustained for at least 1 year. The average monthly portal message volume remained consistent throughout the study period at 359 messages. Both physicians and nurses agree that after-visit patient communication affects their workload. This study illustrates that QI methodology can be used to plan and implement interventions aimed at decreasing after-visit telephone calls.

CHARACTERIZING OF DETERMINING FACTORS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF KEEPING KUB CHICKEN BY POOR VILLAGER HOUSEHOLDS IN GARUT DISTRICT

Inventory of factors determining the continuation of keeping KUB chickens by poor villager households, disseminated under #Bekerja program in 4 sub districts of Garut regency, was carried out through a survey study in September to November 2018. The data sampling was conducted purposely, consisting of representatives of various sources related to the development of keeping the KUB chickens gathered in FGD (Focus Group Discussion). The data consisted of primary data and secondary data. The data were analysed descriptively and by using multiple regression which was performed using SPSS 16. The results showed that internal factors consisted of quality of direct management by poor villager households, the existence of suppliers, market intermediaries, consumers and competitors. Whilst the external factors were the guidance of government services officers, the product selling price and the distance of location of the market. Furthermore the results showed that the motivation of RTM, supplier of business inputs, marketing intermediaries, consumer desires, officer guidance, selling prices, business location and quality of KUB chickens significantly influence the development of KUB chickens. Whilst competitor and promotion did not significantly influence the development of keeping KUB chickens.

Family Business Leadership Governance: The integrated practices of ASLI framework

This paper discussed Family Business Leadership Governance (FBLG) practices: the approach to leading the family businesses, family business strategy, the structure of family business leadership, and family constitution & succession planning. These practices are significant for any family business and must be developed and executed by the Chief Family Business Officer (CFBO) to ensure the proper governance of family business leaders. Further, this paper will introduce the ASLI framework to work on each family business leadership practice. These practices are also interconnected with each other. This framework can be presented as new knowledge in family business management. If the family businesses apply this framework formally, it will play an imperative role in their sustainability and growth.

Study of obstacles of fish culture in Khartoum State (Omdurman, Khartoum and Khartoum north, case study)

The present study aimed to provide baseline information of fish culture status (obstacles) of Omdurman, Khartoum and Khartoum north in the Khartoum state in Sudan due to there is little or lack of information in this field. 30 owners of farm were questioned from Omdurman, Khartoum and Khartoum north, 10 farms for each location; Descriptive analysis was done for analyzing the raw data of the study by using Excel Microsoft Software 2007. Social data showed that male farm owners group was dominant in third sites 100%. Age groups of fishermen ranged between 20 to 60 years; where age group 31- 40 Khartoum north, age group 41- 50 was dominant in O mdurman and age group 51-60 year was dominant in Khartoum. Six educational categories were recorded where University education was dominant in the three locations 50%, 50% and 70% respectively; whereas, postgraduate was the second in the tow location: O mdurman and Khartoum 20% and the secondary education were the third in Khartoum 30%. all farm owners were married 100% in three sites; As regards to the farm owners other activities results showed that most of them were practicing other activities (farmers, business owner, officers and workers). Category of farmer was dominant 90% secondly business owner and officer 70% and 50% respectively. Data showed that the problems (Varanus niloticus, birds, marketing, fees and thefts) was dominant in three locations had the highest percentage 90%, 80%, 60%, 30% and 10% respectively. and according to production cost in three locations arranged: (feeds, workers, fingerlings, water and technical supervision) 50, and 70% and 40%, 50% and 70% and 30%, 40% and 50% and 10, 20 and 40% and 10, 20 and 30% respectively. Category of feeds dominant followed by workers and fingerlings, the best Method to obtain of information, the results showed that Bulletins was dominant in three sites 80%, 30% and 90%; whereas, field visits in three location was the second 60%, 90% and 0%, Radio programs in three location was the third 60%, 10% and 60% and the lowest percentage; Seminars and television 40%, 50% and 40%, and 30%, 0% and 0%. For the best location to obtain information results revealed that the General Director of Fisheries Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Resources and Irrigation - Khartoum State was dominant in the three locations 90%, 80% and 90%, whereas, Universities in three location was the second 40%, 20% and 0%, and the lowest percentage Central Research of fisheries 40%, 0% and 0%, and Internet 10%, 20% and30%. Also result showed most of the farm owners in three sites all them need to training courses in deferent programmers (Fish extinction, Fish feeding, Fish production and Fish marketing) according to this percentages 60%, 30% and 50%, and 30%, 10% and 50%, and 10%, 10% and 30%, and 10%, 0% and 20% respectively.

