Bus Stands Research Articles

Design and Development of Garbage Collector

Cleaning is the predominant fundamental want for all human beings and it is essential for every day routine process. The conventional street cleaning machine is most broadly used in many purposes such as example roads, railway stations, airports, hospitals, Bus stands, in multi floor buildings, faculties etc.lot of effective time is lost in garbage collection in many firms. In our assignment we are aimed to use without problems handy substances with low price and it can be effortlessly fabricated and convenient to use and control. The intention of this mechanical engineering task is to fabricate a garbage collecting machine

Revitalizing Urban Mobility:A Comprehensive Analysis of Traffic Flow and Sustainable Solutions at the Un-signalized Taxila Intersection

In recent years, traffic congestion has become one of many cities’ most significant financial and ecological concerns worldwide. It also costs citizens a substantial amount of time and fuel. Many experts believe that identifying traffic congestion characteristics is the first step in reducing traffic congestion. This study aimed to determine the extent of traffic congestion and fuel consumption at Taxila Chowk. The research’s primary methodological tools were a traffic volume survey and peak hour volume study using Aimsun software. According to this study, auto-rickshaws, bicycles, motorcycles, and trucks were the most common modes of transportation. Traffic flow is particularly heavy in the morning, noon, and evening hours. It was revealed that the H.M.C. road is the most congestion-prone route compared to the other four routes. Also, the distinctive design of rickshaws and bus stands and the misplacement of fruit and vegetable markets play a considerable role in Congestion. The level of service of the four routes is almost intolerable, and the sole P.O.F. road that offered comparable better services to city commuters is an acceptable illustration. The study has also identified the amount of fuel consumption on each route, focused on the environmental impact of Congestion due to emissions of green gasses, and provided feasible solutions in the form of alternatives.

Design and Development of Eco-Friendly Road Sweeper Machine

Abstract: This project is related to design and development of most effective machine that is manually operated mechanical pollution free road cleaner. The Road cleaner is used to keep our mother earth clean. So that we feel fresh while walking on streets. Generally, in era of modern technology, different devices such as electric motors, diesel engines and robots are being used to clean floor, road. These methods make much pollution, maintenance and very tough to carry out. The main objective of this paper is to spread this idea of our prototype road cleaner to each one which aims to. Hence, the present work is aimed to design and develop a manually operated road cleaning machine which is eco-friendly, cost effective, portable and less maintenance. Cleaning has become a basic need for all human beings and it is unavoidable in our daily routine process. The conventional floor/road cleaning machine is most widely used in railway stations, airports, hospitals, Bus stands, colleges etc. also this machine needs electrical energy for its operation. It is not user friendly as well as ecofriendly. In summer time there is power crisis and most of the floor/roads cleaning machines are not used effectively due to this problem particularly. In our project we are using easily available materials with low cost. It is the better alternative for conventional machine. Hence this project is very useful in our day to day life

Creating a Multi-Purpose Floor Cleaning Robot

Abstract: Traditional floor cleaners which rely on electricity; find widespread use in areas such as airports, railway platforms, hospitals, bus shelters, shopping malls, and various commercial spaces. These devices rely on electricity for operation, posing limitations on their usage. In regions like India, where power crises are prevalent, especially during summer, the effectiveness of floor cleaners is significantly hindered, particularly in bus stands. Therefore, there arises a need to develop an affordable and user-friendly battery-operated floor cleaner. This paper tries to create a multifunctional floor cleaning machine as an alternative to conventional electric models. The work includes modeling and analyzing the floor cleaner using relevant software.

