Burnt Bricks Research Articles

Comparison of physical and mechanical properties of traditional bricks in Deli Serdang with no-burn bricks using rice husk ash

Population growth has increased, causing more and more housing needs; Indonesia is one of the countries where bricks are still used as the primary material in building walls. It has resulted in increased demand for bricks. One of Indonesia’s regions, Deli Serdang Regency, produces traditional bricks that burn a lot, but the process of making traditional bricks can cause environmental pollution. This research aims to find a way to reduce the effects of environmental pollution by making pressed bricks without burning and utilizing agricultural waste, namely rice husk ash (RHA). After that, a comparison was made between traditional burnt bricks from 15 sub-districts in Deli Serdang Regency and unburnt bricks made from rice husk ash (RHA). This study uses two methods, namely the method of sampling burned bricks and the method of making bricks without burning, both of which are tested for physical and mechanical properties. The results of this study use the requirements of SNI 15-2094-2000, where the test of physical properties of fuel bricks obtained a value of 76%, which meets the requirements, while bricks without burning obtained a value of 87.5%, which meets the requirements. For the results of the size of fuel bricks obtained, 66.6% of the value meets the requirements, while for bricks without burning, 100% meet the requirements. Mechanical properties test for absorption testing on fuel bricks obtained 0.135% while unburned bricks 0.130%, where the value meets the SNI requirements of a maximum absorption of 20%. Salt content testing obtained a value of 0.15% for burned bricks and 0.002% for unburned bricks, where the value meets the SNI requirements that are below 50%. Testing the compressive strength of bricks with a standard value of 5 MPa from the test results of the compressive strength of fuel bricks 3.01 MPa decreased by 39.8%, while the test of compressive strength of unburned bricks 5.17 MPa increased by 3.45%, but unburned bricks with added rice husk ash 1.98 MPa decreased by 60.4%. Based on the study’s results, the absorption and salt content parameters follow the standard. At the same time, the strength test of firebricks and unburned bricks with added rice husk ash does not meet the SNI 15-2094-2000 standard, but the results of the compressive strength test of unburned bricks meet the SNI 15-2094-2000 standard.

Enhancing thermal comfort in buildings through the integration of phase change material on the building envelope: a simulation study

Abstract According to the report published by the International Energy Agency (IEA), active space cooling and air conditioning systems consume approximately 16% of the building sector’s final electricity consumption and contribute 3.94% of global greenhouse gas emissions. In this regard, the use of low-cost but effective passive solutions, such as organic phase change materials (PCM) on the building envelope, can provide high thermal mass and thus can lower the temperature fluctuation inside the building. In the current study, the potential of PCM-enhanced building envelopes to enhance thermal comfort has been studied. The study has been performed using the conduction finite difference (ConFD) algorithm in EnergyPlus software. A comparative study has been done for a traditional reinforced cement concrete (RCC) reference test room of size (5m x 6m x 3m) and another room of the same size with PCM-enhanced walls for the hot and humid climate zone of Guwahati (latitude 26.1, longitude 91.7), in India. A PCM thickness of 20 mm is used at the external surface of the wall between the red clay burnt brick (120 mm in thickness) and the cement plaster (25mm thick). The PCM used for the study is a biocomposite PCM, named WH-PCM, with a melting point of 31.5°C and thermal conductivity of 0.27 W/mK. The simulation results reveal that the R-value of the external wall of the room with PCM walls has been increased by 84.90% compared to the reference room with the incorporation of WH-PCM, resulting in a mean zone temperature difference of 0.3°C throughout the year. Also, the indoor thermal discomfort hours have been annually reduced by 15.82% with the use of WH-PCM when compared with the reference room. A similar temperature difference trend, which is 1.93°C, is also observed in the single PCM brick experimental result under identical testing conditions as a regular brick of the same size.

