Burden Of Risk Factors For Non-communicable Diseases Research Articles

Raising Burden of NCD Risk Factors in Rural and Remote areas of South Andaman Islands in India

Risk factors of Non-Communicable diseases (NCDs) is showing increase in trends in recent years in India, and its burden and associated factors need to be studied in Andaman and Nicobar Islands

Global trends of chronic non-communicable diseases risk factors

Abstract Background One of the global targets for non-communicable diseases is to reduce, by 2025, the rise in global trends of major non-communicable diseases (NCDs). We aimed to estimate worldwide trends in NCD risk factors. Methods Data from the NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC) allowed the analysis of over 128 million children, adolescents, and adults with available information on height and weight, 4.4 million participants with data on diabetes through measurement of its biomarkers, and 19 million adults that had measured the blood pressures. Results No changes in age-standardised mean BMI in girls and boys from 1975 to 2016 were registered in eastern Europe, while an increase of up to 1.00 kg/m2 per decade was reported in central Latin America (for girls) and in Polynesia and Micronesia (for boys). Global prevalence of obesity increased from less than 1% in 1975 to 5.6% and 7.8% in 2016 in girls and boys, respectively. In adults, prevalence of obesity increased from 3.2% in 1975 to 10.8% in 2014 in men, and from 6.4% to 14.9% in women. Global diabetes prevalence increased from 4.3% in 1980 to 9.0% in 2014 in men, and from 5.0% to 7.9% in women; the lowest prevalence in 2014 has been recorded in northwestern Europe. The number of adults with diabetes in the world increased from 108 million in 1980 to 422 million in 2014. Estimation from current trends shows that only a minority of countries (mostly in western Europe) have a 50% or higher probability of halting the rise of diabetes by 2025. Global prevalence of raised blood pressure was more than 20% in both men and women in 2015. Globally, the number of adults with raised blood pressure increased from 594 million in 1975 to 1.13 billion in 2015, with the increase largely in low-income and middle-income countries. Interpretation The burden of NCD risk factors is partially due to population growth and ageing. However, lifestyle factors play a crucial role in NCD prevention.

High prevalence of HIV and non-communicable disease (NCD) risk factors in rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.

IntroductionSouth Africa faces epidemics of HIV and non‐communicable diseases (NCDs). The aim of this study was to characterize the prevalence of non‐communicable disease risk factors and depression, stratified by HIV status, in a community with a high burden of HIV.MethodsWe conducted a home‐based HIV counselling and testing study in KwaZulu‐Natal, South Africa between November 2011 and June 2012. Contiguous households were approached and all adults ≥18 years old were offered an HIV test. During follow‐up visits in January 2015, screening for HIV, depression, obesity, blood glucose, cholesterol and blood pressure were conducted using point‐of‐care tests.ResultsOf the 570 participants located and screened; 69% were female and 33% were HIV‐positive. NCD risk factor prevalence was high in this sample; 71% were overweight (body mass index (BMI) 25 to 29.9 kg/m2) or obese (BMI≥30 kg/m2), 4% had hyperglycaemia (plasma glucose >11.0 mmol/l/200 mg/dl), 33% had hypertension (HTN, >140/90 mmHg), 20% had hyperlipidaemia (low density cholesterol >5.2 mmol/l/193.6 mg/dl) and 12% had major depressive symptoms (nine item Patient Health Questionnaire ≥10). Of the 570 participants, 87% had one or more of HIV, hyperglycaemia, HTN, hyperlipidaemia and/or depression. Over half (56%) had two or more. Older age and female gender were significantly associated with the prevalence of both HIV infection and NCD risk factors. Around 80% of both HIV‐positive and negative persons had one of the measured risk factors (i.e. obesity, hyperglycaemia, hyperlipidaemia, HTN), or depression.ConclusionsIn a community‐based sample of adults in KwaZulu‐Natal, South Africa, the prevalence of both HIV infection and NCD risk factors were high. This study is among the first to quantify the substantial burden of NCD risk factors and depression in this non‐clinic based population.

