Burdock Root Research Articles

Assessment of Ethanolic Extraction of Chlorogenic Acid, Cynarin, and Polyphenols from Burdock (Arctium lappa L.) Roots Under Ultrasound.

The bioactive compounds in burdock (Arctium lappa L.) roots, including chlorogenic acid (CGA) and cynarin, are valuable for use in nutraceutical foods. The ultrasound-assisted extraction of bioactive substances from dried burdock root powder (DBR) was investigated with 95% ethanol to reduce the impact of polysaccharide inulin on the extraction of free CGA and cynarin. The ethanolic extraction of CGA and cynarin was evaluated under ultrasound (300 W) at 40 kHz (U40) and 120 kHz (U120) with shaking at 120 rpm (S120) for comparison. Using a 1/30 (g/mL-solvent) solid-to-liquid ratio at 30 °C in 120 min, amounts of CGA and cynarin with U40 were as high as 818.74 μg/g-DBR and 173.68 μg/g-DBR, respectively, being much higher than those with U120 and S120. Total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity of the extract using U40 were significantly better than using U120 and S120. For U40 and U120, CGA increased with a decreasing solid-to-liquid ratio, while cynarin showed a decrease with a decreasing solid-to-liquid ratio using U120. Moreover, no observable degradations of free CGA and cynarin in ethanol were detected. By combining ultrasound and ethanol, the extracts with high-content CGA and cynarin from burdock roots were effectively achieved for use in health foods.

A Review on Herbal Components used for Polyherbal Facewash

Cosmetics, derived from the Greek word "kosmetikos," are substances used to enhance, cleanse, and promote attractiveness. Face wash has evolved to address various skin concerns, including acne and aging. Herbal cosmetics, utilizing plant-based products, offer aesthetically pleasing physiological effects such as skin healing and smoothening. Their mild and non-toxic nature, along with natural ingredients like oils and extracts, contribute to their benefits. They are rich in nutrients, environmentally friendly, and economically viable, making them a preferred choice for consumers seeking natural alternatives The skin's multi-layered structure, including the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis, plays a crucial role in protecting against external threats, regulating body temperature, and preserving moisture. Face wash products serve therapeutic purposes, including antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti-acne, and antioxidant properties. Herbal face wash products, derived from various botanical families, contribute to their therapeutic and aesthetic properties. The integration of various herbs such as Aloe vera, Rosemary, Buckwheat seeds, Betel-nut palm, Calendula, Babchi, Burdock root, Chia, Sacha inchi, and Jojoba oil into face wash formulations further enriches the landscape. In summary, this literature review provides a comprehensive understanding of herbal cosmetics, the formulation of face wash products, their benefits, and therapeutic applications.

Inulin extracted from burdock root (Arctiumlappa L.) incorporated alginate/chitosan hydrogel beads for probiotics encapsulation

Burdock root is a reliable source of inulin, a prebiotic with potential benefits for probiotic encapsulation. This study aimed to extract inulin from burdock roots and assess its physicochemical properties and functional groups in comparison to standard inulin. The focus was on evaluating the effectiveness of inulin combined with alginate and coated with chitosan as an encapsulating material for probiotics. The extracted inulin was found to be a light brown powder with a high inulin content of 78.54 %. FTIR analysis confirmed the successful extraction of inulin and highlighted its prebiotic potential. When combined with alginate, the inulin formed dense bead structures that significantly enhanced encapsulation efficiency (∼88 %) and improved probiotic viability (>6 log CFU/g) during simulated gastrointestinal transit, outperforming pristine alginate beads. The beads demonstrated a gradual probiotic release within 3 h under simulated intestinal conditions, following the Korsmeyer–Peppas release mechanism. Storage experiments showed that the beads containing extracted inulin maintained probiotic levels above 7.6 log CFU/g after 28 days. Incorporating inulin extracted from burdock root into alginate-based encapsulation systems could significantly improve probiotic survival and provide a potential method for targeted probiotic delivery to the intestine. This approach offers a promising strategy for enhancing the effectiveness of probiotics through improved protection and controlled release.