Review on Design and Development of Eco-Friendly Road Sweeper Machine

This project is related to design and development of most effective machine that is manually operated mechanical pollution free road cleaner. The Road cleaner is used to keep our mother earth clean. So that we feel fresh while walking on streets. Generally, in era of modern technology, different devices such as electric motors, diesel engines and robots are being used to clean floor, road. These methods make much pollution, maintenance and very tough to carry out. The main objective of this paper is to spread this idea of our prototype road cleaner to each one which aims to. Hence, the present work is aimed to design and develop a manually operated road cleaning machine which is eco-friendly, cost effective, portable and less maintenance. Cleaning has become a basic need for all human beings and it is unavoidable in our daily routine process. The conventional floor/road cleaning machine is most widely used in railway stations, airports, hospitals, Bus stands, colleges etc. also this machine needs electrical energy for its operation. It is not user friendly as well as ecofriendly. In summer time there is power crisis and most of the floor/roads cleaning machines are not used effectively due to this problem particularly. In our project we are using easily available materials with low cost. It is the better alternative for conventional machine. Hence this project is very useful in our day to day life. Keywords: eco-friendly, floor clean, sweeper roller, effortless, manually operated, eco-friendly, human powered etc.

Assessment of musculoskeletal disorders and contributing factors in professional drivers

Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are the leading global cause of disability and pose a significant public health issue, particularly among professional drivers who are prone to such conditions due to prolonged sitting, poor posture, and exposure to whole-body vibrations. The objectives of this study are to assess the demographic, general, lifestyle, and wellness profiles of professional drivers, gauge their work environment characteristics, and measure the proportion of musculoskeletal symptoms using the modified Nordic questionnaire. This descriptive study collected data from 67 professional drivers at major bus stands in Lahore using a structured questionnaire. The data were analyzed using frequencies, percentages, means, and standard deviations. The results revealed that the drivers, predominantly middle-aged (average age 39.72 ± 9.53 years) and married (95.52%), reported limited formal education (average 7.56 ± 3.91 years). Lifestyle assessments indicated high rates of smoking (61.19%) and frequent consumption of soft drinks (88.06%). In their work environment, most drivers (68.66%) worked daytime shifts, and a significant proportion (56.72%) experienced vibration exposure. The most frequently reported musculoskeletal symptoms were in the lower back (58.21% in the past 12 months, 43.28% in the past 7 days) and hips/thighs (61.19% in the past 12 months), impacting their ability to work. These findings highlight the critical need for targeted ergonomic and lifestyle interventions to improve the occupational health and safety of drivers, potentially reducing musculoskeletal discomfort and enhancing overall well-being and productivity.

Channelizing Machine Learning Towards Early Threat Detection and Prevention Against Women Using Surveillance Cameras

Abstract: Closed Circuit Television Systems (CCTV) are being used in a growing number of office buildings, housing developments, and public locations. Many towns now have CCTV surveillance systems in place. Such monitoring systems create a tremendous load for the CCTV operators because the number of cameras views a single CCTV operator can process is constrained by human considerations. Surveillance automation of public places assumes an important role in proactively detection of possible threat to public and in maintaining law and order. Based on a review of the existing approaches followed in monitoring of crowd behaviours and the techniques applied, especially in public places like bus stands, railway stations and airports, the paper proposes surveillance automation i.e., automating the process of detecting, recognizing the suspects and suspicious behaviour of the people in the crowd. Here, in this project called channelizing machine learning towards early threat detection and prevention against women using surveillance cameras, we propose algorithms that are capable of alerting the human operator when: (1) Presence of a inhuman act, after setting zones of interest and danger zones within those zones of interest, the danger is detected when someone follows a women on streets, roads or any other public places, which can reduce the number of sexual harassment and other forms of sexual Algorithms violence in public spaces; (2) An abnormal behaviour of a person such as handling some objects abnormally; (3) In this project, our main aim is towards women safety and also we concentrate on reducing the amount of false alerts and to enable a real-life use of the system.

Assessment and Mapping of Noise Pollution Levels in Bus Stands: A Case Study of Haryana State, India

Assessment and Mapping of Noise Pollution Levels in Bus Stands: A Case Study of Haryana State, India

