Ischemic Burden Research Articles

Long-Term outcomes after stress echocardiography in real world practice: five-year follow-up of the UK Evarest study

Abstract Aims Stress echocardiography is widely used to assess patients with chest pain. The clinical value of a positive or negative test result to inform on likely longer-term outcomes when applied in real world practice across a healthcare system has not been previously reported. Methods and Results 5503 patients recruited across 32 UK NHS hospitals between 2018 and 2022, participating in the EVAREST/BSE-NSTEP prospective cohort study, with data on medical outcomes up to 2023 available from NHS England were included in analysis. Stress echocardiography results were related to outcomes, including death, procedures, hospital admissions and relevant cardiovascular diagnoses, based on Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox proportional hazard ratios. Median follow-up was 829 days (IQR 224–1434). A positive stress echocardiogram was associated with a greater risk of myocardial infarction (HR 2.71, 95% CI 1.73–4.24, P<0.001), and a composite endpoint of cardiac-related mortality and myocardial infarction (HR 2.03, 95% CI 1.41–2.93, P<0.001). Hazard ratios increased with ischaemic burden. A negative stress echocardiogram identified an event-free ‘warranty period’ of at least five years in patients with no prior history of coronary artery disease, and four years for those with disease. Conclusions In real-world practice, the degree of myocardial ischaemia recorded by clinicians at stress echocardiography correctly categorises risk of future events over the next five years. Reporting a stress echocardiogram as negative correctly identifies patients with no greater than a background risk of cardiovascular events over a similar time period.

The relative importance of ischaemia and scar in the genesis of ventricular arrhythmia in ischaemic cardiomyopathy

Abstract Background Ventricular arrhythmias are a leading cause of death in patients with ischaemic cardiomyopathy (ICM). Ischaemia and scar are thought to contribute to arrhythmogenesis; as scar is considered fixed, strategies to reduce ischaemia such as revascularisation are undertaken to attempt to reduce risk, despite limited evidence behind this practice. Purpose The study rationale was to understand the relative contributions of ischaemia and scar on the genesis of arrhythmia in an ICM population, by undertaking a detailed assessment of arrhythmic substrate in a highly characterised population and secondly by validating these findings in a large cohort. Methods We assessed the relationship between scar, ischaemic burden and impact of ischaemia modulation via revascularisation on the arrhythmic substrate (study 1) and major arrhythmic events (study 2). S1: Patients were eligible for enrolment if they had an LVEF≤40%, extensive coronary disease (BCIS Jeopardy Score (JS) ≥6) and were due to undergo CABG or PCI. Arrhythmic substrate was characterised by the LV activation recovery interval (ARI) dispersion recorded by electrocardiographic imaging (ECGi). Scar and ischaemic burden were assessed via stress perfusion cardiac magnetic resonance (pCMR) imaging, calculated as a percentage of total LV myocardial volume. ECGi and pCMR were repeated 3 months post revasc. S2: Arrhythmia data were collected from device interrogation reports and blinded core lab analyses performed of CMR scans and angiograms of patients enrolled in the REVIVED-BCIS2 trial. Extent of revasc (quantified by change in JS/baseline JS) was used to estimate change in ischaemic burden. The primary outcome was death or aborted sudden death. Results S1: 30 patients were recruited; age 67±10 years, 87% male, BMI 28±5. Baseline LV ARI dispersion at rest was correlated with scar burden (r=0.37, p=0.04) but not ischaemic burden (r=0.25,p=0.21). Changes in metrics are shown(Table 1). Ischaemic burden reduced after revascularisation. Delta ischaemic burden was correlated with delta LV ARI dispersion (r=0.51, p=0.007 unadjusted). S2: Data was collected on 479 patients from REVIVED-BCI2 who underwent CMR; age 69±9 yrs, 88% male, BMI 28±6, LVEF 26±8%. 237 were randomised to PCI and 242 to OMT; no difference in rates of all-cause death, CV death, aborted sudden death, appropriate device therapy or arrhythmia was identified between the groups. Scar burden was associated with death or aborted sudden death, extent of revascularisation was not(Figure 1). Conclusion In our studies, the volume of scar was strongly related to both the arrhythmic substrate and occurrence of arrhythmic events. Whilst ischaemia reduction affected the arrhythmic substrate, this did not translate to a reduction in clinical events. These findings suggest that scar burden, rather than ischaemia reduction by revascularisation, should be the focus of risk stratification and therapeutic decision making in patients with ICM.Table 1Figure 1

