Business Mathematics Research Articles

Designing and Testing a Contextual Factors-Based Teaching and Learning Model for Blended Mathematics Instruction

The study employs design-based research (DBR) to design the mathematics teaching and learning activity model (M-TLAM) for blended learning instruction in a Tanzanian higher education context. This model utilises contextual factors, including ICT tool usage, collaborative learning with metacognitive activities, and local culture, to determine how optimising these factors boosts math students’ motivation and achievement. Two DBR phases were conducted, of which Phase 1 lasted for two weeks and Phase 2 an entire semester. To evaluate M-TLAM in real-life learning settings, experiments were conducted with 225 first-year undergraduate students and seven lecturers at the College of Business Education in Tanzania. Experimental data were collected from pre-and post-tests, interviews, and questionnaires administered to students and lecturers. The study examined the perceptions and motivation of the participating lecturers towards using the M-TLAM in mathematics education and the factors influencing student motivation, academic achievement, and experience towards business mathematics courses. The evaluation results are promising and show that the M-TLAM implementation can potentially improve students’ motivation and academic achievement. In addition, the pedagogical experiences of students were primarily positive, and student’s attitudes towards the business mathematics course through M-TLAM were more favourable than those of students who studied the course via traditional methods. Cultural, technological, and instructional Factors contribute to students’ improved motivation. Lectures demonstrated a cheerful disposition towards the potential of the M-TLAM for enhancing teaching and learning activities. The contributions of this study are highlighted through the implementation of the M-TLAM for blended learning and through the design principles and guidelines provided towards its effective implementation.

Reconfiguration and transformation for resilience: building service organizations towards sustainability

PurposeAmidst unpredictable and turbulent periods, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, service organization’s responses are required to be innovative, adaptable and resilient. The purpose of this study is to explore the utilization of both reconfiguration and transformational strategies as instruments for cultivating resilience and advancing sustainability in service organizations.Design/methodology/approachThe study examines a proposed resilience model using fuzzy logic. The research also used a semantic differential scale to capture nuanced and intricate attitudes. Finally, to augment the validity of the resilience model, a measurement scale was formulated using business mathematics and expert opinions.FindingsAlthough investing in resilience training can help organizations gain control and maintain their operations in times of crisis, it may not directly help service organizations understand the external turmoil, seek available resources or create adaptive remedies. Conversely, high levels of reconfiguration and transformation management vigour empower a service organization’s revolutionary, malleable vision, organizational structure and decision-making processes, welcoming talented and innovative employees to enhance capabilities during crises.Research limitations/implicationsThe resilience model bestows a comprehensive understanding of the pertinence of building resilience for service organizations identifying the antecedents that influence the adoption of these strategies and introduces a range of theoretical perspectives that empowers service organizations to conceptualize and plan for building resilience. The research guides service organizations to become more resilient to external shocks and adapt to changing circumstances by diversifying their offerings, optimizing their resources and adopting flexible work arrangements. The study elaborates on the enhancement of resilience, increasing innovation, improving efficiency and enhancing customer satisfaction for service organizations to remain competitive and contribute to positive social and economic outcomes through the adoption of both reconfiguration and transformational strategies.Practical implicationsThe study also guides the service organizations to become more resilient to external shocks and adapt to changing circumstances by diversifying their offerings, optimizing their resources and adopting flexible work arrangements. Rapid innovation and business model innovation are essential components, enabling service organizations to foster a culture of innovation and remain competitive. In addition, the adoption can lead to improved financial performance, job creation and economic growth, contributing to positive social and economic impacts.Social implicationsThe resilience model bestows a comprehensive understanding of the pertinence of building resilience for service organizations. It identifies the antecedents that influence the adoption of these strategies and introduces a range of theoretical perspectives that empowers service organizations to conceptualize and plan for building resilience. The research also provides a foundation for further investigation into the effectiveness of these strategies and their impact on organizational performance and sustainability. By better preparing service organizations for disruptions and uncertainties, this research triggers ameliorated organizational performance and sustainability.Originality/valueWithin the realm of the service industry, the present investigation has undertaken the development, quantification and scrutiny of both resilience and tenacity. In addition, it has delved into the intricate dynamics surrounding the influencing factors and antecedents that bear upon resilience, elucidating their consequential impact on the operational performance and outlook of service-oriented organizations. The findings derived from this research furnish valuable insights germane to enhancing operational efficacy and surmounting impediments within the sector.