Wearing out the Watchdog: The Impact of SEC Case Backlog on the Formal Investigation Process

ABSTRACT We examine a comprehensive set of investigations by the SEC’s Division of Enforcement offices to provide evidence on the consequences of these office’s busyness on the formal investigation process. We find that higher office case backlog decreases the likelihood of an investigation into a restating firm. Our results show no evidence that higher backlogs affect the SEC’s ability to pursue cases involving revenue recognition issues and high insider trading, which is consistent with the agency’s stated priorities. But our findings indicate that busy SEC offices are less likely to pursue cases with the largest shareholder losses, which is inconsistent with SEC priorities. Backlog also impacts pursued investigations, leading to more prolonged investigations, a lower Accounting and Auditing Enforcement Releases likelihood, and smaller SEC penalties. Our evidence suggests that busyness undermines the SEC’s investigation process. JEL Classifications: G18; G38; K42; M41.

Quality of life and psychological issues associated with food allergy.

Food allergies (FA) pose risks beyond just the physical harm caused by anaphylaxis. The psychological consequences associated with an FA diagnosis can arguably be more detrimental for long-term health and quality of life than the consequences of an actual reaction. This can be seen in the hypervigilance of patients and caregivers surrounding mealtime, limited social interactions with peers, strained familial relationships, and increased reluctance to travel.1 More than 40% of children with FA have experienced at least one severe food-induced reaction. Given the need for daily nourishment, the potential for a very small amount leading to a life-threatening reaction is real, so it is not surprising that fear and anxiety can overwhelm patients with this condition.1 , 2 Allergists have a responsibility to recognize the difference between adaptive versus maladaptive anxiety. Whereas the demands of a busy office can often dissuade prolonged in-depth conversations about mental health, there are several validated tools that can be used to quickly and efficiently identify patients at risk. Allergists can play an important role in how an FA diagnosis is conceptualized and whether families leave the office with confidence or with excessive amounts of fear. Instilling a healthy respect for foods without crippling families with anxiety should be the goal of any clinic visit. To provide optimal support and treatment for patients with increased stress and anxiety, there needs to be a more substantial and easily accessible network of mental health professionals integrated within FA treatment centers so that patients and their families have the resources to address their mental health needs.

Relationship between Human Capital Development and Job Performance of Business Educators: A Study in Tertiary Institutions in Ekiti State, Nigeria

The study was on relationship between human capital development and job performance of business educators in tertiary institution in Ekiti state. Three research questions were raised and three hypotheses were formulated and tested at 0.05 level of significance. The study adopted correlational survey research design. The population of the study comprised 40 lecturers in business education and Office Technology and Management departments from three Universities and Federal Polytechnic, Ado Ekiti respectively. All the lecturers were used since the population was manageable. The instrument used was a questionnaire titled Human Resources and Job Performance Questionnaire (HRJPQ). The instrument was given to experts in Business Education for content and face validity. The internal consistency of the instrument was ascertained using Cronbach alpha with a Coefficient value of 0.89. The findings revealed that there was a high positive relationship between training and business educators’ job performance, there was a very high positive relationship between mentoring and business educators’ job performance and there was moderate positive relationship between performance appraisal and business educators’ job performance. The findings also revealed that training, mentoring and performance appraisal is significant positive predictor of business educator’s job performance. Based on the findings, it was recommended that Management of tertiary institutions in Ekiti state need to establish a widely spread evaluation scheme to enhance performance of business educators, they should also offer training programs to business educators based on training needs which is identified through regular performance appraisal review and provide mentoring programme for them to meet their expected performance.

The Impact of Mergers and Acquisitions on the Long-Term Performance of Securities Firms

In China, the generally small size and weak financing capacity have affected the growth of the securities companies. In recent years, many securities firms have adopted mergers and acquisitions (M&A) to expand the size of their businesses and it is necessary to study the impact of M&A on their long-term performance. This paper selects the acquisition of Guangzhou Securities by CITIC Securities as a case study to examine the impact of M&A on long-term performance. The paper first analyses the motivation for the M&A and describes the background of the two companies. Then it analyses the long-term performance of CITIC Securities before and after the acquisition. As for the financial indicators, the paper compares profitability, solvency, operating efficiency and growth capacity. In terms of non-financial indicators, it focuses on market share and number of business offices. Finally, it makes some suggestions for M&A in the Chinese securities industry. The paper finds that CITIC Securities' profitability, solvency and operating efficiency have all improved after the M&A, and the M&A has brought considerable gains. Its business offices in Guangdong operations have increased, and its market share has further expanded. In the future, CITIC Securities will need further follow-on integration to expand synergies and improve the company's performance.