Mechanical evaluation of soil and artisanal bricks for quality masonry product management, Limpopo South Africa

The selection of raw materials to produce quality artisanal bricks is imperative for sustainable building in rural regions. Artisanal brick-making process often employs traditional kiln to fire brick because it is an affordable, and applicable technology in the rural region. However, there are noticeable cracks, increasing among buildings constructed with artisanal bricks from the rural region in South Africa. In response, this study aims to evaluate the soil and artisanal brick specimens to understand the suitability of the raw materials and quality of products in the study area. A total of twenty soil samples and twenty-seven artisanal burnt bricks were collected from three different artisanal brick-making sites designated as Site A, B, and C. In all samples, the geotechnical tests revealed a sandy loam soil type with a predominance of chlorite clay minerals and non-clay minerals. Furthermore, the sand-size particles depict a relatively higher proportion compared to clay-size particles. Besides, Atterberg’s limit test plotted above the A-line of the plasticity chart indicates an inorganic clay of low plasticity with a low to medium compressibility property. Based on the empirical workability and mechanical tests, most of the studied soils are suitable for optimum and acceptable extrusion bricks and suitable for an on-site single-story construction based on SANS 227:2007 standards.

Strength Evaluation of Concrete using Over burnt Brick Stone as Replacement of Coarse Aggregate

Abstract: This research highlights on the behavior of concrete, prepared by the partial replacement of regular aggregate with over-burnt brick aggregate (jhama brick) with a replacing percentages of 0% , 35, 50% & 60% over M20 Grade of concrete which reduces the cost of aggregate (upto 30%) with higher strength, which also results in overall cost in building too .The effect of compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength were reported . The received compaction factor is 0.92, 0.89, 0.88, and 0.87 with varying percentage of (0%, 35%, 50%, 60%) Jhama class brick respectively. This research was conducted to study the suitability crushed over burnt bricks as alternative course aggregates for concrete production. The compressive strength of this concrete is found to be 27.12 , 30.41, 26.02, 23.31 for 0%, 35%, 50%, 60% respectively. The concrete cube, beams and cylinders of M-20 grade were thrown in this trail, explore work and try to analyze different properties of concrete with crushed over burnt bricks as an alternative material. The result shows that the aggregate in concrete derived from Over Burnt bricks aggregate attained relatively higher strength upto the certain percentage and decreases after that, than the regular concrete. More detailed and elaborated work is recommended with different mix ratio and a different proportion of Over Burnt aggregates for a better conclusion.

A Comparison of Conventional Blocks and Stabilized Earth Blocks as Building Materials in Uganda

In Uganda, the high cost of conventional cement and sand blocks has driven the widespread adoption of alternative building materials, such as wattle bricks, compressed earth blocks, and burnt bricks. Among these, compressed earth blocks have gained popularity due to their eco-friendly, energy-efficient, and biodegradable nature. Made by compressing damp soil at high pressure, these blocks offer an environmentally sustainable solution by minimizing deforestation and eliminating the need for firewood, which is often used in the production of traditional bricks. This study employed a case study methodology and utilized deliberate sampling to gather data, which was then analyzed using SPSS v20. The findings revealed that Stabilized Earth Materials (SEMs) have a stronger positive correlation with user satisfaction compared to conventional blocks, with a satisfaction rating of 0.651 for SEMs versus 0.602 for conventional blocks. Additionally, the study showed that SEMs had a notable impact on reducing construction costs, with a 4.8% cost difference in favor of SEMs. Based on these results, it is recommended that construction managers should consider increasing the use of stabilized earth materials. This shift could not only lead to significant cost reductions but also improve the overall quality of construction, making it a more sustainable and viable option for Uganda’s building industry.

Implications of agro-industrial wastes on the durability and erosion characteristics of unfired soil-blocks reinforced with paddy straw fibers: Sustainable earth construction