Analyzing the Nexus Between Entrepreneurship and Business Mathematics - A Comprehensive Study on Strategic Decision-Making, Financial Modeling, and Risk Assessment in Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs)

This research undertakes a comprehensive exploration of the symbiotic relationship between entrepreneurship and business mathematics, focusing on strategic decision-making, financial modeling, and risk assessment within the context of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs). The study aims to elucidate how the integration of mathematical models influences the operational dynamics of SMEs, ultimately shaping their ability to navigate uncertainties and foster sustainable growth. The investigation delves into the theoretical underpinnings of this nexus, drawing from established theories such as the Resource-Based View, Decision Theory, Financial Modeling Theories, Prospect Theory, Systems Theory, and Entrepreneurial Learning Theories. These frameworks collectively form the basis for understanding how SMEs strategically leverage business mathematics to optimize resource allocation, assess risks, and make informed decisions. Methodologically, a mixed-methods research design is employed, combining qualitative in-depth interviews with SME entrepreneurs and quantitative surveys distributed among a representative sample. The research design aims to provide a nuanced understanding of how mathematical models are applied in SMEs, capturing both the qualitative insights of entrepreneurs and quantitative data on the prevalence and impact of business mathematics in strategic decision-making, financial modeling, and risk assessment. Challenges and opportunities associated with the integration of business mathematics are discussed, including issues of expertise, data quality, perceived complexity, and cost constraints. The research highlights the potential for technological advancements, collaborative platforms, educational initiatives, and supportive policies to bridge these gaps and unlock the transformative potential of mathematical models in SMEs. The research contributes to the growing body of knowledge on the intersection of entrepreneurship and business mathematics, providing insights for SMEs, educators, policymakers, and researchers. The findings underscore the importance of mathematical literacy in the entrepreneurial landscape, offering practical implications for enhancing decision-making processes, financial strategies, and risk management practices within SMEs. Keywords: Entrepreneurship, Business Mathematics, Financial Modeling, Risk Assessment, Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs), Entrepreneurial Finance, Probability Analysis.

Business students’ attitudes towards mathematics and performance in business mathematics: A case study of a Norwegian business school

Mathematical abilities and skills are useful knowledge for success in economic administrative studies. This article focuses on business students’ attitudes towards mathematics, their mathematical pathway in upper secondary school, and achievement in the compulsory course in business mathematics. The sample is from a survey of 260 business students from a university in Norway. The analysis is based on the framework of the attitudes towards mathematic inventory (ATMI). By comparing mean values this paper displays a strong link between students’ selection of mathematical level in secondary school and their performance in business mathematics. This result is confirmed by using a linear regression model. However, by bringing in ATMI in the model this article shows there is no longer any significant correlation between choices regarding mathematics in upper secondary school and achievement in business mathematics. Nor did gender or grade point average from high school have any significant effect. Only elements included in ATMI (self-confidence and motivation) had a significant effect. The reason is probably that it is not the students’ selection of mathematical level in secondary school, but their attitudes towards mathematics, that can explain success in business mathematics.

Money Savvy: Development of an Instructional Module Integrating Financial Literacy in Teaching and Learning Business Mathematics

Financial literacy encompasses the awareness, knowledge, skills, attitude, and behavior necessary for making informed financial decisions and achieving financial well-being. This study utilized the ADDIE model, which includes the stages of Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation. Data were gathered from learners, licensed financial advisors, and experts using validated and reliable instruments such as questionnaires, evaluation checklists, journals, and written interviews. Analysis methods included mean, standard deviation, rank, and thematic analysis. The findings revealed that learners exhibited a moderate level of financial literacy. Licensed financial advisors identified five specific Business Mathematics lessons where financial literacy could be effectively integrated. The resulting instructional module was evaluated based on its learning objectives, content, organization, presentation, format, design, activities, assessments, and integration of financial literacy. Experts rated the module as "Highly Acceptable," while learners found it "Acceptable." The module was praised for its uniqueness, interest, clarity, effectiveness, flexibility, and ability to enhance the understanding and application of mathematical concepts while promoting financial literacy. Consequently, it is deemed suitable for integrating financial literacy into Business Mathematics lessons. Further research is recommended to evaluate the module's impact on academic achievement and to develop similar instructional materials for other relevant subjects.

