Busia County Research Articles

Reduction of cyanide levels in sweet Cassava leaves grown in Busia County, Kenya based on different processing methods

Reduction of cyanide levels in sweet Cassava leaves grown in Busia County, Kenya based on different processing methods

Effects of Common Bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Cultivars and Their Mixtures with Other Legume Species on Bean Foliage Beetle ( Ootheca spp ) Incidence, Severity and Grain Yield in Western Kenya

Bean foliage beetle injury is a major constraint to common bean production. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of mixtures of bean cultivars and legume species on the bean foliage beetle incidence, severity of damage and grain yield of beans. Field experiments were conducted at four sites in Busia County in western Kenya in 2015. A total of 21 and 22 farmers participated during the long and short rains seasons respectively. The sites were located between 34 40 and 34 22 East longitude and latitude 010 N 0 20 North and at the altitude ranging 1139 and 1265 m.a.s.l. Bean foliage beetle leaf damage incidence (74.5%) and pod damage incidence (77.6%) was significantly higher in the long than short rain season. Grain yield was significantly higher (2.2t ha-1) in the long rains than (0.9t ha-1) in short rains season. Foliage beetle incidence was significantly reduced by 15% in plots with mixed bean cultivars compared to monoculture. Severity of pod damage was reduced by 10% but the incidence of pod damage increased by 15.4% in plots of mixed bean cultivars during the long and short rain season respectively. Grain yield was 0.5 and 2.4t ha-1 in monoculture plots compared to 0.8and 2.2t ha-1 in plots of mixed bean cultivar during the long and short rain seasons respectively. Foliage beetle incidence was positively correlated to pod damage (r =0.2, p=0.0021). These results indicate that mixed cropping systems has potential in bean foliage beetle management. Combining such systems with use of resistant germplasm and proper cultural practices could reduce bean foliage beetle damage and increase bean yield.

Distribution of Fusarium wilt of Bambara nut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.) in farmers’ fields’ of Busia County in Western Kenya and its management using farmyard manure

A study was carried out to determine Fusarium wilt distribution in Bambara nut farmers’ fields and its management using farm yard manure (FYM). Four villages in Busia County were purposively sampled for the study. The data generated were subjected to analysis of variance and treatment means separated by least significant difference test. Fusarium wilt incidence in the fields ranged from 14.63 to 43.56%. In the greenhouse, FYM reduced the disease incidence by 10.2% and severity by 9.5% on the black landrace and 1.9 and 12.8%, respectively, on the red landrace. In the field, FYM reduced disease incidence by 9.1% and severity by 6.9% on the black landrace and 10.4 and 10.4%, respectively, on the red landrace. Farm yard manure had the lowest area under disease progress curve irrespective of the landrace. The study confirmed the presence of the pathogen in the fields and the ability to manage the disease using FYM.

Transparent, Black and Organic Mulches Effect on Weed Suppression in Green Pepper (Capsicum annuum) in Western Kenya

Weed suppression through physical methods in cultivation constitutes of many methods but this experiment focused on application of various mulches. Recently, herbicide-free weed control methods in the world are getting more attention due to environmental and ecological factors. Green pepper production requires good management practices in order to attain potential yields. Most of the known physical practices of weed control cause both positive and negative effects. Therefore, great attention should be paid when selecting the appropriate mulch with the aim of weed suppression in any specific cultivation. Three types of mulches were examined for weed control namely; black plastic mulch, transparent plastic mulch, straw mulch and bare soil as control during the 2015 short and long raining seasons in Busia County. In both seasons, the black plastic mulch treatment significantly (P<0.05) showed the lowest number of weed species (3) per m2 quadrat while the control had the highest with a maximum of 8 and 7 during the long and short raining seasons respectively. The number of species reduced after four weeks from transplanting when the first sampling was carried out. The lowest weed vigor was exhibited in the plastic treatments for both seasons at 4, 6 and 8 weeks after transplanting. Control had the highest weed fresh biomass for both seasons at all the sampling stages with the highest observed during the short raining season with 1626 g/m2 at 4 weeks after transplanting. This also translated to the highest weed dry biomass for both seasons in the control plots with the lowest recorded in the black plastic mulch. Out of several physical methods of weed control, mulching seems to be the most appropriate with the black plastic mulch being the best.

