Bures Measure Research Articles

Tighter monogamy relations of entanglement measures based on fidelity

We study the Bures measure of entanglement and the geometric measure of entanglement as special cases of entanglement measures based on fidelity, and find their tighter monogamy inequalities over tri-qubit systems as well as multi-qubit systems. Furthermore, we derive the monogamy inequality of concurrence for qudit quantum systems by projecting higher-dimensional states to qubit substates.

Monogamy of entanglement measures based on fidelity in multiqubit systems

We show exactly that the $\alpha$th power of Bures measure of entanglement and geometric measure of entanglement, as special case of entanglement measures based on fidelity, obey a class of general monogamy inequalities in an arbitrary multiqubit mixed state for $\alpha\geq1$.

Monogamy Inequality in Terms of Entanglement Measures Based on Distance for Pure Multiqubit States

Using very general arguments, we prove that any entanglement measures based on distance must be maximal on pure states. Furthermore, we show that Bures measure of entanglement and geometric measure of entanglement satisfy the monogamy inequality on all pure multiqubit states. Finally, using the power of Bures measure of entanglement and geometric measure of entanglement, we present a class of tight monogamy relations for pure states of multiqubit systems.

Numerical and exact analyses of Bures and Hilbert–Schmidt separability and PPT probabilities

We employ a quasirandom methodology, recently developed by Martin Roberts, to estimate the separability probabilities, with respect to the Bures (minimal monotone/statistical distinguishability) measure, of generic two-qubit and two-rebit states. This procedure, based on generalized properties of the golden ratio, yielded, in the course of almost seventeen billion iterations (recorded at intervals of five million), two-qubit estimates repeatedly close to nine decimal places to $\frac{25}{341} =\frac{5^2}{11 \cdot 31} \approx 0.073313783$. Howeer, despite the use of over twenty-three billion iterations, we do not presently perceive an exact value (rational or otherwise) for an estimate of 0.15709623 for the Bures two-rebit separability probability. The Bures qubit-qutrit case--for which Khvedelidze and Rogojin gave an estimate of 0.0014--is analyzed too. The value of $\frac{1}{715}=\frac{1}{5 \cdot 11 \cdot 13} \approx 0.00139860$ is a well-fitting value to an estimate of 0.00139884. Interesting values ($\frac{16}{12375} =\frac{4^2}{3^2 \cdot 5^3 \cdot 11}$ and $\frac{625}{109531136}=\frac{5^4}{2^{12} \cdot 11^2 \cdot 13 \cdot 17}$) are conjectured for the Hilbert-Schmidt (HS) and Bures qubit-qudit ($2 \times 4$) positive-partial-transpose (PPT)-probabilities. We re-examine, strongly supporting, conjectures that the HS qubit-{\it qutrit} and rebit-{\it retrit} separability probabilities are $\frac{27}{1000}=\frac{3^3}{2^3 \cdot 5^3}$ and $\frac{860}{6561}= \frac{2^2 \cdot 5 \cdot 43}{3^8}$, respectively. Prior studies have demonstrated that the HS two-rebit separability probability is $\frac{29}{64}$ and strongly pointed to the HS two-qubit counterpart being $\frac{8}{33}$, and a certain operator monotone one (other than the Bures) being $1 -\frac{256}{27 \pi^2}$.

Bures–Hall ensemble: spectral densities and average entropies

We consider an ensemble of random density matrices distributed according to the Bures measure. The corresponding joint probability density of eigenvalues is described by the fixed trace Bures–Hall ensemble of random matrices which, in turn, is related to its unrestricted trace counterpart via a Laplace transform. We investigate the spectral statistics of both these ensembles and, in particular, focus on the level density, for which we obtain exact closed-form results involving Pfaffians. In the fixed trace case, the level density expression is used to obtain an exact result for the average Havrda–Charvát–Tsallis (HCT) entropy as a finite sum. Averages of von Neumann entropy, linear entropy and purity follow by considering appropriate limits in the average HCT expression. Based on exact evaluations of the average von Neumann entropy and the average purity, we also conjecture very simple formulae for these, which are similar to those in the Hilbert–Schmidt ensemble.

Relating the Bures Measure to the Cauchy Two-Matrix Model

The Bures metric is a natural choice in measuring the distance of density operators representing states in quantum mechanics. In the past few years a random matrix ensemble and the corresponding joint probability density function of its eigenvalues was identified. Moreover a relation with the Cauchy two-matrix model was discovered but never thoroughly investigated, leaving open in particular the following question: How are the kernels of the Pfaffian point process of the Bures random matrix ensemble related to the ones of the determinantal point process of the Cauchy two-matrix model and moreover, how can it be possible that a Pfaffian point process derives from a determinantal point process? We give a very explicit answer to this question. The aim of our work has a quite practical origin since the calculation of the level statistics of the Bures ensemble is highly mathematically involved while we know the statistics of the Cauchy two-matrix ensemble. Therefore we solve the whole level statistics of a density operator drawn from the Bures prior.