Blended Teaching Method Using Self-Made Video and Dropbox Platform

Students nowadays, particularly Generation Z and Alpha, tend to lose interest and drop out of class when they are only exposed to lectures and PowerPoint presentations. This traditional technique has limits concerning restricted time due to the syllabus. The lecturers must compete to complete it and cannot repeat if students do not attend class to prevent disrupting the learning schedule. Given the extent to which technology was employed during the COVID-19 pandemic, utilizing blended learning to solve the issue would be a prudent choice. Thus, the main objective of this project is to apply blended learning, wherein the lecturer records and uploads instructional videos on the online platform, Dropbox after in-person classes. The self-made teaching videos link will be shared with the students via WhatsApp after the face-to-face learning session ends. 108 Diploma and Degree students who enrolled in Business Mathematics course from Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Terengganu, Malaysia were involved with this teaching method. Through the use of this blended learning strategy, over fifty per cent of the students were able to retain and improve their final exam grades. The students were expressed their satisfaction on this contemporary learning approach by giving high rating for the evaluation teaching course. This project proved that self-made videos as teaching materials and Dropbox as a sharing medium are one of the most effective choices for making learning more comprehensive and accessible. The shortcomings of traditional learning can be addressed by combining in-person instruction with instructional videos. This teaching method should be applied to other courses to ensure its efficacy across a broader range.

Gamified Learning in Selected Business Mathematics Topics: A Mixed Methods Approach

Gamified Learning in Selected Business Mathematics Topics: A Mixed Methods Approach

Motivating Students to Learn Mathematics in the iGrowMaths Classroom: An Innovative Adaptive Classroom in Business Mathematics Education

The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated the inequalities in educational attainment and achievement, especially for students from disadvantaged socio-economic backgrounds. The teaching and learning process has become more complex as students are increasingly diverse in terms of prior knowledge and learning pace. Hence, this study proposes and designs the iGrowMaths Classroom, an innovative adaptive learning classroom for Business Mathematics course at a public polytechnic in Malaysia. The purpose is to create an adaptive learning environment that builds on the level of prior knowledge and learning pace in order to promote motivation and improve achievements in mathematics. The case study design was employed to investigate the effectiveness of iGrowMaths Classroom, with the adoption of a triangulation method that involved questionnaires, interviews, and formative assessment. The findings reveal that the iGrowMaths classroom is effective in fostering the students’ motivation towards learning mathematics and thereby enhancing the learning outcomes.

Mathematics for business and management studies

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The Use of Digital Whiteboard in Online Learning

The traditional teaching technique of Business Mathematics mostly involves an extensive step-by-step explanation for solving any given problem. But during online classes, the main limitation is students may only listen to the lengthy explanation alone, without having chance to physically view the detailed steps. This may cause students to be less attentive, easily become bored, and subsequently lessen their interest in the subject. Due to this, some students decide not to attend the online classes for this subject or they possibly may leave in the middle of the lessons. To comply with this matter, a Digital Whiteboard has been integrated into the synchronized learning sessions. The use of Interactive Whiteboards has been widely regarded as one of the most ground-breaking teaching applications for a wide range of educational levels. It provides more effective learning where the students may view all the calculation steps on the whiteboard, as they are in the class, only it is done virtually. It also gives more chances of engagement between students and teachers. Microsoft Whiteboard is a popular application among educators that may be used as an exceptionally adaptable interactive whiteboard. The purpose of this research is to investigate students' perceptions of the usage of the Microsoft Whiteboard in the teaching and learning process. 72 students of UiTM Terengganu, from the Diploma of Muamalat (Part 2), taking Business Mathematics subject, were selected as the research sample. A 22-item online survey was used as the quantitative technique for data collection. Descriptive analysis was carried out to gauge the student’s perception of the application of Microsoft Whiteboard. The findings showed positive results on students’ perception, participation, and emotion, indicating high acceptance towards the application of Microsoft Whiteboard among students. Majority of students agreed that the usage of Microsoft Whiteboard has aided them to comprehend the materials conveyed during online in a better way. The use of a digital whiteboard can attract and supports students’ participation, thus may improve their understanding while learning. Thus, the use of the Microsoft Whiteboard application as one of the online pedagogies for the educators is highly encouraged.