Study on extraction conditions and characteristics of protein from burdock roots

Burdock (Arctium lappa L.), which belongs to the Compositae family, possesses significant medicinal and nutritional value. Burdock root is abundant in proteins and essential amino acids. In this study, proteins from burdock roots were extracted by alkali extraction and acid sedimentation, and the optimal conditions for protein extraction from burdock roots and protein characteristics were explored. The optimal conditions for protein extraction with a yield rate of 9.03% were 40°C extraction temperature, pH 8.0, a solid–liquid ratio of 1:25 (g/mL), and extraction time of 65 minutes. Single-factor and orthogonal tests on the extraction rate of burdock proteins under different conditions found that the extraction rate of protein from burdock roots were influenced by pH, extraction temperature, solid–liquid ratio, and extraction time, in this order. The solubility and gelation properties of burdock protein were similar to those of soybean protein; however, burdock protein demonstrated 1.2 times the oil absorption capacity and half the water retention capacity of soybean protein. Analysis of the amino acid contents of burdock protein revealed that burdock root contains significant essential and non-essential amino acids, with valine content being the highest.

Arctigenin from Burdock Root Exhibits Potent Antibacterial and Anti-Virulence Properties against Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Arctium lappa (Burdock) root is used in various culinary applications especially in Asian Cuisine. Arctigenin (ARC) is a polyphenolic compound abundant in the roots of the burdock plant from which it derives its name. The emergence of bacterial resistance is a growing global worry, specifically due to the declining availability of new antibiotics. Screening for the antibacterial candidates among the safe natural products is a promising approach. The present study was aimed to assess the antibacterial activity of ARC against Pseudomonas aeruginosa exploring its effect on the bacterial cell membrane. Furthermore, the anti-virulence activities and anti-quorum sensing (QS) activities of ARC were in vitro, in vivo and in silico assessed against P. aeruginosa. The current results showed the ARC antibacterial activity was owed to its disruption effect of the cell membrane. ARC at sub-MIC significantly decreased the formation of biofilm, motility, production of extracellular enzymes and in vivo protected mice against P. aeruginosa. These anti-virulence activities of ARC are owed to its interference with bacterial QS and its expression. Furthermore, ARC showed mild effect on mammalian erythrocytes, low probability to induce resistance and synergistically combined with antibiotics. In summary, the promising anti-virulence properties of ARC indicate its potential as an effective supplement to conventional antibiotics for treating severe P. aeruginosa infections.

Inhibitory effects of burdock root tea on plasma ammonia level in mice fed with high-sucrose and low-fibre diet

Inhibitory effects of burdock root tea on plasma ammonia level in mice fed with high-sucrose and low-fibre diet

NMR Metabolomics of Arctium lappa L., Taraxacum officinale and Melissa officinalis: A Comparison of Spontaneous and Organic Ecotypes.

Officinal plants are a source of metabolites whose chemical composition depends on pedoclimatic conditions. In this study, the NMR-based approach was applied to investigate the impacts of different altitudes and agronomical practices (Land, Mountain Spontaneous, and Organically Grown Ecotypes, namely LSE, MSE, and OE, respectively) on the metabolite profiles of Burdock root, Dandelion root and aerial part, and Lemon balm aerial part. Sugars, amino acids, organic acids, polyphenols, fatty acids, and other metabolites were identified and quantified in all samples. Some metabolites turned out to be tissue-specific markers. Arginine was found in roots, whereas myo-inositol, galactose, glyceroyldigalactose moiety, pheophytin, and chlorophyll were identified in aerial parts. Caftaric and chicoric acids, 3,5 di-caffeoylquinic acid, and chlorogenic and rosmarinic acids were detected in Dandelion, Burdock and Lemon balm, respectively. The metabolite amount changed significantly according to crop, tissue type, and ecotype. All ecotypes of Burdock had the highest contents of amino acids and the lowest contents of organic acids, whereas an opposite trend was observed in Lemon balm. Dandelion parts contained high levels of carbohydrates, except for the MSE aerial part, which showed the highest content of organic acids. The results provided insights into the chemistry of officinal plants, thus supporting nutraceutical-phytopharmaceutical research.

Antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects of BenTooth: A natural product blend of burdock root, persimmon leaf extracts, and quercetin on periodontal disease

Periodontal disease represents a condition that exhibits substantial global morbidity, and is characterized by the infection and inflammation of the periodontal tissue effectuated by bacterial pathogens. The present study aimed at evaluating the therapeutic efficacy of BenTooth, an edible natural product mixture comprising burdock root extract, persimmon leaf extract and quercetin, against periodontitis both in vitro and in vivo. BenTooth was examined for antimicrobial properties and its impact on cellular responses related to inflammation and bone resorption. Its effects were also assessed in a rat model of ligature-induced periodontitis. BenTooth demonstrated potent antimicrobial activity against P. gingivalis and S. mutans. In RAW264.7 cells, it notably diminished the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2, as well as reduced interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α levels triggered by P. gingivalis-derived lipopolysaccharide. Furthermore, BenTooth inhibited osteoclastogenesis mediated by the receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand. In the rat model, BenTooth consumption mitigated the ligature-induced expansion in distance between the cementoenamel junction and the alveolar bone crest and bolstered the bone volume fraction. These results present BenTooth as a potential therapeutic candidate for the prevention and remediation of periodontal diseases.

Preparation and characterization of self-aggregating micelles from stearic acid-modified burdock root polysaccharide

In order to obtain amphiphilic polysaccharide self-assembly micelles, the hydrophobic modification by grafting stearic acid (SA) onto the backbone of burdock root polysaccharide (BRP) was carried out and its main physicochemical properties were characterized. The results showed that the optimal esterification conditions were as follows: reaction time of 2 h, reaction temperature of 55 ℃, system pH of 8.0 and the SA addition of 4 mmol, a maximum substitution degree (DS) of the esterification products was obtained as 0.1012. The FTIR analysis verified that the modified polysaccharide successfully introduced the ester carbonyl group. 1H NMR spectra further confirmed that the esterification reaction occurred. The SA-modified BRP micelles were roughly spherical with uniform dispersion and the particle size was in the range of 259–352 nm, which showed a negative correlation with the DS. The solubility of the esterification products also decreased. The smaller critical micelle concentration (CMC) led to easier formation of self-aggregating micelles and stronger solubilization effect. The above results indicated that SA-modified BRP as a novel carrier material possessed potential to deliver hydrophobic active substances.Graphical

The Profile and Content of Polyphenolic Compounds and Antioxidant and Anti-Glycation Properties of Root Extracts of Selected Medicinal Herbs

The objective of our study was to analyse the extracts from six medicinal herb roots (marshmallow, dandelion, liquorice, angelica, burdock, and comfrey) in terms of antioxidant capacity (ABTS, DPPH) and inhibition of advanced glycation end product (AGEs) formation. The quantification of phenolic acids and flavonoids was analysed using the UHPLC-DAD-MS method. Fifteen polyphenolic compounds were detected in the studied herbs. The higher number of polyphenols were found in marshmallows (ten polyphenols), while the lowest was in comfrey (five compounds). Liquorice root revealed the highest individual phenolic concentration (382 µg/g dm) with the higher contribution of kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside. Comfrey root extract was characterised by the most abundant TPC (Total Phenolic Content) value (29.79 mg GAE/ g dm). Burdock and comfrey showed the strongest anti-AGE activity studies with the BDA-GLU model. Burdock root was also characterised by the highest anti-AGE activity in the BSA-MGO model. The highest antioxidant capacity was determined by ABTS (72.12 µmol TE/g dw) and DPPH (143.01 µmol TE/g dw) assays for comfrey extract. The p-coumaric acid content was significantly correlated with anti-AGE activity determined by the BSA-MGO model. This research sheds new light on the bioactivity of root herbs, explaining the role of p-coumaric acid in preventing diabetes.