On Earth, there is an abundance of soil that has been utilized to build homes for millions of people. Manufacturing compacted stabilized adobe blocks requires adequate water added to the appropriate soil type that has been admixed with binders and fibers to attain maximum density. The mixture is then compressed using the appropriate adobe-forming machine. Currently, the major environmental and human health risks worldwide come from industrial and agricultural wastes because of disposal concerns. The production and use of cement and cement blocks bring numerous economic and environmental issues. Utilizing locally available resources and enhancing standard production and testing methods are two feasible options for sustainable growth. Researchers have seen the promise of earthen construction as an alternative building material, and it is becoming more popular in the context of sustainable development. Marble dust (MD) (Industrial waste), sugarcane bagasse ash (SBA), and paddy straw fiber (PSF) (Agricultural wastes) were utilized in this research to manufacture the unfired admixed soil blocks. This study utilizes marble dust composed up to 25%–35%, paddy straw fiber constituted 0.8%–1.2%, and bagasse ash made up 7.5%–12.5% of the soil. The marble-dust-bagasse-ash-soil mix was strongly adherent to PSF, according to SEM investigation. In addition, as is apparent from the image, the number of pores is insignificant. These images support the preceding conclusions regarding this sample’s increased flexural and tensile strength. The primary constituents discovered on the surface of an unfired ad-mixed soil block strengthened with PSF of length 75 mm were silica (Si) and oxygen (O), according to the EDS examination. Aluminum (Al) and magnesium (Mg) were found in trace amounts. The endurance characteristics of the block were determined by conducting different tests on the eighty-one (81) design mixes of the produced unfired ad-mixed adobe blocks, followed by modeling, optimization and microstructural analysis. The results show that the recommended technique improves the durability characteristics of admixed soil blocks without burning better than burnt bricks.

Quantitative and qualitative composition of solid particles released into the atmosphere when burning coal (a case study from a brick factory of Uzbekistan)

The fight against atmospheric air pollution by combustion products of natural coal, in particular coal ash, is an urgent task. The most refined definition of the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of coal ash, taking into account the specifics of the technological process for the production of burnt bricks, will serve to identify and justify the technological process and the main parameters of the dust and gas treatment device (PGOU) for use in the production of building materials that involve the use of natural coal as fuel.

Quantitative and qualitative composition of solid particles released into the atmosphere when burning coal (a case study from a brick factory of Uzbekistan)

The fight against atmospheric air pollution by combustion products of natural coal, in particular coal ash, is an urgent task. The most refined definition of the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of coal ash, taking into account the specifics of the technological process for the production of burnt bricks, will serve to identify and justify the technological process and the main parameters of the dust and gas treatment device (PGOU) for use in the production of building materials that involve the use of natural coal as fuel.

Non-Burning Bricks with Natural Materials Environmentally Friendly

The city of Bima is an area that produces quite a lot of bricks with favorable natural conditions, most of the area consists of rice fields and has a soil texture suitable for making bricks. Red brick is the most widely produced type of brick with a total of 20,000 bricks per month and its use has a negative impact on the environment because it produces carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions which pollute the air and contribute to the greenhouse effect which causes global warming, also as a result of burning bricks. . Based on this, researchers are trying to conduct research related to building materials in Bima City in the form of brick innovations with more environmentally friendly basic materials. The research was carried out using a true experiment and cross sectional approach using conventional bricks as a standard for quality comparison. Descriptive analysis was chosen as the method of analysis in this study. From the results of brick quality tests, all brick formulas met the requirements for water content (<15%), four of the six formulas met the compressive strength requirements based on SNI. The average compressive strength of the four formulas is >5 MPa and meets the Indonesian national brick breaking strength standard (SNI-0021-78). The most significant advantage seen from brick products without burning is the lower water content than conventional bricks and is more environmentally friendly because it uses natural materials and is obtained at competitive prices

A sustainable alternative to traditional building materials: assessing stabilised soil blocks for performance and cost in Malawi

ABSTRACT Within Malawi, and across the Global South, the adoption of stabilised soil blocks (SSBs) as a sustainable alternative to burnt clay bricks, has been hindered by the high cost of stabilisers. The purpose of this article is to evaluate the performance of cement as a stabiliser in soil stabilised blocks, and to propose cement ratios which both reduce the material cost while meeting building requirements for local applications. Using a brick production method replicable within a rural African context, we tested a range of cement contents for dry compressive strength, flexural strength, and water absorption properties. Our findings suggest that a cement content of 3.6% is adequate for single-story building applications, four times lower than that currently used in compressed brick production within the study area. Moreover, the elimination of the firing process – which represents half of burnt brick production costs – and the proposed cement ratios correspond to large cost savings, ranging from 20% to 77% depending on building application, for brick producers. These results suggest that the cost of manufacturing stabilised soil blocks can be considerably reduced and thus become financially viable; however further innovation is needed to achieve a sustainable means of production and use.