Academic Usage of Social Media and The Impact of Social Media Used in Online Distance Learning on Mathematics/Statistics Performance

The study was aimed to determine the impact of social media used on mathematics/statistics through online distance learning (ODL) among pre-diploma and diploma business management students enrolling for Intensive Mathematics (MAT037), Business Mathematics (MAT112), Mathematics with Business Applications (MAT111) and Introduction to Statistics (QMT181) courses of academic session November 2020 – January 2021 in a public university in Malaysia. The quantitative research design was employed in which samples were selected using cluster sampling method. From 53 academic groups of students taking MAT037, MAT111, MAT112, and QMT181, 21 groups were selected randomly. All students from 21 groups selected were chosen as samples. An online survey was conducted in January 2021 during the Recovery Movement Control Order (RMCO) Phase 3 period (1st January 2021 – 31st March 2021). During this period of time, Malaysian public universities were still conducting teaching and learning activities via ODL. A total of 539 pre-diploma and diploma business management students of ages between 18 years to 23 years old participated in the study. Findings of the study revealed that WhatsApp was the most favourite used social media platform among the students, followed by Instagram, YouTube, Telegram, Twitter, Facebook, Pinterest, TikTok, Facebook Messenger, and Snapchat. Male students were found to favour Facebook while female students favoured Twitter, Pinterest, and Telegram more than males. Older (20 – 23 years old) and senior (Part 2 and higher) students preferred to use Twitter while Instagram and Pinterest users were higher among younger (18 – 19 years old) and junior (Pre-diploma/Part 1) students. Twitter users were also higher among students residing in urban areas, enrolling in insurance discipline of study, and taking statistics course. Combination of YouTube, Telegram, and/or WhatsApp used with lecturers’ supervision, guidance, and collaboration during ODL had significantly affected mathematics/statistics performance while there was no significant effect between the combination of YouTube, Telegram, and/or WhatsApp when social media were used without lecturers’ supervision, guidance, and collaboration. Results of the study also revealed that mathematics/statistics performance for groups who frequently used YouTube and groups who frequently used Telegram were significantly higher than groups who frequently used WhatsApp. Thus, it is concluded that YouTube, Telegram, and WhatsApp can be beneficial and effective as educational tools in supporting mathematics/statistics learning with lecturers’ supervision, guidance, and collaboration. According to the results, Instagram was students' second-most-used social media, so lectures and students should use Instagram to support and supplement mathematics/statistics learning.

Digital note-taking: An effective self-regulation tool in increasing academic achievement of Filipino students in a business mathematics online learning course

Online learning is a relatively new but emerging approach in Philippine education. The approach's rise in popularity warrants an emphasis on self-regulated learning (SRL). Hence, the current study aimed to propose and assess an intervention using a digital note-taking application as an SRL tool for Business Math. Data collection included the administration of a pre-test and a post-test and weekly ratings of digital notebook usage. Two-way ANCOVA results suggest that skillful self-regulators consistently achieved more than naïve self-regulators. Hierarchal regression analysis results imply that learners with better digital notebooks are likelier to achieve more in the course. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of the SRL intervention used in the study. Furthermore, repeated measures of ANOVA results suggest that different groups of learners use their SRL tools differently. Despite the effect of SRL tools on achievement, higher achievers are not certainly better self-regulators than lower achievers.

Analysis of Business Students’ Difficulties in Transferring Business Mathematics Knowledge to Business studies: The Case of BGC Trust University Bangladesh

This study investigated business students’ (BS) difficulties in transfer of learning from business mathematics (BM) courses to business studies. To do this, the authors have collected the data from 182 undergraduate students of BGC Trust University Bangladesh (BGCTUB) by using simple random sampling technique. The data are processed through SPSS (23 version) and the MS excel. Factor analysis (Principal Component Analysis) is conducted to analysis the data. There are 17 closed ended questions (difficulties) asked from the students. This analysis reduced these 17 difficulties into 6. Among the 6 difficulties, first one is most important which explains highest variance (24.862%) in the variables and initial Eigen value is 4.227. It covers most of the difficulties (10) from the 17 difficulties. And second one is also important which explains 8.706% of the variation in students’ problem for their understanding and it covers 3 difficulties. Hence, BM instructors are suggested to concentrate the first and second important difficulties to transfer business mathematic knowledge to business studies. This study also analyzes the socio-demographic background of the students studying at BGCTUB. Limitation and further directions for research is also given.