Cross-Sectional study on Effect of Civil Society Organizations Interventions on individuals infected with HIV in Busia County Kenya.

Since the discovery of HIV in the early 1980s in Kenya, Civil Society Organizations have played a major role in its fight. The aim was to study effect of intervention on improved health, nutrition and income generation activities on individuals infected by HIV. A cross-sectional study was undertaken as a baseline with aquasi experimental study design to compare intervention and non intervention sites. Two hundred and seventeen (217) respondents out of which 69.1% were females and 30.9% males selected from four sub counties of Busia County. A structured questionnaire was administered to people infected with HIV in CSO intervention and non intervention sites. In depth interviews and Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) were performed using a guide. Structured forms guided the performance on clinical examination and anthropometry procedures. The Statistical Package for Social Scientist software was used to analyze quantitative data. Frequency distributions were calculated and visualized and Chi square test with odds ratios computed. NVIVO statistics software was used to analyze qualitative data. Audio and video recordings were transcribed verbatim, line by line coding used to manage discrete units of text, and data segments reviewed to illustrate people’s perspectives. A majority of respondents had primary level education (46.3%) and was self-employed (72.1%). HIV/AIDS awareness was high in both the non-intervention (84%) and intervention (79.8%) site, with access to information playing a major role in people’s understanding of HIV/AIDS (p<0.01). Majority of respondents (95.2%) in intervention and non-intervention (96.2%) sites had easy access to ARVs, with 48.1% sourcing drugs privately. Approximately 44.1% sourced ARVs therapy from government facilities with 30.3% from CSOs. Distance to health facilities was the main challenge for those accessing ARV drugs in intervention (22.0%) and non-intervention (39.7%) sites, (OR=2.3 (95%CI=1.2-4.5), p=0.01) was greater in the non-intervention sites. Lack of cash for transport (25% versus 27%) and weakness in the body (11% versus 16.4%) were other challenges as recorded. Most respondents (93.9%) had good ARV uptake, with 74% having reported no major health problems in the recent three months. Only 7% of respondents examined clinically had abnormal blood pressure. Mean body temperature was 36.43 degrees Celsius (std. dev. =0.734). Regarding weights classification, 13.7% of the respondents were underweight, 58.9% normal, 7.3% overweight, and 5% were obese and weights differed by gender (p<0.01) significantly. A large proportion (89.1% in intervention and 94.3% in non-intervention sites) of respondents was aware of good eating habits although they practiced poor eating patterns. In the morning, the trend was (71.9% and 62.4% in the intervention and non-intervention sites) respondents eat nothing. ‘Ugali’ (posho) and traditional vegetables was the most common type of food eaten during lunch (31.0% in intervention and 34.1% in the non-intervention site) and dinner (33.6% intervention and 25.1% in non-intervention sites). Fruits are hardly consumed by majority (42.1% and 45.3%). Provision of ARV (intervention (81.3%) and non-intervention sites (84.3%), (X 2 (df) =0.32(1), p=0.57) was the most common mode of support received. In focus groups discussion sessions, respondents mentioned of no direct financial benefits received from CSOs although many say they recognize what the government has done for them. In their discussion, it was revealed that CSOs initiate short term projects which do not last and when they wind up get compromise when projects end. This survey demonstrates the essential role played by implementing partners (CSOs) on improved health, nutrition and socio economic status. Influence on better access to medication, balanced diet, and economic change probably contributes to living a better and healthier life for those infected with HIV. Afr J Health Sci . 2017; 30(2):57-76

Community Policing in Kenya: Examining the Challenges Derailing Police-Civilian Relations in Teso South Sub-County.

There is still a staggering implementation level of community policing strategy many years after its inception in Kenya. Part of the reason for dismal actualization is attributed to the controversial nature of the police as a public service institution. This research paper attempts to illuminate the challenges to the realization of community policing (CP) initiatives in Teso South Sub-county. Specific emphasis was placed on how the roles of the key players in CP together with the challenges they face in their service brings Community Policing (CP) as a whole to its knees. Busia County government, where Teso South Sub-County is located, still pays lip service to the CP initiative and it is not treated as a matter of urgency thus leading to its dormancy as a policing strategy. Data was collected from 108 respondents that included police officers and community members and stakeholders. Questionnaires, interviews, and focused group discussions were devised in collecting the data which was coded and then analyzed using mode. The data was presented by use of frequency tables and pie charts. The study has reviewed enough literature to help illuminate and understand the issues being studied appropriately. The findings of the study address the problems of implementation, including poor police-civilian partnerships and unawareness of respective roles among the public and the police who are the key players in CP. The study underscores that there is need for increased civic education and capacity building among police officers especially on CP for it to achieve its intended purpose.