Antidiabetic Properties of the Root Extracts of Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) and Burdock (Arctium lappa).

Several preclinical studies suggest the potential of edible plants in controlling blood sugar levels and stabilizing diet. The goals of the study were to examine, analyze, and describe whether there are chemical compounds in dandelion and burdock roots that could have antidiabetic properties. The 70% ethyl alcohol and lyophilizate extracts (AE and LE, respectively), were used, and analyses were carried out on their total polysaccharide (TP), total phenolic content (TPC), tannin, and inulin. The antioxidant activity of extracts was determined using the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) assay, and hypoglycemic properties were based on α-amylase activity. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was used for the tentative identification of the chemical components. Qualitative techniques confirmed the presence of inulin in both roots. Analysis of TPC, tannin content, DPPH assay, and α-amylase activity revealed higher values for burdock compared to dandelion. However, dandelion exhibited higher TP content. Burdock contained a small amount of tannin, whereas the tannin content in dandelion was insignificant. All LE consistently exhibited higher values in all analyses and assays for all roots compared to AE. Despite burdock root showing overall better results, it is uncertain whether these plants can be recommended as antidiabetic agents without in vivo studies.

ACCUMULATION OF ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDES IN MEDICINAL PLANT RAW MATERIALS OF THE VORONEZH REGION

The purpose of the study is to examine the peculiarities of accumulation of the most dangerous organochlorine pesticides in medicinal plant materials of Voronezh region agrocenoses.
 Materials and Methods. The author analyzed pharmacopoeial species of medicinal plant raw materials, widespread in central Russia. The plants belong to both natural plant communities and synanthropic vegetation: common nettle leaves, common plantain leaves, ginger plant flowers, small-leaved lime flowers, quinquelobate motherwort herb, absinthium herb, common yarrow herb, knotgrass herb, common burdock roots, and common dandelion roots. Samples of the surface soil were also taken. The author determined dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, hexachlorocyclohexane, hexachlorane, and aldrin content in medicinal plant raw materials and surface soil. The studies were carried out on a Tsvet 500M gas chromatograph with a microsyringe dispenser, glass capillary separation columns and flame ionization detection.
 Results. Studies of surface soil samples and medicinal plant raw materials showed the virtual absence of organochlorine pesticides in the analyzed materials: the content of hexachlorocyclohexane and its isomers (total) was less than 0.001 mg/kg, the content of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and its metabolites (total) was less than 0.007 mg/kg. Aldrin and hexachlorane were not detected. The results obtained favorably distinguish the Voronezh region from other constituent entities of the Russian Federation, where high concentrations of organochlorine pesticides are periodically detected both in soil and in plants. This fact opens prospects for the cultivation and procurement of wild plants in the Voronezh region.

Development of ohmic-assisted green extraction technique with ultrasonic and microwave pretreatments: Burdock (Arctium lappa L.) root extract

The present study was carried out to investigate and optimize the recovery of Burdock (Arctium lappa L.) root extract (BRE) using Ohmic-assisted (OH) extraction method with ultrasonic (US-OH) and microwave (MW-OH) pretreatments. Initially the optimized OH condition was obtained with the aim of maximizing the extraction efficiency and total phenol content. Then, the effect of pretreatment time (20, 40 and 60 min), ultrasonic amplitude (50 and 100 %) and temperatures (30, 40 and 50 °C) in US-OH, and powers (100, 300 and 450 W) in MW-OH were investigated. Finally, optimized OH, US-OH, and MW-OH extraction methods were compared with the heat assisted extraction method (HAE). The results showed that all the main and interaction effects were significant in OH, US-OH, and MW-OH extraction methods (p < 0.05) and only the interaction effects on total phenolic content (TPC) were not significant in the OH method (p > 0.05). The voltage gradient equal to 12.8 V/cm, extraction time equal to 20.72 min and extraction temperature equal to 50 °C were obtained as optimal conditions in the OH extraction of BRE. Ultrasonic amplitude, extraction temperature and ultrasonic time 100 %, 50 °C and 40 min respectively were obtained as the optimum US-OH extraction method. According to the results of chemical compounds, microbial and morphological assays, extraction using pretreatment methods of ultrasound, microwave in ohmic heating, respectively, showed an improvement in the quality of the extraction compared to the conventional (HAE) method.

