Business Activities Of Women Research Articles

Role Of Micro-Finance To The Empowerment of Women: A Case Study Of Karachi

This paper is an attempt to analyze the impact of micro financing to induce empowerment to those women who avail the facility of micro-credit in Pakistani society. The study examines the various business activities of women in Karachi who got capital through micro-financing and their socioeconomic status in family as well as society. The women empowerment as dependent variable has been used with three explanatory variables which are amount of micro-finance credit, age of the women and her family support to run her business. Logit Model is applied to assess the level of women empowerment because of binary dependent variable. Primary data has been collected through a questionnaire and in this way this is the first study in this research area using this methodology. Findings of the study indicates a positive correlation of all the variables to cause empowerment of women while family support to a woman has statistically significant impact to a woman. The study indicates the possibility of an improvement of society wellbeing and women empowerment if the direction of micro finance is focused towards women while the study is limited to Karachi region.

Health Empowerment, and Economics of Women with HIV/AIDS Through Life Skills Education

Introduction: Women with HIV/AIDS have a heavy burden. Discrimination and the low economic status causes them worse off in the uncertainty of life. The purpose of the study to develop a health empowerment and economic and increase community involvement in the business activities of women with HIV/AIDS.Methods: The method descriptive approach,focus group discussion. The preparation of the design strategies, health empowerment and economic through life skills education for women with HIV/AIDS strengthened through Participatory Action Research (PAR).Results:The results of this study showed that the health status of women with HIV who are involved in phase I. The average age of patients were at a fairly productive life span between 20–40 years. 90% they do not have income. The results of focus group discussions (FGD) indicates that the client requires additional activities that can generate income, but do not overload the physical. Some of the selected activities include embroider and sew, salons and cooking. the result of research on public response associated with HIV/AIDS they mention that women with HIV should be protected by the government and the public, although on average they still can not accept people in their environment.

Health Empowerment, and Economics of Women with HIV/AIDS Through Life Skills Education

Introduction: Women with HIV/AIDS have a heavy burden. Discrimination and the low economic status causes them worse off in the uncertainty of life. The purpose of the study to develop a health empowerment and economic and increase community involvement in the business activities of women with HIV/AIDS. Methods: The method descriptive approach,focus group discussion. The preparation of the design strategies, health empowerment and economic through life skills education for women with HIV/AIDS strengthened through Participatory Action Research (PAR). The results of this study showed that the health status of women with HIV who are involved in phase I. The average age of patients were at a fairly productive life span between 20–40 years. 90% they do not have income. The results of focus group discussions (FGD) indicates that the client requires additional activities that can generate income, but do not overload the physical. Some of the selected activities include embroider and sew, salons and cooking. The results of research on public response associated with HIV/AIDS they mention that women with HIV should be protected by the government and the public, although on average they still can not accept people in their environment.Keywords: Empowerment, women with HIV/AIDS, Life skill education

For Men, by Men? Women's Business Activities in the Pornographic Press Compared to the Overall Publishing Industry in Sweden 1950–1972

This article focuses on women's business positions in Swedish porn publishing from the 1950s to the 1970s, i.e. when pornography was legalized and when sexually explicit magazines made their commercial breakthrough. The research draws on statistical information on women's entrepreneurial roles in the overall publishing industry, which is then compared with women's agency in porn publishing. According to the findings, women seem to have had a slightly more central role in pornography than within the mainstream publishing industry. The analysis is also expanded with details about a few key female pornography entrepreneurs, tracing their publications and business strategies connected to the Freedom of the Press legislation. It is argued that women's presence in pornographic print and in the overall publishing industry were in fact similar, with a high ratio of family businesses. Women's entrepreneurship in pornography thus followed a more general historical pattern whereby women engaged in small-scale business with relatively low barriers to entry.

Marketing Gentility: Boston's Businesswomen, 1780–1830

Drawing on a raft of data about women's business activities in Boston, 1780–1830, the article shows that widows and single women succeeded in a highly competitive marketplace by trading on their complex and diverse skills, business acumen, and personal connections and by strategically marketing gentility to an expanding middle-class.