To Study the Properties of Concrete Mix on Partial Replacement of Coarse Aggregate with Burnt Bricks

These days, materials such as over-burned bricks blast are employed as an alternative to coarse aggregates. This paper investigates the physical features of concrete formed with burned bricks blast. Natural rock is by far the most common coarse aggregate used in concrete, however not all types of rock appropriate for concrete production are available everywhere. Due to a paucity of aggregate from natural sources in India's north-eastern states, brick aggregate concrete is commonly utilised for ordinary concrete. Due to advancements in concrete technology and to meet the requirements for durability, As a result of the need to utilise standard concrete, which only uses stone aggregate, construction costs have increased as materials are carried from other states. Making good quality concrete with the finest sand (grading zone – IV as per Indian code IS:383-1970) is difficult enough, but the natural coarse aggregate is scarce locally. Burnt brick aggregate has a high-water absorption rate (12 to 20% by mass), which makes it difficult to utilise in practical work. As a result, an attempt has been made to provide a viable solution for real-world use. To test various strength characteristics, an experimental investigation was done. In our project, waste material was employed as a coarse aggregate while simultaneously keeping the strength of the concrete. The effects of a percentage replacement of stone aggregates with burn brick aggregates on the compressive strength of concrete are presented in this study. Concrete cubes of M25 grade samples containing various percentages of brick aggregate, such as 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30%, are made 7-, 14-, and 28-days tests were performed.

Experimental Study on Effect of Partial Replacement of Waste Aggregate by Over Burnt Brick in Concrete

The most popular building material in the world, according to experts, is concrete. Water, sand, cement, and a rock aggregate are the main components of standard concrete compositions. The coarse aggregate in concrete is the main topic of this project.The other substance will be utilized in place of the normal concrete's coarse rock aggregate. Burn brick will be a part of this. They were picked because they were readily available. The brick production location has burn brick available. Numerous bricks are also rejected throughout the brick-making process because they do not meet the necessary requirements. The warped shape of brick created as a result of the kiln's uneven temperature regulation is one such significant non conformity. Additionally, these rejected bricks may be a source of coarse material. Key Word: over burnt brick in concrete, work ability, compressive strength, tensile strength, flexural strength.

Experimental study on strength behaviour of geofibre reinforced stabilized mud blocks using industrial by-products

The unpredictable infrastructural development is driving to rapid environmental pollution. Burnt bricks and Cement concrete blocks have been extensively used in the construction all over the world. The problem associated with the use of these type of blocks are high carbon foot prints. Soil is having very good thermal insulating properties and strength. Therefore, the usage of soil as a construction material results in economical construction. The use of stabilized mud blocks by replacing conventional fired bricks and concrete blocks reduces carbon foot prints. The methodology used for the preparation of these type of blocks are relatively simple and does not require skilled labours. In the current research work, the compressed stabilized earth blocks (CSEB) are prepared by using industrial by-product such as Ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS). The other stabilizing agents such as lime and Polypropylene Geofibers are used in various proportion along with soil. Important geotechnical tests are conducted on oven dried earth in accordance with Indian standard (IS-2720) to classify and characterize the properties of the soil. The compaction parameters such as maximum dry density (MDD) and optimum moisture content (OMC) for various mix proportion of soil with Lime, GGBS, Geo-fibers is determined. It is observed that for every increment of GGBS and polypropylene geofibre percentage resulted in increased MDD and decreased OMC. The blocks are prepared for the optimum combination. Tests were conducted on these air-dried samples in order to evaluate their performance such as compressive strength and water absorption. The results obtained shown 40% to 50% increased compressive strength compared to burnt bricks. The usage of locally available soil and industrial by-product without cement forms cost-effective and environment friendly building material.

Comparative Study of the Strength Properties of the Concrete with Partial Replacement of the Coarse Aggregate with Pumice and Over Burnt Bricks

Concrete is the universally accepted material for its adverse properties with high usage of the concrete for all type of the works in the world, it leads to depletion of natural resources like river sand, and granite. Which are the components of the concrete as fine aggregate and coarse aggregate in this project M30 grade concrete is taken in which 10%,20%&30% of coarse aggregate is replaced with over burnt bricks and 10%,20%and 30% of coarse aggregate replaced with pumice by volume. And the compressive, flexural and split tensile strength properties at 7,28& 56 days and the unit weights of the concrete compared. In order to safe guard the natural resources, alternate material like over burnt bricks, pumice considered in the present project.