Harvesting Kinetic Energy of Footsteps to Generate Electricity

Energy and power are the basic needs of this modern world. The Energy demand is increasing every day. On the other hand, a lot of energy resources are depleted and wasted. Suggestion for using the waste energy of leg power with a person movement is very important in populated countries like India where are roads, railway stations, bus stands, temples etc. crowded with millions of people moving around. This unit energy is wasted. If this energy allowed its use will be a great invention. In this project we convert unconventional from a mere pedestrian step into electrics energy. This project uses a simple drive mechanism such as rack and pinion assembly. The control mechanism carries rack and pinion and DC generator for output. In this project we generate electricity as an unconventional method simply by walking or running steps. A non-conventional energy system is very essential at this time to our nation. Unconventional energy using the foot step needs no fuel input to produce electricity Power supply. In this project, a simple drive mechanism such as a rack and pinion assembly and chain drive mechanism are used for the production of energy using the obtained power it converts to electric when walking up the stairs energy using mechanical L9 systems. Generated energy is stored using a battery and it is used for activation of connected loads. It is one of the compact and efficient systems for generating electricity that can be easily installed in many regions.

Garbage Monitoring System using Internet of Things (IoT)

There has been a sharp increase in urban development plans during the past few years .Solid waste management, which affects health problems and pollutes the environment of our civilization, has been one of the key environmental concerns. One of the main issues in the modern era is the identification, monitoring, and control of wastes. The old method of manually checking the waste in trash cans requires more human labor, time, and expense, all of which can be easily avoided with the use of current technologies. The Smart Buildings, Colleges, Hospitals and Bus Stands are the intended recipients of the Garbage Monitoring System concept. The garbage monitoring system is a technique that keeps cities hygienic and tidy.A novel concept called the garbage monitoring system turns a standard trash can into a smart one by employing ultrasonic sensors to detect the level of rubbish and DC motors to close the garbage bags. Keywords: Arduino; Sensors; Garbage; IOT;

Next Generation Automated Petrol Pump

Today, everything has been digitized, and the entire gasoline pump has a design that can display the task of controlling the pump, driving the display, quantifying the flow rate, and turning off the pump. To collect the cash, still someone is mandatory and there is a chance of many human errors. So, the main aim is to propose a system is to avoid human errors. My proposed system is petrol pump automation, which can deduct gasoline from the user card based on RFID technology without human intervention. Liquid dispensing systems are normally found in our day-by-day life in better places like workplaces, Bus stands, Railway stations, Petrol syphons. Here we are going to display the modern era petrol dispensing system which is intended to be working with a prepaid card utilizing RFID innovation technology. The undertaking primarily points in structuring a prepaid card for petrol bunk framework and furthermore petrol dispensing system utilizing RFID innovation. Today, fluid supply systems are common in different places in our daily lives. Here, we will introduce the modern gasoline distribution system. To place petrol stations in remote areas is extremely precious to supply outstanding capacity to the clients. All these troubles can be solved by using this gasoline pump automation technology, which requires shorter operating time, higher efficiency and can be installed anywhere. This self-service gasoline pump device also provides customers with the protection of fuelling at the gas station without any involvement of the service provider, so the risk of carrying money every time is minimized.

Study of Generation and Composition of Solid Waste Management (MSW)

In this paper we studied about the generation and composition of solid waste management. For any management of solid waste there is a huge back up from urban local bodies. In the urban areas like Saran city area, the residential household, offices, Bus stands, public markets, center of shopping, etc the waste generated are generally dumped outside of the house or in a common dumping site or collection site. They are further collected by the Municipal cooperation from the site. Public dumped the wastes in open ground or side of the market without proper segregation which is difficult for the municipal cooperation to collect. Due to improper dumping of the waste, there is increase in pollution of water and soil. In this city the sites for dumping of the wastes are not properly manage or planned.

The Contribution of The Language Use in The Outdoor Advertisements: Evidence From SMEs in Dar Es Salaam