Multidimensional Spatial Driving Factors of Urban Vitality Evolution at the Subdistrict Scale of Changsha City, China, Based on the Time Series of Human Activities

Urban vitality is an important reflection of a city’s development potential and urban quality. This study used exploratory spatio-temporal big data such as social media check-ins to portray the spatio-temporal evolution of urban vitality at the subdistrict scale in Changsha, a city in central China, from 2013 to 2021, finding that urban vitality in Changsha exhibited central agglomeration and outward circling expansion over time, and then we used Geodetector and spatial regression analyses to explain the interactive effects and spatio-temporal heterogeneity of the spatial elements of subdistrict form, subdistrict function, and subdistrict economy on urban vitality. The results show the following: (1) The subdistrict form and subdistrict function dimensions had a significant effect on urban vitality, and the effect of the economic dimension of the subdistrict was not significant. (2) The interaction effect of the density of entertainment and leisure facilities and the density of business office facilities in subdistrict function was the dominant factor in the change of urban vitality. (3) Under the spatio-temporal effect, land use diversity and park facility density had the strongest positive effect on urban vitality; road density and shopping facility density had the weakest effect. The study aimed to provide a reference for the optimization and allocation of spatial elements of subdistricts in sustainable urban development and urban renewal, in order to achieve the purpose of urban vitality creation and enhancement.

Public Relations Strategy of the West Java Province Cooperative and Small Business Service in Increasing the Active Role of Secondary Cooperatives in West Java

Effective Public Relations Communication between the West Java Province Cooperative and MSME Service can help people increase awareness about the Secondary Cooperative program and how they can use it for their benefit. To achieve this goal, an appropriate communication strategy is needed. This research then aims to see how the Public Relations strategy of the Cooperatives and Small Business Office of West Java Province is increasing the active role of Secondary Cooperatives in West Java. This research will be carried out using a descriptive qualitative approach. Research data was obtained through various methods such as literature studies and interviews. The results of this research then found that the public relations strategy at the Department of Cooperatives and Small Businesses of West Java Province could be carried out through 4 phases. Aspects of the formative research phase help ensure that communication campaigns or programs are designed according to the needs and preferences of the audience, and are more effective in achieving the stated communication goals. Aspects of the strategy phase are carried out through a series of steps or methods to convey messages and information to the audience, namely the fostered secondary cooperative. Aspects of the tactical phase are carried out by documenting on social media and collaborating. Finally, evaluation research aspects are carried out periodically through evaluation meetings, both external and internal.

PENGARUH PENGETAHUAN KEWIRAUSAHAAN DAN MOTIVASI BERWIRAUSAHA TERHADAP MINAT PESERTA WIRAUSAHA PADA DINAS KOPERASI DAN USAHA MIKRO KOTA DEPOK

This study is motivated by the influence of entrepreneurial knowledge and entrepreneurial motivation on the interest of entrepreneurial participants at the Depok City Cooperative and Micro Business Office. This is done to see how much the level of entrepreneurial knowledge and entrepreneurial motivation of entrepreneurial participants in Depok City. The research method used is quantitative method because it is a method used to determine the relationship or influence between two or more variables. Data collection techniques through observation, documentation, interviews and questionnaires distributed to 80 respondents using probability sampling techniques with simple random sampling. In analyzing the data, using Instrument Test, Classical Assumption Test and Hypothesis Test. The results showed that the coefficient of determination was 0.806, this means that 80.6% of the contribution of the Entrepreneurship Knowledge Variable (X1) and Entrepreneurial Motivation (X2) influenced the interest of entrepreneurial participants (Y). The conclusion from the data analysis above is that there is a positive and significant influence of Entrepreneurial Knowledge and Entrepreneurial Motivation on the Interest of Entrepreneurial Participants at the Depok City Cooperative and Micro Business Office.