Burnt-Bricks Production Using Extracted Finer Particles from Soil with Fly Ash Addition

Earthen building materials, including mud, adobe, rammed earth, and bricks, have a long history of use in civil engineering construction all throughout the world. Burnt bricks are one of these materials thatis important. However, the availabilityof raw materials for making bricks is limited. As a result, numerous alternatives have been investigated as raw materials for making bricks. These substitutes include fly ash, rice husk and ash, industrial, and agricultural waste. The current study suggests a novel method for producing burnt bricks using extracted finer and fly ash.Finer particle extraction was done through soil washing. Since the extracted finer is having high plasticity index and high linear shrinkage, extracted finer was mixed with 20%, 25%, 30%, 40% and 50% fly ash. Fly ash is an industrial waste; hence the use of fly ash for this kind of production would give a sustainable solution for waste management. Every finer-fly ash combination underwent an Atterburg test to evaluate its qualities, particularly its plasticity index and linear shrinkage. Standard-type mold (220 x 115 x 75 mm) was used to producethe handmade bricks. Compressive strength, flexural strength, water absorption, density, and dimension variations of burned bricks were all examined. Results were compared with SLS 39: Specification for burnt clay bricks. Further, these properties were compared with the same properties of bricks made with soil taken from the brick-making industry mixed with fly ash and industrial available burnt-bricks.Additionally, wire-cut bricks were produced using extractedfiner and 25% fly ash. The dimensional variationof finer-fly ash mixed burnt bricks is decreasing when the fly ash % is increased relative to the mold size. Compressive strength of the Grade 2 category was demonstrated using bricks manufactured with a 25% fly addition, according to SLS 39. According to the aforementioned findings, burnt bricks composed of extractedfiner and fly ash have higher desirable qualities when 25% more fly ash is added. Additionally, it shows that using fly ash results in lightweight bricks.The wire-cut bricks made with this selected mixture give 10.64 N/mm2 of compressive strength and it satisfies the SLS 39 requirements for wire-cut bricks. Also, its water absorption was nearly 16% which is below the SLS required value (18%).

Synthesis and Evaluation of Eco-Friendly, Ambient-Cured, Geopolymer-Based Bricks Using Industrial By-Products

Geopolymer-based sustainable red mud bricks (SRMBs) were cast using industrial by-products under ambient curing. The ingredients used were red mud, fly ash, ground granulated blast furnace slag and alccofine, along with quarry dust and alkali activators as binders. This paper briefly presents the characterization, strength and durability studies conducted on SRMBs. The optimization techniques were used to fix the right mix proportions. The optimized mix proportion was identified as R45F40G10A05: 45% red mud, 40% fly ash, 10% ground granulated blast furnace slag and 5% alccofine. The compressive, flexural and split tensile strength of the ambient-cured specimens after 28 days were observed as 35.38 MPa, 6.4 MPa and 1.67 MPa, respectively. The results were analysed and validated by the finite element method using Analysis of Systems (ANSYS) software. The percentage of water absorption in the SRMBs was less than 6%, and it was an entirely efflorescence-free product with a pleasing appearance and colour. Fifty percent of the targeted compressive strength was acquired after three days of ambient curing. SRMBs are a green product casted by encapsulating industrial by-products into a functional building element. Thus, SRMBs are a suitable and alternative product to conventional clay burnt bricks.

A Study of the Behaviour of Concrete using Rice Husk Ash

Pollution waste is regularly increasing, and environmental preservation continues to grow a complex issue owing to the manufacture of burnt bricks & poor management of waste. This study uses an unfired compressed dirt block stabilised by solid waste as the test subject. Tests here on cubes was carried out to assess their compression characteristics & mechanical characteristics. 2 type of samples are prepared one with regulated Rice husk temperature burn (500-650 c) & another one is unregulated rice husk temperature burnt. Total number of blocks created are 36 blocks. The sample is prepared of different amounts of R-h replacement 10percent, 15 percent, 20 percent & 30 percent; R-H Ash with 20 percent replacement of regulated one have better mechanical properties overall. These investigation results revealed that blocks and the right proportion of waste products might be made. The mechanical properties of a block containing R-h ash are also increased.