Special Issue on: Advancements in Mathematics and Optimization Techniques in Technology & Business

Advancements in Mathematics and Optimization Techniques in Technology and Business are integral components of numerous scientific and practical domains, providing valuable tools for understanding complex phenomena, making informed decisions, and predicting outcomes. Over the years, these disciplines have witnessed significant advancements, driven by the relentless pursuit of improved methodologies, the availability of vast amount of data, and the need to address increasingly intricate real-world problems. One of the key areas of focus in this special issue is the development of mathematical modeling techniques for complex systems which are characterized by their intricate interconnectedness, making them challenging to study and analyze. Researchers have made significant strides in developing sophisticated mathematical models and computational methods to simulate and understand such systems. Network modeling, agent-based modeling, stochastic modeling, and dynamical systems are among the areas that have seen remarkable progress, enabling researchers to gain deeper insights into the behavior and dynamics of complex systems.

Exploring the Usefulness of Google Classroom in Learning Business Mathematics

Exploring the Usefulness of Google Classroom in Learning Business Mathematics

Development of business mathematics learning media based on macromedia flash

Learning media is a means of supporting learning to help stimulate the mind, as well as make it easier to convey information from lecturers to students or vice versa. With the existence of interactive learning media, it can increase students' motivation and interest in learning, so that the teaching and learning process can run more effectively. The purpose of the research conducted is to develop an interactive macromedia flash-based business mathematics learning media so that later it will be able to improve student learning outcomes. The learning media developed is limited to the material of linear functions and their application in the field of the shipping business. This research is included in research and development (Research and Development), which uses a modified Borg & Gall development model. The subjects of this study were students of the first semester of the Port Management Study Program, Shipping Diploma Program-Hang Tuah University Surabaya. The developed media contains about the title layer, instructions for use, learning outcomes, material, exercises, evaluations, developer profiles. The results of the learning media that have been developed are suitable for use and are able to improve student learning outcomes. Learning media that is developed only on the subject of the application of linear functions, so it is necessary to develop learning media for courses and other subjects. It is also necessary to add video and audio, so that students can study independently.

A Classpoint as intervention strategy in teaching Business Math

Due to the unusual effects that the COVID-19 epidemic brought, the educational system as well as people's lives worldwide are experiencing difficulties. Nobody was prepared to deal with its effects on society since it arrived so abruptly. Exploring more cutting-edge learning modalities is now urgently needed in order to support the transition from traditional to flexible teaching and learning alternatives. The objective of this Action Research is to determine the effectiveness of utilizing class points in teaching Business Mathematics among grade 11 ABM learners in the Mataas Na Paaralang Neptali A. Gonzales. This study was undertaken to identify the level of performance in Business Mathematics of Grade 11 ABM2 students of Mataas Na Paaralang Neptali A. Gonzales before and after the use of class points in the teaching of the subject. The 29 ABM2 students during the S.Y. 2021-2022 were the participants of the research study. Data were gathered through the researcher-made Mathematics Performance Test (MPT). A quasi-experimental design was used in this study. Learner-respondents came from 11 ABM2 at Mataas Na Paaralang Neptali A. Gonzales. Data were generated from the Pre-test, in order to determine the prior knowledge of the learners before using Classpoint. Weekly Assessments in a form of teacher-made learning activity sheets which undergo a quality assurance process to be able to determine the performance of students while using the class point in teaching the Business Mathematics and Posttest was administered in order to determine the mastery of the learners in Business Mathematics after using the class point. The frequency, mean, and t-test for a dependent sample set at a 0.05 level were used. The study found that the intervention has a positive effect on the performance of the students. After the intervention, the student's scores in the pre-test had much different from their scores in the post-test. The t-test revealed that the hypothesis of no significant difference was rejected. The students were found to perform better in Business Mathematics after using the class point. Findings also showed that the mean performance of the pre-test and post-tests are numerically more incredible. This suggests that the class point has an affirmative effect on a student's performance in mathematics. The utilization of class points greatly contributes to the improvement and performance of the learners in Business Mathematics despite the current learning situation. Findings have shown that the implementation of class point treatment in Business Mathematics class has been effective in the academic achievement of students. The use of class points can offer an efficient and effective ways of providing quality education in this pandemic. The application of this class point in teaching business math will surely address the least mastered skill to improve the performance of the students

