Bush Approach Research Articles

The Failure of Foreign Policy Entrepreneurs in the Trump Administration

AbstractOne of the most important decisions a president will make after an election is what kind of relationship he/she will have with cabinet secretaries and agency heads. Will the president be controlling or autonomy giving? George H. W. Bush created a contractor presidency, one that subcontracted management to important officials, giving them considerable freedom, making them policy entrepreneurs. Yet, when it came time to support initiatives, Bush did not back his policy entrepreneurs, which ultimately led to policy failure. Bush's approach to government is informative because of its similarities with Donald J. Trump's strategy, who also created a contractor presidency. But Trump prevented those same executives from building their own teams and gave equivocal, or even contradictory, responses to their policy initiatives. Just as Bush's unsupportive relationship with his policy entrepreneurs led to policy defeat, Trump's contradicting connection with his policy entrepreneurs also resulted in policy failure.Related ArticlesDolan, Chris J. 2008. “The Shape of Elite Opinion on U.S. Foreign Policy, 1992 to 2004.” Politics & Policy 36 (4): 542‐585. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2007.00121.x/abstractHaar, Roberta. 2010. “Explaining George W. Bush's Adoption of the Neoconservative Agenda after 9/11.” Politics & Policy 38 (5): 965‐990. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2010.00265.x/abstract

The War Power and Its Limits

President Bush defined the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks as “acts of war.” His response was to promulgate policies, domestic and foreign, geared to protect against any future attacks against the United States. He urged swift passage of legislation that delegated vast new powers to the executive branch through the USA Patriot Act and two use‐of‐force resolutions, issued an executive order authorizing military tribunals, and announced a new national security strategy of preemption. These policies centralized power in the executive branch, and shifted it from Congress and the courts.

The Virginia History Standards and the Cold War

PRESIDENT GEORGE W. BUSH's approach to education policy has earned him cautious plaudits from otherwise hostile critics, who see much to admire in the implementation of standards for education. However useful such standards prove for testing students' technical skills like arithmetic and reading, they create problems for less-standardized processes like thinking about history. Some states, including Virginia, have already instituted Standards of Learning (SOLs) to lend coherence to history teaching throughout the state. But the Virginia SOLs' treatment of the Cold War provides ample warning about the perils of such state standardization.

Back to basics

President Bush's approach to both the environment and energy has created enormous problems that continue to plague him in the polls. History shows that the Republicans are likely to lose seats in midterm elections; in 2002, these issues may be the reason why.

International Congress for Historians

after the war. He contended that federal involvement continued into the postwar years despite the apparent hegemony of Vannevar Bush's ap proach, which emphasized control by the private sector. Allen Kaufman (University of New Hampshire) argued that the roots of the military industrial complex were laid during the war because of the enormous effectiveness of the contract system and the power of military procurement officers in obtaining sufficient coordination among private firms to produce armaments and other material for the war effort.

The State of American Federalism 1989–1990

American federalism in 1989-1990 had a certain familiar ring to it. The salient themes and debates of the Reagan era continued to characterize the Bush era-in the White House, the Congress, the Supreme Court, and the states. Where changes could be discerned, they tended to be more stylistic than substantive.' Thus, on 16 February 1990, President George Bush confirmed his administration's support for the New Federalism of the 1980s by reaffirming President Ronald Reagan's 1987 Executive Order 12612, which requires federal executive agencies to conduct federalism assessments of proposed legislation and regulations.2 At the same time, the U.S. Supreme Court continued to be divided over policies of abstention from and active intervention in state and local affairs. In the Bush administration, however, there has been a distinct turn toward dialogue and liaison between the White House and state and local governments. For this, the Bush administration has received kudos from many state and local officials for at least lending a sympathetic ear to their concerns. As the executive director of the National Governors' Association said, I'm immensely impressed with how much listening is going on [in the White House Office of Intergovernmental Affairs], but it's liaison activity as opposed to policy-making activity.''3 While the White House has opened communication channels, it has not yet put forth an explicit philosophy of federalism policymaking. At the moment, exhortations to do good, do it better, and do it on the state or local plane perhaps best summarize Bush's approach.

The role of chromatography and electrophoresis in biomedical sciences

Various facets of the history of clinical chromatography are considered, with emphasis on their application to the present state of the art. The work of Goppelsroeder on capillary analysis is reviewed, followed by a discussion of C.E. Dent's work on aminoacidurias, Lato's thin-layer chromatographic studies of sugars in urine, Ian Bush's approach to automated chromatography, as well as the extensive possibilities of high-voltage electrophoresis shown by Clotten and Clotten. It is interesting that none of these methods has been applied extensively in diagnostic work. Capillary electrophoresis, which was developed by Hjertén in 1969, seems to have gained new interest recently. At present, although it seems obvious that chromatographic methods could solve numerous diagnostic problems, surprisingly little work is being done outside the larger hospital laboratories. Some of the reasons for this situation are discussed, as are the future prospects of the Biomedical Applications section of the Journal of Chromatography.