Use of wood sawdust ash as effective raw material for clay bricks

The world is gradually looking for waste material properties and finding a way out of using it as secondary raw materials for other industrial purposes because of increasing environmental understanding and guidelines on controlling industrial waste. In the present world, the researcher’s primary aim is to enhance the usage of environmentally friendly materials and protect the environment. This research proves the possibility of using wood sawdust ash (WSDA) partially replace clay and sand manufacturing bricks. This paper used WSDA obtained from controlled combustion to replace other construction materials for bricks. The feasibility study used WSDA as an admixture with five distinct replacement levels, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25%, for non-modular bricks (230×110×70) mm. The brick was evaluated for various strength parameters to authenticate clay bricks’ compressive strength, efflorescence, and water absorption properties. The findings revealed that the compressive strength of WSDA bricks (11.01 N/mm2) is higher than fly ash-cement-based and burnt clay bricks, which are 6.93 N/mm2 and 9.56 N/mm2. Also, the water absorption is (31%) lower than clay burnt bricks.

Stabilization of CSEBs with the addition of industrial and agricultural wastes

In today’s world, most of the developing countries are trying to build houses with more durability and with low cost. Compressed Stabilized Earth Blocks are the best option for building cost-effective and sustainable houses. In red bricks, cement is used as a binder but in CSEBs, there is no requirement of cement. A large amount of pollution is generated during the manufacturing of cement as well as in the construction of red burnt bricks. To overcome this situation, CSEBs are used. Waste materials like fly ash, bagasse ash, rice straw etc, can be used for the construction of compressed earth blocks. The use of industrial and agricultural wastes as binders and fibres in place of cement for the construction of CSEBs can reduce the pollution caused by cement production as well as will lessen the construction cost. In this study, agricultural waste like rice straw and industrial wastes like bagasse ash and marble dust are used for the preparation of CSEBs. Rice straw acts as a fibre and marble dust acts as a binder for CSEBs. This makes these blocks economical as well as eco-friendly. This study has been done to show that CSEBs are better in strength, durability and are cost-effective than the red burnt bricks and can replace these bricks in coming future. A total of 27 combinations of percentage were taken into consideration for this study and for each combination 3 specimens were constructed. These specimens were cured in open atmosphere under the shed. And a small quantity of water was sprinkled over the specimens every day. Tests like OMC, MDD and tensile strength test were performed on these blocks after 28 days. It was noticed that tensile strength increases with rise in marble dust content. Overall, it was observed that CSEBs are better than the cement blocks as well as red burnt bricks.

Geochemical and Geological Characterization of Clay in the Eastern Part of Hawal Massif Around Mubi and Environs, Northeastern Nigeria

The geochemical and geological characterization of clay is an important approach to determining the quality and productivity of clay for industrial use. This paper is aimed at providing detailed geochemistry, distribution, and utilization of clay from the eastern part of Hawal massif. The field study revealed that clay occurs in Bagira, Vimtim, Didif, Bulamary, Ngavahi, Dou-Gada, Madanya, TudunWada, Moda, and Kwabapale. The clays are residual deposits formed by weathering of feldspars from the granitic rocks, the clay deposits are restricted to the basal parts of highly weathered granite. The depth to which the samples were collected ranged from 0.6-1 meter. The clay was analyzed using the Xray Fluorescence (XRF) machine. The average concentration of the major oxides shows that SiO2 is 38.7%, Al2O3 is 9.62%, Fe2O3 is 5.48%, TiO2 is 0.69% and CaO is 0.598% while MnO, ZrO2, ZnO, V2O5, CdO, Cr2O3, SnO2 and Sb2O5 all have lower than 0.07%. This result shows that the clay in the study area can serve as a good raw material for the manufacture of traditional ceramics, refractories, and structural clay products especially burnt bricks.