Plant parasitic nematode assemblages associated with sweet potato in Kenya and their relationship with environmental variables

Sweet potato is one of the most important staple food crops consumed in Kenya and throughout Africa but yields are greatly reduced by plant parasitic nematodes (PPN). The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of PPN in Kenyan sweet potato fields and their relationship with soil and climatic variables. Soil samples were collected from sweet potato fields in Busia, Teso, Kisii, Embu and Makueni counties. Thirteen nematode genera were identified across the five counties with Meloidogyne, Pratylenchus and Rotylenchus being the most prevalent. There was a significant (P <0.05) relationship between PPN abundance and sodium, calcium and iron. Canonical correspondence analysis of climatic variables revealed that the relationship between rainfall and nematode genera was significant (P <0.05) while maximum and minimum temperatures were not significant. This description of PPN assemblages associated with sweet potato in Kenya and their relationship with environmental variables provides a starting point from which appropriate nematode management strategies can be implemented.

Large-scale implementation of disease control programmes: a cost-effectiveness analysis of long-lasting insecticide-treated bed net distribution channels in a malaria-endemic area of western Kenya—a study protocol

IntroductionHistorically, Kenya has used various distribution models for long-lasting insecticide-treated bed nets (LLINs) with variable results in population coverage. The models presently vary widely in scale, target population and strategy....

Effect of eliminating open defecation on diarrhoeal morbidity: an ecological study of Nyando and Nambale sub-counties, Kenya

BackgroundDefecating in the open predisposes people to soil transmitted helminthes and diarrhoeal diseases. An estimated 5.6 million Kenyans defecate in the open. Kenya launched a program to eradicate open defecation by 2013 in the rural areas. By end of 2013, only two sub-counties had eliminated open defecation. These are Nambale and Nyando. The study looked at the impact of eradicating open defecation on diarrhea prevalence among children in these two sub-counties.MethodsData on diarrhoea morbidity among children under 5 years was extracted from the Kenya Health Information System for all the sub-counties in Busia and Kisumu counties for 2012, 2013 and 2014 respectively. Prevalence was calculated for each sub-county in Kisumu for comparison with Nyando’s. Prevalence was also calculated for each sub-county in Busia County and compared to that of Nambale sub-county. A Mann–Whitney U Test was done to test the null hypothesis that diarrhoea prevalence was similar in both open defecation and open defecation free sub-counties.ResultsA Mann–Whitney U Test revealed significant difference in diarrhoeal prevalence of open defecation sub-counties (Md = 18.4, n = 34) and open defecation free sub-counties (Md = 9.8, n = 5), U = 9, z = −3.2, p = .001. Among the two Counties, Nambale had the lowest prevalence. It recorded a decline from 9.8 to 5.7 % across the three years. Prevalence for diarrhoea cases in Nyando declined from 19.1 to 15.2 % across the three years. Nyando initially had the second highest prevalence in Kisumu County and by 2014 it had the lowest prevalence.ConclusionsThe two sub-counties with open defecation free status had lower prevalence of diarrhoea cases compared to sub-counties which were yet to attain open defecation free status. This suggests that elimination of open defecation may reduce the number of diarrhoea cases.