Purpose: This study focused on the contribution of language use in outdoor advertisements through analysis of both linguistics and paralinguistics features.
 Design/Methodology/Approach: An explanatory research design was employed to enable the researcher to integrate both quantitative and qualitative data to explain the contribution of language use for effective outdoor advertisements. Data were collected through observation, questionnaires, and interviews. The sampling technique was stratified where forty outdoor advertisements were identified from four clusters of SMEs: macro, micro, medium, and large enterprises, and 12 respondents for both interviews and 108 respondents for questionnaires.
 Findings: The findings prove that both small and micro enterprises place their outdoor advertisements along the road and near their working place (bus stands), while medium and large enterprises go for billboards and wall painting. Linguistic features found are adjectives, exaggeration, repetition, assonance, slogans, commands, and catchy phrases. While paralinguistics founds were colour, images, names, size, and numbers. The appropriate use of language attract, influence, assure, and encourage customers to act by purchasing, seeking clarity, concentrating, or others. Finally, the study established that language uses contribute to the effectiveness of outdoor advertisements by enabling a message to be well sent to the customers.
 Research Limitation: The researcher found some problems such as unwillingness to respond to the questions which reduced the number of respondents.
 Practical Implication: The findings will encourage SMEs to use appropriate language for better output and customers will have the assurance of the product. 
 Social Implication: This study will add new knowledge to producers, suppliers, and customers.
 Originality/Value: This study assessed the contribution of language use in an outdoor advertisement by focusing on both linguistics and paralinguistic features. The finding provides evidence of the influence of language use on attracting customers to purchase or ignore the product or service.

BMTC BUS DISTRIBUTION AND MANAGEMENT

The quality of any public transport system is crucially dependent on its reliability. BMTC bus distribution is not well planned in the Bengaluru Metro City resulting in massive crowds in Buses and Bus stands. Hence this is a real-life problem that needs an immediate solution. Using ‘YOLO’ (You Only Look Once) Machine Learning algorithm, we try to solve the existing crowd problem in BMTC buses. By making use of the camera present inside the bus upfront, we can count the onboarded passengers and store it in cloud (Real Time). These numbers can be seen by passengers who are waiting for the bus. If the upcoming buses are crowded, then passengers can choose another alternative means of transport like a cab or an auto rikshaw. The same count will be shown on an LED board in the BMTC base stations (depots) so that distribution is taken care manually. Like this we can achieve bus distribution and hence providing reliable and safe transportation for the public. As far as the BMTC management part is concerned, temperature and gas sensor are installed so that any smoke casualties can be prevented.

Design and Development of Road Cleaner Machine

Abstract: Cleaning is that the main basic want for all people at large and it's necessary for daily routine method. the traditional road improvement machine is most generally utilized in several applications like example roads, railway stations, airports, hospitals, Bus stands, in multi floor buildings, faculties etc. additionally this machine uses human energy for its operating operation. In our project we have a tendency to square measure aimed to use simply on the market materials with low value and it may be simply made-up and straightforward to use and management. It’s the higher different f or typical machine. Keywords: Eco friendly, Road Cleaner, Mechanically operated.

Validation of rapid SARS-COV-2 antigen detection test as a screening tool for detection of Covid-19 infection at district hospital in northern India

Background: Testing of samples from suspected SARS-CoV-2 patients with reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) may result in delayed detection of infection. Given the number of people affected in pandemic, it is important to use a test that gives faster results and can be used on large number of sample size to cope with the increased testing capacity. Rapid Antigen detection test fulfills both the criteria. Aims and Objectives: The study aims to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of rapid antigen detection test compared to RT-PCR on the same patients in District Hospital. Materials and Methods: Subjects were tested by both Rapid antigen detection testing and RT-PCR in District Hospital. The present study compared RAT and RT-PCR for detection of SARS-CoV-2 in nasopharyngeal specimen.756 Nasopharyngeal samples were obtained from suspected cases of SARS-CoV-2, Contacts of CoV2 patients, pre-operative patients in District Hospital. Results: Of 756 nasopharyngeal samples, 81 (10.71%) were positive and 675 (89.28%) were negative for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR. The rapid SARS-CoV-2 antigen detection test’s sensitivity 55.04% and specificity was 99.2%, respectively. Positive predictive value 93.42%, Negative predictive value 91.47%, Diagnostic Accuracy 91.67%, Cohen’s Kappa Coefficient 0.6482, 95% CI: 0.5801–0.7163. Conclusion: The rapid antigen detection test showed comparable sensitivity and specificity with RT-PCR assay. These results support the fact that RAT is an accurate alternative to RT-PCR in areas where there is increased testing burden, for screening of asymptomatic carriers, in areas that lack suitable laboratories to perform RT-PCR, in areas such as airport, train stations, and bus stands.