High prevalence of dietary and physical activity related risk factors for non-communicable diseases among apparently healthy urban women in Kochi, Kerala, South India

Background: Non communicable diseases (NCDs) represent the biggest threat to women’s health worldwide. NCD is a leading cause of morbidity and premature mortality among women in Kerala. This study attempts to delineate the risk factors of NCDs among apparently healthy urban women in Kochi, Kerala. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted among apparently healthy women of age 20-60 years in randomly selected wards of Eloor municipality, Kochi, Kerala. The minimum calculated sample size was 130. Houses were selected by systematic random sampling. A semi structured questionnaire based on the STEPS instrument was administered to eligible subjects. Their anthropometric measurements were also taken using standardised tools. Data were entered into Excel sheet and analysed using SPSS version 15. Results: The mean age of the women surveyed was 38.9 years (SD 10.2). Majority (71%) of the study participants were home makers. Majority (97.2%) consumed less than 5 servings of fruits and vegetables a day. Of them, 79.3% were in the low physical activity category. Around 55% of the women were either overweight or obese. Conclusions: The current study showed a high burden of risk factors for non-communicable diseases among women in urban area in Kerala. Considering the burden of NCD risk factors in the population, there is urgent need to plan and implement gender sensitive community-based interventions at different levels including health promotion, and prevention.

Prevalence and correlates of noncommunicable disease risk factors in a peri-urban community of Oyo State, South West, Nigeria

Background: The world is currently witnessing an epidemic of noncommunicable diseases (NCD). Four main diseases account for most morbidities and mortalities associated with NCD and they have four main risk factors in common. The objectives of the study were to estimate the prevalence and assess the factors influencing NCD-risk factors co-occurrence among adults in Ogbomoso, South West Nigeria. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study design was employed among 195 residents of Papa-Areago, a suburb of Ogbomoso town. Study participants were recruited using cluster sampling technique and interviewed using an instrument adapted from the WHO STEPS-questionnaire. Chi-square test was utilized to compare categorical variables and Logistic regression conducted to assess factors associated with coexistence of NCD risk factors. Results: Mean age of the respondents was 49.6 ± 1.4. Not <81% of the respondents were physically inactive, 7.7% were current smokers, 2.6% engaged in harmful alcohol use, 46.7% did not consume adequate servings of fruits and vegetables, 41.5% had raised blood pressures whereas 35.9% were overweight. Only 4.6% of the respondents had no risk factors whereas 31.7% of them had at least two risk factors coexisting. The odds of coexistence of risk factors was significantly lower among those in the 21–40 age category when compared to those who were at least 60 years of age (OR; 0.34, CI; 0.12–0.94). Conclusion: The burden of NCD risk factors is high in Nigeria. There is an urgent need for the design of implementable programs targeting the control of these risk factors among Nigerian adults.

Prevalence of risk factors of noncommunicable diseases in a rural population of district Gautam-Budh Nagar, Uttar Pradesh using the World Health Organization STEPS approach.

Context:Globally, it is estimated that by 2020, noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) will account for 73% of deaths and 60% of disease burden. India is in the midst of an epidemiological transition leading to increasing the prevalence of NCDs. Targeting the risk factors for NCDs is recognized as an essential preventive strategy.Aims:The rationale of this study was to decipher the baseline data on the prevalence of NCD risk factors among the rural population.Settings and Design:A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 207 adults in the rural catchment area of the Department of Community Medicine.Subjects and Methods:The World Health Organization STEPS approach was employed which includes three sequential phases: Collection of information on sociodemographic variables and behavioral risk factors (STEP 1), obtaining physical measurements (STEP 2), and acquiring biochemical measurements (STEP 3).Statistical Analysis:Data were analyzed using the SPSS version 16. P < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.Results:Among the study subjects, the prevalence of smoking, smokeless tobacco use, alcohol use, and sedentary lifestyle was 26.0%, 35.1%, 16.9%, and 9.6%, respectively, in males and 4.6%, 15.4%, 0.0%, and 19.0%, respectively, in females. The prevalence of hypertension and diabetes was 15.6% and 13.0% respectively among males and 20.0% and 7.7% respectively among females. Hypercholesterolemia and Hypertriglyceridemia were observed in 5.2% men and 13.8% women and 22.1% men and 16.9% women, respectively.Conclusions:The study reveals high burden of NCD risk factors in rural areas as well and reiterates the need to take preventive measures.

Epidemiological study of non-communicable diseases (NCD) risk factors in tribal district of Kinnaur, HP: A cross-sectional study