Needlewomen in the Revolutionary Era

For some years, there has been a call by leading scholars in the field of early American women's history and by historians exploring the history of women's roles in business and entrepreneurship to parse the world of eighteenth-century women's craftwork. British and European scholars had moved ahead of American researchers in uncovering the depth and range of women's business activities, their commercial networks, and the cultural forces that governed them, creating a vivid picture of the eastern side of the Atlantic. Work on British North America has been lively but had not yet developed such great range and depth. Martha Miller's excellent new book is the latest one to fill this critical gap. Scholars working on this topic have much baggage to wade through. Laurel Thatcher Ulrich in her book, The Age of Homespun: Objects and Stories in the Creation of an American Myth (2001) had to unravel the myths connected to homespun cloth. The myths, she argued, were part of a long tradition of urban fantasies about rural life that intensified in the nineteenth century as Americans sought refuge from anxieties about industrialization and other kinds of social and economic change. They found that refuge in images and stories of an idealized past in which virtuous men and women lived in selfsufficient simplicity and harmony, free from the demands of the marketplace and the rough and tumble of modern life.1 Miller had to overcome a similar obstacle, namely, the part of this myth that imagined a self-sufficient past in which all women were handy with a needle, cheerfully and ably stitching all the many clothes for their households. This myth, of course, is just that and it obscures the length of time required to do sewing tasks, the range of skills required for even simple clothing, the varying skill levels of individuals, and the sheer drudgery of much of the work. And Miller had to overcome another historical obfuscation: the association of only men with artisanal skill and the ubiquitous term craftsmen that eliminated women from the history of skilled labor and business. This gendered

Self-Employed Turkish-Speaking Women in London

Women from minorities are self-employed in many countries. Yet policies as well as research on ethnic businesses have paid little attention to them. This article discusses self-employment among Turkish-speaking women in London and evaluates the significance of their contribution within and beyond the ethnic economy. It argues that there is a need to reflect upon the construct of the ethnic economy in order to integrate women's entrepreneurial activities. Three business types categorize women's business activities, differentiated by the customers the women intend to serve. Finally, this paper questions whether self-employment always increases women's bargaining position. The empirical basis is an ongoing ethnographic study of self-employment in the Turkish-speaking communities in London, including 11 case studies of self-employed women.

At the Margins of the Economy: Women's Self-Employment in Finland, 1960-1990.

Part 1: Introduction - the starting point of research, background for the study, on the concepts of self-employment and entrepreneurship, some general features of the waged workforce and the self-employed, general notes on women's labour force participation and self-employment the research setting - the aims and objectives of the study, the nature of the study and the empirical data material used, the structure of the study. Part 2: gender - why and how? methodological standpoint for the study - why study gender methodological point of departure, shifting definitions - gender and patriarchy as analytical categories, concluding remarks - how to study gender? concepts and theories of self-employment and entrepreneurship - traditional points of departure, the entrepreneur in classical economic theory - the invisible hand in the economy?, the entrepreneur in sociological research, research on women's entrepreneurship, labour market models - an alternative for self-employment?, the linkage between gendered self-employment gendered waged work, concluding remarks - a fragmented picture the settings for women's self-employment - cyclical changes, displacement, structural changes in the economy, technological changes, new forms for the organization of work, institutional influences. Part 3: the tale vs the reality - a sketch of self-employed women in Finland - women's work and women's business, changes within industries or between industrial structures?, self-employed women in Finland - what do they look like?, the principal industrial distribution and trends, longer hours for less pay?, education and occupations of the self-employed women's business activities in Finland - industrial distribution and trends - general developments and the main features of manufacturing industry, at the core of the manufacturing industries? women's self-employment in manufacturing, development in the service sector - the re-emergence of self-employment, the growth sector of the economy - the modern entrepreneurs?, invisible women entrepreneurs - assisting family members, concluding remark - a more complete picture. Part 4: discussion.