PENANAMAN NILAI-NILAI ISLAM DALAM PERKULIAHAN MATEMATIKA BISNIS PADA PRODI AKUNTANSI SYARIAH IAIN SYAIKH ABDURRAHMAN SIDDIK BANGKA BELITUNG

PTKIN was established with a mandate to develop itself as a scientific and cultural institution that provides higher education not only based on the principles of Pancasila but also Islamic principles. Islamic principles and values ​​can actually be instilled in all lines of lectures, both Islamic religious education courses and general knowledge courses, such as business mathematics courses. The purpose of this study is to explain the implementation of inculcating Islamic values ​​in business mathematics lectures at the Islamic Accounting Study Program IAIN SAS Babel in the even semester 2021.2022 academic year. This study uses a descriptive qualitative approach. The research subjects were two Islamic Accounting classes in the second semester. The source of this research is primary data in the form of material presented to students during lectures, while secondary data in this study are such as previous research, books related to business mathematics, and national journals and international journals related to integration, implementation, and value inculcation. - Islamic values ​​in lecture activities in general courses. The results of the research in this paper describe the inculcation of Islamic values ​​in business mathematics lectures on series material (applied to the concept of interest and savings), and linear function material (applied to market equilibrium due to the influence of taxes). Media such as animated video clips to various verses of the Koran and Hadith have been presented and can be used as alternatives in instilling Islamic values ​​in lectures in business mathematics courses.

PENGARUH TINGKAT EKONOMI KELUARGA, UANG SAKU, JENIS KELAMIN DAN INDEKS PRESTASI KUMULATIF TERHADAP FINANCIAL LITERACY MAHASISWA AKUNTANSI

Financial literacy is the ability that a person has in managing personal finances to manage the future. All people need financial literacy so that they can manage their finances well. During this covid-19 pandemic, one's ability to manage finances is very much needed because the country's economy is declining which causes one's income to decrease and causes many needs to be unfulfilled. Without a good financial understanding, a person's life will be very difficult because they cannot manage the finances they have. Financial literacy must require training from a young age, experience, and good self-control in order to be able to manage finances well.This study aims to determine whether there is an effect of gender, cumulative achievement index, family economic level, and student pocket money on the financial literacy of accounting students for the 2018-2020 class at Ciputra University Surabaya by using the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) approach. The population used in this study were all accounting student class 2018-2020 who had studied three courses. The subjects that are required in this research are budgeting, investment, and business mathematics. Accounting students are the target of research because it is expected that they have a good level of understanding because they have studied accounting in lectures. The data collection in this study used primary data by using a questionnaire in the form of a google form which was distributed using social media. Analysis of the data in this study using multiple linear regression with the help of SPSS Version 22. The results of this study prove that the variable gender and cumulative achievement index have a positive and significant effect on financial literacy. While the variables of family economic level and student pocket money have a negative and significant effect on financial literacy.

Controlling Examination Malpractice in Senior High Schools in Ghana through Performance-Base Assessment

The purpose of the study was find out the perceive impact performance-based assessment on examination malpractice at the SHS level. This study employed descriptive design. A performance-based test was developed by the researcher. The population for the study were mathematics examiners and teachers and public SHS three students in in the western region of Ghana. A multistage sampling procedure was used for the selection of respondents for the study. The study made use of stratified, simple random and census techniques for selecting participates for the study. In all, sample of 240 examiners and 150 mathematics teachers in the western region of Ghana was selected for the study. The instrument for the data collection of the study was questionnaire. Data collected was analysed with means and standard deviation. It was found that mensuration, set, equations and inequalities, business mathematics and algebraic expressions were expressed to attract much malpractice whiles graphs, angles and construction were found to least attract malpractice. The result also showed that PBA could reduce examination malpractice at the SHS level. It was therefore recommended that the West African Examination Council should give a try-out of PBA in the SHS for some selected schools to further ascertain the strength and weaken of the developed PBA.