A Network of Processes for Biorefining Burdock Seeds and Roots.

In this work, a novel sustainable approach was proposed for the integral valorisation of Arctium lappa (burdock) seeds and roots. Firstly, a preliminary recovery of bioactive compounds, including unsaturated fatty acids, was performed. Then, simple sugars (i.e., fructose and sucrose) and phenolic compounds were extracted by using compressed fluids (supercritical CO2 and propane). Consequently, a complete characterisation of raw biomass and extraction residues was carried out to determine the starting chemical composition in terms of residual lipids, proteins, hemicellulose, cellulose, lignin, and ash content. Subsequently, three alternative ways to utilise extraction residues were proposed and successfully tested: (i) enzymatic hydrolysis operated by Cellulases (Thricoderma resei) of raw and residual biomass to glucose, (ii) direct ethanolysis to produce ethyl levulinate; and (iii) pyrolysis to obtain biochar to be used as supports for the synthesis of sulfonated magnetic iron-carbon catalysts (Fe-SMCC) to be applied in the dehydration of fructose for the synthesis of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF). The development of these advanced approaches enabled the full utilisation of this resource through the production of fine chemicals and value-added compounds in line with the principles of the circular economy.

ECOLOGICAL AND HYGIENIC ASSESSMENT OF THE QUALITY OF BURDOCK ROOTS OF LARGE FLORA OF URBANIZED TERRITORIES OF THE CENTRAL BLACK EARTH REGION

The roots of the bladder are mainly used in the form of aqueous extracts, and the pharmacological effect is due to water-soluble compounds based on polysaccharides. The study of the peculiarities of accumulation of this group of compounds is relevant. The aim of this study the relationship between the accumulation of heavy metals and arsenic and biologically active substances in the roots of ordinary burdock, collected on the territory of the Voronezh region in biogeocenoses experiencing various anthropogenic effects. In the Voronezh region, 51 points of harvesting plant raw materials were selected. The study of the content of heavy metals and arsenic in the roots of the bladder, the sum of polysaccharides in terms of fructose and the sum of extractive substances extracted by water was conducted according to pharmacopeic methods. The total amount of gravimetrically precipitated water-soluble polysaccharides was determined by a previously developed and validated patented procedure. Correlation coefficients were analyzed to examine in detail the effects of heavy metals and arsenic on the accumulation of biologically active substances. Of the samples examined, some do not meet the requirements of the regulatory documentation for arsenic content. Significant physiological barriers have been identified to the accumulation of ecotoxicants in the roots of common burdock, which is especially noticeable for elements such as lead, mercury, arsenic, cadmium, cobalt and chromium. The raw material can selectively concentrate copper and zinc. In eight samples prepared under urbocenosis conditions, this indicator was below the minimum numerical value. Low correlation of the content of large sum of gravimetrically determined polysaccharides and extractive substances in samples of burdock roots was revealed. extracted with water, containing heavy metals and arsenic, wherein the numerical value of the sum of the polysaccharides in terms of fructose is largely dependent on the concentration of toxic elements in the plant; which is probably due to the formation of strong metal-monosaccharide complexes, which make it difficult to obtain colored complexes of monomer sugars with a complexing agent during spectrophotometric determination.