The prognostic impact of inducible ischemia in severe ischaemic cardiomyopathy: a randomised comparison of medical therapy and revascularisation

Abstract Background The presence of inducible myocardial ischaemia is used to select patients with stable coronary artery disease for revascularisation, based on observational data in patients with preserved left ventricular function. It is unclear if identification of a substrate for ischaemia is prognostic in patients with severe ischaemic left ventricular systolic dysfunction (LVSD). Purpose To determine if the extent of inducible ischaemia by stress perfusion CMR relates to clinical outcomes and/or the response to revascularisation in patients with ischaemic LVSD. Methods Patients enrolled in the REVIVED-BCIS2 randomised trial were eligible for inclusion if they had undergone stress perfusion CMR prior to randomisation (1). Visual assessment of myocardial perfusion and late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) was performed by an independent core laboratory, by consensus of two expert readers who were blinded to trial-group assignment and clinical or outcome data. For this analysis, segmental ischaemia was classified in a binary manner and the overall volume of ischaemia is expressed in relation to total LV mass, defined as [number of ischaemic segments]/16 * 100. The primary composite outcome was all-cause death or aborted sudden death. Secondary outcomes included left ventricular ejection fraction change at 6 and 12-months, cardiovascular death and sustained ventricular arrhythmias. Data are presented as median [IQR] or mean ± standard deviation. Results Of 700 participants enrolled, stress perfusion CMR was acquired in 200, 181 of whom had scans of sufficient quality for core laboratory analysis (91 randomised to percutaneous coronary intervention and 90 to optimal medical therapy; age 69±8 years, 86% male, 40% diabetic, baseline jeopardy score 10 [8-12]). On CMR, LVEF was 28±8%, scar burden was 18% [9-26] and ischaemic burden was 31% [13-56]. There was no association between ischaemic burden and the primary outcome (HR 1.0, p=0.997, CI 0.92-1.09) or any of the secondary outcomes (Figure 1). There was no relationship between ischaemia and randomised treatment group (Figure 2). Conclusion The REVIVED-BCIS2 trial incudes the largest cohort to date of stress perfusion CMR in severe LVSD, randomised to relief of ischaemia or medical therapy alone. In this study, ischaemic burden was not associated with clinical outcomes or the outcome following revascularisation.Figure 1 – HRs for 10% ischaemic burdenFigure 2 - KM plots for primary outcome

Assessment of surgical revascularization completeness with quantitative myocardial blood flow distribution derived from CCTA in severe coronary artery disease

Abstract Background Complete revascularization remained the "holy grail" in the treatment of patients with severe coronary artery disease (CAD). However, there is no universally accepted definition of complete revascularization after coronary bypass graft surgery (CABG). The current assessment methods are visual, categorical, and biased by the operator's intention. Moreover, no method to date provides an individualized quantification of residual ischemia burden. Purpose We aim to provide an individualized method to assess the completeness of surgical revascularization through quantitative myocardial blood flow distribution derived from coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) that could reflect the actual functional ischemia burden after CABG. Methods Patients with 3VD and/or left main CAD were enrolled in the first-in-human FAST TRACK CABG trial for surgical revascularization guided solely by CCTA and fractional flow reserve derived from CCTA (FFRCT). Following CABG, the study protocol mandated a 30-day follow-up CCTA, which provides graft patency and topographical adequacy of the bypass graft anastomoses. The pre- and post-CABG CCTA were analyzed. The FFRCT value and percent myocardial blood flow distribution (%MBF) were computed for all 16 SYNTAX score segments using the validated method of Keulards et al(1). On pre-CABG CCTA, the myocardium located distal to the site where the FFRCT value dropped below 0.80 on the vessel centerline was considered ischemic, and the %MBF of the subtended myocardium was summed into the total percent ischemic myocardium (Figure 1). Following CABG, the segment was considered adequately revascularized when a non-narrowed graft was anastomosed distally to the site of FFRCT≤0.8 on the pre-operative CCTA. The change in percent ischemic myocardium and the residual ischemic burden were calculated for each patient (Figure 2). Results CCTA, FFRCT, and %MBF were obtained pre- and post-CABG in 96 patients, and the percent ischemic myocardium was computed per patient. At baseline, the average percent ischemic myocardium was 72.0(19.1)%. Post-CABG, the residual percent ischemic myocardium was 13.6(15.1)%. Residual percent ischemic myocardium <10% was achieved in 44 patients (44.8%). The first diagonal branch(n=13), distal LCX(n=12), and the first obtuse marginal branch(n=10) were the most frequent segments not revascularized, which subtended an average MBF of 12.2(3.5)%, 16.7(8.4)%, and 11.3(7.3)%, respectively. The main reason for inadequate revascularization was surgical deferral, with graft occlusion accounting for only 13.6% of the residual ischemic segments. Conclusion Percent ischemic myocardium and the completeness of surgical revascularization can be assessed with CCTA-derived %MBF. This novel method allows clinicians to assess the individualized ischemia burden and the completeness of revascularization that could be incorporated into personalized CABG planning.Figure 1Figure 2