Inventory Management Practice and the Performance of the Unit of Vaccines and Immunizations in the Minstry Health, Kenya

The performance of the public health sector in Kenya has been a major concern to the Kenyan people. Good health is a prerequisite for enhanced economic growth and poverty reduction and a precursor to the realization of Kenya Vision 2030’s social pillar goal. The country is confronting numerous gaps in health outcomes like high infant mortality rate caused by neonatal problems. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the influence of inventory management practice and the performance of the unit of vaccines and immunizations in the Ministry of Health, Kenya. The study adopted mixed research design using both quantitative and qualitative approaches. The target population of the study was 244 from the Unit of Vaccine and Immunizations (UVIS) headquarter KEMSA depot and warehouse staff, Nairobi, Mombasa, Kisumu, and Busia counties. The study used random sampling to pick a sample size of 74 respondents. Data was collected using questionnaire. Descriptive statistics was used aided by Statistical Packages for Social Sciences version 24 to compute percentages of respondents’ answers. Inferential statistics multiple regression analysis was applied to examine the relationship between the research variables. The results showed that there is strong positive correlation between inventory management and the performance of the unit of vaccines and immunizations. Hence, buffer stock, optimal inventory level, collaborations with key stakeholders, continuously monitor inventory levels, stocks transfer/replenishment orders and procurement plan if adopted can improve the performance of the unit of vaccines and immunizations.

Prevalence of Sexual Activities Among Secondary School students in Nairobi and Busia Counties Kenya

Adolescent sexuality is an important public health issue, as it affects them in many ways; they risk contracting HIV and other sexually transmitted infections; may become pregnant leading to school dropout and early marriage.  The assessment of prevalence of sexual activities among students, may guide policies and programmes aimed at reducing the risks of engaging in early sex. The study used ex posto facto and descriptive research design. Target population was 20227 form three students in Nairobi and Busia Counties. Accessible population was 3568 form three students in seven districts. Multi-stage, probability proportionate to size, stratified and simple random sampling was used to select the participants. Findings of the study shows adolescents engage in sexual activities at a very young age. They engage in sex activities with multiple partners and majorities do not use contraceptives. Overall prevalence of sexual activities was 28.8% male and 14.6% female. Variables positively associated with sexual activities include age, gender, school type and location. Any intervention aimed to promote students’ sexual health should be designed with appreciation of factors associated with sexual activity in due consideration.

Factors Influencing the Utilization of Anti-Retroviral Drugs by HIV Positive Pregnant Women in Busia District, Busia County

Factors Influencing the Utilization of Anti-Retroviral Drugs by HIV Positive Pregnant Women in Busia District, Busia County

Influence of Mulching Materials on the Growth and Yield Components of Green Pepper at Busia County in Kenya

Influence of Mulching Materials on the Growth and Yield Components of Green Pepper at Busia County in Kenya

Occurrence and Distribution of Begomoviruses Infecting Cassava in Western Kenya

Cassava (Manihot esculenta Cranz) is an important food staple in Busia, Homabay, Siaya, Migori, Kwale, Kilifi and Marakwet Counties and is a secondary food crop for many Kenyans. The current yields of 3-4 tons/ha obtained in Western Kenya are far below world averages and this is largely attributed to pests and diseases. The usual practice of retaining some seed cuttings from the current ware crop or buying them from neighbours, leads to accumulation of viral diseases most important of which are caused by begomovirus infections. A survey for cassava mosaic disease (CMD) was carried out in main cassava growing areas of Western Kenya with a view to determine incidence and distribution of the causal viruses. A total of 33 cassava farms in seven sub-counties in Western Kenya were covered. Leaf samples were collected and analysed serologically and by molecular means. Cassava plants in most farms were severely affected by cassava mosaic disease. Disease incidence in farms ranged between 2% to 54%. Three cassava infecting begomoviruses, African Cassava Mosaic Virus (ACMV), East African Cassava Mosaic Virus (EACMV) and East African Cassava Mosaic Virus – Ugandan variant (EACMV-Ug) were found in the collected samples, with EACMV-Ug being most prevalent followed by EACMV. These are interesting findings given that in the past surveys, ACMV was the most abundant virus in the area. To increase cassava yields, it is recommended that cassava farmers be educated on cassava diseases and their control.