Smart Multifunction Floor Cleaning Robot

Abstract: The conventional floor cleaning machines is most widely used in airport platforms, railway platforms, hospitals, bus stands, malls and in many other commercial places. These devices need an electrical energy for its operation and not user friendly. In India, especially in summer, there is power crisis and most of the floor cleaning machine is not used effectively due to this problem, particularly in bus stands. Hence it is a need to develop low cost, user friendly floor cleaning machine. In this project, an effort has been made to develop a solar powered mobile operated floor cleaning machine so that it can be an alternative for conventional floor cleaning machines. In this work, modelling and analysis of the floor cleaning machine was done using suitable commercially available software. The conventionally used materials were considered for the components of floor cleaning machine. From the finite element analysis, we observe that the stress level in the mobile operated floor cleaning machine is within the safe limit. Keywords: Floor cleaning, Floor dryer , Arduino Uno, Bluetooth Communication, LCD display etc.

An Expert System for Weapon Identification and Categorization Using Machine Learning Technique to Retrieve Appropriate Response

In response to any terrorist attack on hospitals, airports, shopping malls, schools, universities, colleges, railway stations, passport offices, bus stands, dry ports and the other important private and public places, a proper plan will need to be developed effective response. In normal moments, security guards are deployed to prevent criminals from doing anything wrong. For example, someone is moving around with a weapon, and security guards are watching its movement through closed circuit television (CCTV). Meanwhile, they are trying to identify his weapon in order to plan an appropriate response to the weapon he has. The process of manually identifying weapons is man-made and slow, while the security situation is critical and needs to be accelerated. Therefore, an automated system is needed to detect and classify the weapon so that appropriate response can be planned quickly to ensure minimal damage. Subject to previous concerns, this study is based on the Convoluted Neural Network (CNN) model using datasets that are assembled on the YOLO and you only see once. Focusing on real-time weapons identification, we created a data collection of images of multiple local weapons from surveillance camera systems and YouTube videos. The solution uses parameters that describe the rules for data generation and problem interpretation. Then, using deep convolutional neural network models, an accuracy of 97.01% is achieved.

Footstep Power Generation Using Piezoelectric Material

In the day-to-day life, the utilization of power turns of being necessary for each work. This paper focuses on designing a setup that leads to the generation of electrical energy which is going to waste when humans are walking. There are different methods used to produce energy like conventional and non-conventional methods. In this project, we are doing generation of power by walking or running. Power can be generated by walking on the stairs. The generated power will be stored and then we can use it for domestic purposes. The paper proposes a novel technique for the creation of power utilizing piezoelectric sensors kept along the footpaths which can be ready to charge the battery and ready to supply the force at whatever time of our prerequisite. The non-conventional energy system is very essential currently to our nation. Nonconventional energy using footstep is converting mechanical energy into Electrical Energy. Due to this a lot of energy resources have been exhausted and wasted. This system can be installed at homes, schools, colleges, where people move around the clock. The footstep power generation technique through piezoelectric sensors produces electrical force by changing piezoelectric force generation framework is that is sheltered and secure to utilize it does not make any issue or distress for the general population strolling through the footpath, and it is a free strategy. This project will be cost-effective and easy to be installed in populated areas like railway stations, bus stands, and shopping malls. Our project is cost-effective and easy to implement.

DESIGN OF FOOTSTEP POWER GENERATION SYSTEM

In this project, we are generating electrical energy by a non-conventional approach, simply by walking on the footsteps. Non-conventional methods for energy generation is very much required in the present scenario. Here, we are generating electricity with the assist of crankshaft arrangement. For its proper functioning, such that it converts force into electric power, the mechanism includes crankshaft mechanism, hydraulics, generator and a battery. We have referred to several applications with extensions for the future. Additionally, we have represented the simulation of the footstep energy generator using the AutoCAD software. This project is very cost effective and is easy to set up in a populated place like stations, bus stands, in shopping malls, and in many other locations.