On the Geometric Probability of Entangled Mixed States

The state space of a composite quantum system, the set of density matrices $$ \mathfrak{P} $$ +, is decomposable into the space of separable states $$ \mathfrak{S} $$ + and its complement, the space of entangled states. An explicit construction of such a decomposition constitutes the so-called separability problem. If the space $$ \mathfrak{P} $$ + is endowed with a certain Riemannian metric, then the separability problem admits a measuretheoretic formulation. In particular, one can define the “geometric probability of separability” as the relative volume of the space of separable states $$ \mathfrak{S} $$ + with respect to the volume of all states. In the present note, using the Peres–Horodecki positive partial transposition criterion, we discuss the measure-theoretic aspects of the separability problem for bipartite systems composed either of two qubits or of a qubit-qutrit pair. Necessary and sufficient conditions for the separability of a two-qubit state are formulated in terms of local SU(2) ⊗ SU(2) invariant polynomials, the determinant of the correlation matrix, and the determinant of the Schlienz–Mahler matrix. Using the projective method of generating random density matrices distributed according to the Hilbert–Schmidt or Bures measure, we calculate the probability of separability (including that of absolute separability) of a two-qubit and qubit-qutrit pair. Bibliograhpy: 47 titles.

Quantifying the nonlinearity of a quantum oscillator

We address the quantification of nonlinearity for quantum oscillators and introduce two measures based on the properties of the ground state rather than on the form of the potential itself. The first measure is a fidelity-based one, and corresponds to the renormalized Bures distance between the ground state of the considered oscillator and the ground state of a reference harmonic oscillator. Then, in order to avoid the introduction of this auxiliary oscillator, we introduce a different measure based on the non-Gaussianity (nG) of the ground state. The two measures are evaluated for a sample of significant nonlinear potentials and their properties are discussed in some detail. We show that the two measures are monotone functions of each other in most cases, and this suggests that the nG-based measure is a suitable choice to capture the anharmonic nature of a quantum oscillator, and to quantify its nonlinearity independently on the specific features of the potential. We also provide examples of potentials where the Bures measure cannot be defined, due to the lack of a proper reference harmonic potential, while the nG-based measure properly quantify their nonlinear features. Our results may have implications in experimental applications where access to the effective potential is limited, e.g., in quantum control, and protocols rely on information about the ground or thermal state.

Purity distribution for generalized random Bures mixed states

We compute the distribution of the purity for random density matrices (i.e. random mixed states) in a large quantum system, distributed according to the Bures measure. The full distribution of the purity is computed using a mapping to random matrix theory and then a Coulomb gas method. We find three regimes that correspond to two phase transitions in the associated Coulomb gas. The first transition is characterized by an explosion of the third derivative on the left of the transition point. The second transition is of first order, it is characterized by the detachment of a single charge of the Coulomb gas. A key remark in this paper is that the random Bures states are closely related to the O(n) model for n = 1. This actually led us to study ‘generalized Bures states’ by keeping n general instead of specializing to n = 1.

A family of norms with applications in quantum information theory

We consider the problem of computing the family of operator norms recently introduced. We develop a family of semidefinite programs that can be used to exactly compute them in small dimensions and bound them in general. Some theoretical consequences follow from the duality theory of semidefinite programming, including a new constructive proof that for all r there are non-positive partial transpose Werner states that are r-undistillable. Several examples are considered via a MATLAB implementation of the semidefinite program, including the case of Werner states and randomly generated states via the Bures measure, and approximate distributions of the norms are provided. We extend these norms to arbitrary convex mapping cones and explore their implications with positive partial transpose states.

Linking a distance measure of entanglement to its convex roof

An important problem in quantum information theory is the quantification of entanglement in multipartite mixed quantum states. In this work, a connection between the geometric measure of entanglement and a distance measure of entanglement is established. We present a new expression for the geometric measure of entanglement in terms of the maximal fidelity with a separable state. A direct application of this result provides a closed expression for the Bures measure of entanglementof two qubits. We also prove that the number of elements in an optimal decomposition w.r.t. the geometric measure of entanglement is bounded from above by the Caratheodory bound, and we find necessary conditions for the structure of an optimal decomposition.

Random Bures mixed states and the distribution of their purity

Ensembles of random density matrices determined by various probability measures are analysed. A simple and efficient algorithm to generate at random density matrices distributed according to the Bures measure is proposed. This procedure may serve as an initial step in performing the Bayesian approach to quantum state estimation based on the Bures prior. We study the distribution of purity of random mixed states. The moments of the distribution of purity are determined for quantum states generated with respect to the Bures measure. This calculation serves as an exemplary application of the ‘deform-and-study’ approach in the theory of integrable systems leading to one of Painlevés transcendents.

Average fidelity between random quantum states

We analyze mean fidelity between random density matrices of size N, generated with respect to various probability measures in the space of mixed quantum states: Hilbert-Schmidt measure, Bures (statistical) measure, the measures induced by partial trace and the natural measure on the space of pure states. In certain cases explicit probability distributions for fidelity are derived. Results obtained may be used to gauge the quality of quantum information processing schemes.

Statistical properties of random density matrices

Statistical properties of ensembles of random density matrices are investigated. We compute traces and von Neumann entropies averaged over ensembles of random density matrices distributed according to the Bures measure. The eigenvalues of the random density matrices are analyzed: we derive the eigenvalue distribution for the Bures ensemble which is shown to be broader then the quarter--circle distribution characteristic of the Hilbert--Schmidt ensemble. For measures induced by partial tracing over the environment we compute exactly the two-point eigenvalue correlation function.

Bures volume of the set of mixed quantum states

We compute the volume of the N^2-1 dimensional set M_N of density matrices of size N with respect to the Bures measure and show that it is equal to that of a N^2-1 dimensional hyper-halfsphere of radius 1/2. For N=2 we obtain the volume of the Uhlmann 3-D hemisphere, embedded in R^4. We find also the area of the boundary of the set M_N and obtain analogous results for the smaller set of all real density matrices. An explicit formula for the Bures-Hall normalization constants is derived for an arbitrary N.