Awareness in the Context of Prevalence of Vitamin A Deficiency Among Households in Western Kenya Using a Cross-Sectional Study

Increasing awareness of the role of vitamin A (VA) in human health has led to international efforts to eliminate VA deficiency (VAD) as a public health problem. This paper examined community awareness of existence, signs and symptoms, causes, control of VAD as well as attitudes, so as to identify knowledge gaps among health workers and caretakers/mothers. This was a community-based study within the catchment areas served by health facilities offering ante-natal care services in Busia and Bungoma counties in Western Kenya. The study adopted cross-sectional design and purposive sampling technique. Eight focus group discussions (FGDs) were conducted with pregnant and lactating mothers and eight key informant interviews with those in charge of health facilities until saturation. Data was audio recorded, transcribed, coded and thematically analyzed using ATLAS.ti version 6 software. Most respondents stated having heard about VA/VAD but very few had the correct knowledge of signs and symptoms, causes, and control of VAD. Their attitudes towards VAD and its control were generally indifferent with a general belief that they had no control over their circumstances to reduce VAD. Although VAD was prevalent in the study area, majority of the people in the community had low awareness. This study, therefore, stresses the need for health education to raise community’s awareness on VAD in such settings in order to augment prevention, control and elimination efforts.

Comparing insecticide-treated bed net use to Plasmodium falciparum infection among schoolchildren living near Lake Victoria, Kenya.

BackgroundUnder trial conditions insecticide-treated nets have been shown to provide significant clinical and mortality protection under a range of malaria transmission intensity conditions. There are, however, few operational impact data, notably in very intense transmission conditions. This study, reports on malaria infection among Kenyan schoolchildren living in areas of intense malaria transmission and their reported use of insecticide-treated bed nets.Methods5188 children in 54 schools were randomly sampled from seven counties surrounding Lake Victoria between May and June 2014. A questionnaire was administered to schoolchildren in classes 2–6 on the use of a long-lasting, insecticide-treated net (LLIN) the night before the survey and provided a single blood sample for a rapid diagnostic test for malaria infection. Analysis of the impact of insecticide-treated net use on malaria prevalence was undertaken using a multivariable, mixed effects, logistic regression at 95 % confidence interval (CI), taking into account hierarchical nature of the data and results adjusted for school clusters.ResultsThe overall prevalence of malaria infection was 48.7 %, two-thirds (67.9 %) of the children reported using LLIN, 91.3 % of the children reported that their households own at least one LLIN and the household LLIN coverage was 2.5 persons per one LLIN. The prevalence of infection showed variation across the counties, with prevalence being highest in Busia (66.9 %) and Homabay (51.8 %) counties, and lowest in Migori County (29.6 %). Generally, malaria parasite prevalence differed between age groups and gender with the highest prevalence occurring in children below 7 years (50.6 %) and males (52.2 %). Adjusting for county and school, there was a significant reduction in odds of malaria infection among the schoolchildren who reported LLIN use the previous night by 14 % (aOR 0.86, 95 % CI 0.74–0.98, P < 0.027).ConclusionMalaria transmission continues to be high around Lake Victoria. Despite evidence of increasing pyrethroid resistance and the likely overall efficacy of LLIN distributed several years prior to the survey, LLIN continue to provide protection against infection among school-aged children.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12936-015-1031-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

English

There is need to understand the genetic structure of wild sorghums that grow alongside cultivated traditional sorghum varieties in order to assess the potential effect of crop genes in wild populations. In this study, 175 wild sorghum samples were collected from 13 agroecological zones (AEZs) from three counties in Western Kenya and genotyped using microsattelite markers. Crop alleles were observed in wild sorghum populations. The range of allelic frequencies varied from low (˂0.4), to moderate (0.4-0.7) and to high (0.7) in the AEZs. Wild sorghum populations had moderate to high expected heterozygosity (HE) values of between 0.453 in LM1 to 0.715 in LM2. Differences in the magnitude of diversity was significant in the counties (Busia HE = 0.59 – 0.71; Homabay HE = 0.58-0.68 and Siaya HE = 0.45-0.59) but not distinct among the AEZs. Whole population FIS, FST and FIT values were low at 0.15, 0.16 and 0.29, respectively indicating low level of inbreeding, low genetic differentiation of the population and low to moderate deviation from Hardy–Weinberg (HW) equilibrium respectively. The deviation from HW equilibrium was significant in some wild populations from Siaya and Busia. Intra-population diversity (HS) was larger than inter-population diversity (DST) in 13 populations from the sampled AEZs, indicating the importance of gene flow between populations of wild sorghums. Heterozygosity values under mutation drift equilibrium (HEQ) varied under infinite allele model (IAM), two–phase model (TPM) and the step wise mutation model (SMM). However, significant population bottlenecks were absent in the wild sorghums. Presence of significant geographic county clusters and lack of significance on AEZ clusters indicate that human activities have had more influence on the distribution and diversity of wild sorghums than the prevailing climatic conditions. Efforts towards physical and genetic containment of crops genes need to be enhanced for successful ecologically sensitive confined field trials and future adoption of transgenics in cropping systems. Keywords: Diversity, Sorghum bicolor , Sorghum halepense , Sorghum sudanense , microsatellite loci. Abbreviation: AEZ, Agro-ecological zone; DST, inter-population gene diversity; FIS, fixation index; FIT, index of deviation from HW equilibrium; FST, degree of population differentiation; GST, proportion of inter-population gene diversity; HE, expected heterozygosity; HEQ, heterozygosity values under mutation drift equilibrium; HO, observed heterozygosity; HT, total gene diversity; IAM, infinite allele model; SMM, stepwise mutation model; TPM, two-phase model; LM, lower Midlands; UM, upper midlands; HB, Homabay; SY, Siaya; BU, Busia counties; SSR, simple sequence repeats.