Innovative application of a novel and thermostable inulin fructotransferase from Arthrobacter sp. ISL-85 to fructan inulin in burdock root to improve nutrition

Inulin fructotransferase converts prebiotic polysaccharide inulin to difructose anhydride III, known for its numerous beneficial physiological effects. While previous studies focused on using inulin extracts under optimal conditions, this study delves into the enzyme’s behavior when dealing with more complex food materials, inulin-rich burdock root, which possesses greater nutritional value but may influence the enzymatic reaction. An inulin fructotransferase from Arthrobacter sp. ISL-85 was identified and characterized, which has the highest activity of 783 U mg−1 at pH 6.5 and 65 °C and remains stable even up to 80 °C. When applied to inulin-rich burdock root (pH 4.7) at 80 °C for 2 h, the enzyme yielded 4.1 g of difructose anhydride III, concurrently increasing fructo-oligosaccharides. This study demonstrates the potential of this enzyme as a valuable tool for efficiently processing inulin within whole food materials under high temperatures. Such an approach could pave the way for enhancing nutrition and promoting health benefits.

Изучение особенностей накопления искусственных и естественных радионуклидов в корнях лопуха большого Arctium lappa L.

The Voronezh region has traditionally been the most significant area for crop production and agriculture. However, the development of mineral resources, the implementation of chemical fertilisers in agriculture, and the consequences of the Chernobyl accident have highlighted the necessity to ensure the food industry has access to safe and effective plant raw materials. The use of low-quality plant raw materials and products derived from them represents a significant source of exposure to various ecotoxicants, including radionuclides, which can enter the human body. Objective: to examine the accumulation of the most significant artificial and natural radionuclides in the roots of a large burdock plant, harvested in different territories of the Voronezh region, with a view to determining the extent of the anthropogenic impact. Materials and methods. Under experimental conditions, the specific activity of the main long-lived artificial radioisotopes (cesium-137, strontium-90) and naturally occurring radionuclides (thorium-232, potassium-40, radium-226) on a spectrometer (RADEK MKGB-01 radiometer) was determined in samples of the upper layers of soils and roots of large burdock. Results. All of the studied samples of large burdock roots, which had been prepared in natural and artificial phytocenoses in the Voronezh region, met the existing radiation safety requirements (first group). With an increase in the specific activity of strontium-90, cesium-137, thorium-232, potassium-40, radium-226 in the soil, there was an accompanying increase in the specific activity of these radionuclides in the roots of a large burdock. Correlation analysis of the specific activity of artificial and natural radionuclides in the soil and roots of large burdock revealed a highly significant relationship between these numerical indicators, thereby confirming the predominant transposed pollution. Conclusion. The accumulation patterns in roots of large burdock, naturally occurring and anthropogenic radionuclides are described by mathematical dependencies, with an accuracy of approximation that is as high as possible.

Innovative application of a novel di-D-fructofuranose 1,2':2,3'-dianhydride hydrolase (DFA-IIIase) from Duffyella gerundensis A4 to burdock root to improve nutrition.

Burdock is native to Europe and Asia and rich in many functional ingredients, including biomacromolecule polysaccharide inulin. The prebiotic fructan inulin can provide energy to organisms via several pathways. One pathway is that inulin fructotransferase (IFTase) first converts inulin to III-type difructose anhydride (DFA-III), which has many beneficial physiological functions. Then, DFA-III is hydrolyzed to inulobiose, which is a Fn-type prebiotic fructo-oligosaccharide, via difructose anhydride hydrolase (DFA-IIIase). However, there has been no study on the application of IFTase or DFA-IIIase to process burdock to increase DFA-III or inulobiose. Moreover, only five DFA-IIIases have been reported to date and all of them are from the Arthrobacter genus. Whether other microbes except for the Arthrobacter genus can utilize DFA-III through DFA-IIIase is unknown. In this work, a DFA-IIIase from Duffyella gerundensis A4 (D. gerundensis A4), abbreviated as DgDFA-IIIase, was identified and characterized in detail. DgDFA-IIIase is a bifunctional enzyme, that is, besides its hydrolytic ability to DFA-III, it has the same catalytic ability as IFTase to inulin. The enzyme was applied to the burdock root aiming at inulin and DFA-III, and inulobiose was produced with an increase in Gn-type fructo-oligosaccharide. The work verifies that microorganisms of the non-Arthrobacter genus also have the potential ability to use DFA-III by DFA-IIIase, and DFA-IIIase is feasible to increase functional substances of burdock root instead of IFTase and endo-inulinase, which paves the way for the production of functional food utilizing the polysaccharide inulin to improve nutrition and health.