BackgroundThere are no data available on the prevalence of non-communicable diseases (NCD) risk factors among the tribal population of hill state of Himachal Pradesh (HP). The epidemiological study of NCD risk factors was done in the tribal population of district Kinnaur of HP to estimate the burden of NCD risk factors and their risk determinants. MethodsWHO STEP wise approach was used for screening of the core NCD risk indicators in 3582 randomly selected natives of Kinnaur aged 20–70 years by trained Health workers of the district health services. ResultsThe hypertension was prevalent in 19.7% (18.4–21.1%) and diabetes in 6.9% (6.1–7.8%) of the population. Awareness of hypertension and diabetes was 39.8% and 40.8% respectively. The adherence to prescribed medications was reported in 52.1% and 56.4% of patients of aware hypertension and diabetes respectively. Overall, 23.3% and 8.5% of the patients with hypertension and diabetes had controlled BP and blood glucose respectively. Overweight and obesity were observed in 38.2% (36.6–39.9%) and 8.8% (7.9–9.8%) of the population respectively. The consumption of tobacco and alcohol was reported in 22.6% and 24.9% of the population, respectively, and 34.5% were physically inactive. Physical inactivity, BMI, high alcohol consumption, and age were independently associated with risk of hypertension, while age was the only determinant of risk of diabetes. Education and women gender had a significant influence on tobacco and alcohol consumption behavior adjusted for age. ConclusionNCD risk factors are prevalent in the tribal district of Kinnaur. The awareness, treatment, control of blood pressure and blood glucose were found to be suboptimum in the study subjects. InterpretationStrengthening of primary health care services and community based interventions are urgently required to improve awareness and control of NCD risk factors in this tribal district of HP.

A Community-based Study on the Prevalence of Behavioral Risk Factors of Non-Communicable Diseases in Davangere City, Karnataka, South India

BACKGROUND: As we slowly advance into the 21st Century, we find that the challenges posed by non-communicable diseases (NCDs) present an imminent threat to people worldwide. The rapidly growing epidemic of non-communicable diseases is clearly related to changes in life styles. OBJECTIVES: 1) To study the socio-demographic factors of the region. 2) To assess the prevalence of behavioral risk factors for non-communicable diseases. METHODS: Study Design: A Community- based cross-sectional descriptive study. Study Participants: 2000 urban people of Davangere city, belonging to the age group 15-64 years. Study Period: 1st December 2008 and 30th November 2009 (1 year). METHODOLOGY: A multi-stage sampling method with households as sampling unit. Information on behavioral risk factors was obtained through standardized methods as recommended by the STEPS 1 survey guideline of the World Health Organization after modifying to suit the local requirement. Statistical Analysis: Proportion and Chi-square test. RESULTS: Total participants in the study were 2000, comprised of 1000 males' and1000 females. High burden of NCD risk factors was observed among urban population: current smoking- 15.2% (Male-30.1%, Female-0.2%); current smokeless tobacco use -17.8% (Male-28.8%, Female-6.8%); current alcohol use -17.5% (Male-32.8%, Female-1.3%); physical inactivity-30.4% (Male-17.6%, Female-43.3). INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSIONS: Substantially high levels of the various behavioral risk factors in this urban population suggest an urgent need for adopting healthy life style modifications among the population in general. The increased risk observed among the younger generation for risk factors such as smoking, alcohol consumption calls for urgent corrective steps and measures for long- term monitoring of all major risk factors as well as the major chronic disease conditions.

Risk factors profile for noncommunicable diseases among adult urban population of puducherry in India

Introduction and Objectives: Almost two-thirds of all deaths worldwide are due to noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), which are primarily associated with tobacco-use, alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, unhealthy diet, obesity and raised blood pressure and are largely preventable. Despite the increasing burden of NCDs and their risk factors in India, information on the prevalence of preventable risk factors is restricted to some areas. This study was done to assess the prevalence and distribution of various risk factors for NCD in population of an urban area of Puducherry, in South India. Methodology: This population-based survey was conducted using the World Health Organization step-wise approach to surveillance of NCDs (steps) methodology. All the eligible subjects in systematic randomly selected households were interviewed. Standardized protocols were used to assess major behavioral risk factors (tobacco-use, alcohol consumption, unhealthy diet and physical inactivity) and physiological risk factors (overweight, abdominal obesity and raised blood pressure) for NCDs. Means and proportions were calculated for measured variables, and Chi square test was applied to find the associations. Results: Among 569 study subjects interviewed, almost half (48%) were aged <40 years and 52% (n = 295) were men. The prevalence of various risk factors was; tobacco-use (13.4%), alcohol consumption (14.2%), physical inactivity (51.5%), unhealthy diet (86.5%), overweight (36.0%), obesity (21.3%), abdominal obesity (63.3), hypertension (25.3%) and prehypertension (47.8%). Tobacco-use and alcohol consumption was significantly more prevalent among males (p < 0.05). Almost half of the study subjects had two or more risk factors. Conclusion: Present community-based study reveals the high burden of NCDs risk factors in urban population of Puducherry and the burden was particularly higher among males. This also reiterates the need to address these issues comprehensively as a part of NCDs prevention and control strategy. Further, multi-sectoral efforts like ban on sale or raising the tax on alcohol and tobacco products, health education and communication activities, enabling environment for people to engage in physical activities and other measures to lower the burden of NCDs risk factors in community have to be encouraged.