Micro-Dosing of Lime, Phosphorus and Nitrogen Fertilizers Effect on Maize Performance on an Acid Soil in Kenya

&lt;p&gt;High cost of inorganic fertilizers and lime has precluded their use by smallholder farmers to remedy the problem of soil acidity and infertility in Kenya. To address the problem, we tested a precision technique referred to as micro-dosing, which involves application of small, affordable quantities of inorganic inputs on an acid soil in Busia County, Kenya. Experimental treatments were N-fertilizer (0 and 37.5 kg N ha&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;), P-fertilizer (0 and 13 kg P ha&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;) and lime (0, 0.77 and 1.55 tons lime ha&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;). 37.5 kg N and 13 kg P ha&lt;sup&gt;-1 &lt;/sup&gt;are 50% of the recommended fertilizer rates for maize production in Kenya while 0.77 and 1.55 tons lime ha&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; are 25 and 50% of the actual requirement. Soil chemical changes, maize grain yield and nutrient recovery were determined. Lime and P-fertilizer significantly affected only the top-soil pH, Ca, Mg and available P, while the effects of N-fertilizer were evident on both top- and sub-soil N likely due to its faster mobility than P and lime. Grain P-fertilizer recovery efficiencies were 14 and 16-27% due to 13 kg P and 13 kg P + 0.77-1.55 tons lime ha&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;, respectively. N-fertilizer recovery efficiencies were 37 and 42-45% due to 37.5 kg N and 37.5 kg N + 0.77-1.55 tons lime ha&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;, respectively. Fertilizers applied to supply 37.5 kg N, 13 kg P and 0.77-1.55 tons lime ha&lt;sup&gt;-1 &lt;/sup&gt;increased grain yield above the control by 134, 39 and 12-22%, respectively, therefore micro-dosing of these inputs can increase maize production on Kenyan acid soils.&lt;/p&gt;

Effects of Nitrogen Fertilizer Rates and Soybean Residue Management on Nitrate Nitrogen in Sorghum-Soybean Intercropping System

An experiment was carried out in Busia County, Kenya at Emalomba (N 00°25 ′28.8 ″ E 034°15 ′ 51.9 ″), Nambale District to assess the effects of nitrogen fertilizer rates and legume management options on nitrate nitrogen (NO 3-N) under intercropping system. Six soybean residue management options were considered: Sole sorghum, sorghum + soybean left to maturity, sorghum + soybean mulched, sorghum + soybean incorporated, sorghum + soybean exsitu and sorghum + soybean exsitu and plot tilled. Three levels of nitrogen (0kg N ha -1 , 40kg N ha -1 , and 80kg N ha -1 as urea were applied as top-dress and treatments arranged in randomized complete block design. Soil NO 3-N was significantly high (P<0.0010) in topsoil with a notable leaching to subsoil due to precipitation. Control treatments had low soil NO 3-N in comparison to other treatments implying that, use of inorganic fertilizers to supplement soil N is important. Fertilizer application at 40kg N ha

Socioeconomic Factors and Soil Fertility Management Practices Affecting Sorghum Production in Western Kenya: A Case Study of Busia County

Socioeconomic Factors and Soil Fertility Management Practices Affecting Sorghum Production in Western Kenya: A Case Study of Busia County