The theory of impact interaction of a flexible cleaning blade with the head of a carrot root crop during its cleaning from the remains of tops on the root

Purpose. Determination of the kinematic and force parameters of the interaction of an elastic blade with the head of carrot roots at the root based on a theoretical study of its movement during cleaning from the remains of tops using a two-shaft cleaner with a horizontal axis of rotation. Methods. In the course of the research, the methods of building computational and mathematical models of agricultural machines based on the composition and solution of systems of equations, as well as numerical modeling of the application of programs compiled on a PC, were used. Results. The theory of interaction of the flexible blade of the two-shaft cleaner, which is installed on the drive shaft with a horizontal axis of rotation, with the root head of the carrot on the root has been developed. For the theoretical study of this process, a calculated mathematical model of the process of interaction of a flexible cleaning blade with the head of a carrot root was built and a mathematical model was developed that allows determining the speed of the blade after impact and the magnitude of the impact impulse. Conclutions. As a result of the calculations, it was found that at a low speed of movement of the unit , the influence of the angular speed of the blade has a significant effect on the value after the impact speed of the blade. Thus, at a speed of = 0.5 m·s–1, after the impact velocity is equal to 0.71 m·s–1 at = 10 rad·s–1 and 2.55 m·s–1 at = 50 rad·s–1. And at the speed of movement of the cleaner = 3.0 m·s-1, after the impact velocity increases by only 1.3–30.2 % for changes in the angular speed of the blade in the range from 10 rad·s-1 to 50 rad·s-1. The conducted research can be used in the future to develop a theoretical apparatus that describes the process of the post-impact movement of the shovel along the head of the carrot root crop and the combing of the burdock root. Keywords: carrot, gorse, cleaning heads, flexible blade, equivalent circuit, mathematical model.

Eşek sütünden yapılan fermente kımız

The study aimed to expand the range of dairy products by developing a recipe and technology for a fermented milk drink made from donkey milk with unique properties. Additional functionality is provided by the introduced probiotic cultures and phytogenic raw materials. Two functional drinks were proposed as experimental products: Koumiss-1 - koumiss with added probiotics and peony tincture, and Koumiss-2 - probiotic koumiss with added dried burdock roots. The initial raw material, donkey milk, was collected in the farm of the Ala Too State Farm located at an altitude of 800 m above sea level, in the Chui Valley of the Kyrgyz Republic. The standard methods of physicochemical, microbiological and organoleptic analyses were used for the study. The fermentation intensity (Is) and fermentation coefficient (δ) were determined for each case based on the data on the change in active and titratable acidity during the fermentation of milk with koumiss ferment. In the sample of koumiss-1 with the addition of peony tincture δ appeared in the first 3 hours, and δ in koumiss-2 was closer to 6 hours. Based on organoleptic evaluations, the developed drinks exhibit a pleasant sour-milk aroma and taste. The consistency is liquid with a slightly foamy texture, while the drink with added burdock roots has a pleasant creamy flavor. Lactic acid bacteria and yeast are similar to the specifications found in natural koumiss made from mare's milk. Throughout the experiment, sour-milk beverages were successfully produced, and they can potentially to fill the market niche for functional products with medicinal properties.