Non-invasive imaging to guide percutaneous coronary revascularization in chronic total occlusion: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract Background and aims Whether recanalization of coronary chronic total occlusions (CTO) leads to improved patient outcomes is uncertain. We set out to investigate the use of noninvasive imaging modalities to guide patient selection for percutaneous recanalization of coronary chronic total occlusions (CTO-PCI) and its association with outcomes. Methods Systematic review and meta-analysis of studies involving patients undergoing CTO-PCI to detail use of preprocedural non-invasive imaging, change in clinical endpoints and the occurrence of clinical events in these patient cohorts. PubMed and Embase, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, the PROSPERO database and the Clinical Trials Registry were searched for relevant randomized and observational studies up to May 2023. This study is registered with PROSPERO. The study primary endpoint was a composite of all-cause death and nonfatal myocardial infarction (MI), with a secondary composite endpoint of cardiovascular death, nonfatal MI and target vessel revascularization (TVR). Additional endpoints were individual components of the composite endpoints along with changes in angina burden, LV ejection fraction, ischemic burden, and infarct extent after PCI. Results Of 1264 publications retrieved, 31 studies (26 observational and 5 randomized) were finally included for a total of 7260 patients. Guidance to CTO-PCI varied greatly among included studies, with only a minority implementing routine preprocedural inducible ischemia and myocardial viability assessment. At a median of 3.1 years (range 1-5 years), the primary endpoint occurred at a rate of 3.1 events per 100 patient-years (95%CI: 2.4-3.7). When non-invasive imaging was used to guide CTO-PCI, patients with myocardial ischemia and/or viability, a reduced risk for the primary endpoint was observed (OR 0.3 95%CI 0.2-0.5) compared to CTO-PCI without evidence of myocardial ischemia and/or viability. CTO-PCI was associated with improvements in SAQ summary score, LVEF, reduction of ischemic burden, improvement in myocardial perfusion (all P-values < 0.01), with no change in the burden of myocardial scarring. At meta-regression analysis, a greater improvement in LVEF was observed in studies enrolling patients with lower average baseline LVEF (≤ 45%) (R2 = 63%, p < 0.0001). Conclusions CTO-PCI led to a significant improvement in symptom status (reduction of chest pain) and LV ejection fraction. CTO-PCI guided by the presence of ischemia and/or viability was associated with improved patient outcomes compared with CTO-PCI in the absence of ischemia and/viability, or in patients where non-invasive imaging testing was not performed. Future randomized clinical trials testing whether ischemia and viability-guided CTO-PCI improves clinical outcomes are lacking and warranted.PRISMA Flow diagramGraphical abstract

Effect of empagliflozin on no-reflow in patients with st elevation myocardial infarction undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention

Abstract Background Primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI) restores myocardial tissue perfusion successfully in over 90 % of ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients .However there remains a small proportion of patients who exhibit no-reflow.(1) Empagliflozin is a sodium glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor that acts as a powerful anti-oxidant and has beneficial effects on endothelial function and reducing burden of ischemia in-vitro.(2) Aim and Objectives: To Assess the effect of Empagliflozin preloading in non-diabetic STEMI patients before PPCI on procedural, in-hospital outcomes and short-term Major Adverse Cardiovascular events (MACE) in a single tertiary center. Patients and Methods: The study was carried out on 200 non-diabetic STEMI patients presenting to our university hospital within the first 8 hours of symptom onset. Patients were randomised into 2 groups , the intervention group received 10mg Empagliflozin before PPCI with the standard medical therapy while the control group received only the standard medical therapy. Patients were assessed for demographic data, risk factors, procedural outcomes, clinical and in-hospital outcomes, and short-term MACE up to 1 month. Results: Our study found a significant difference between the intervention and control groups regarding contrast volume with a mean of 131 ml in the intervention group and 144 ml in control group with a p value of 0.009, incidence of no-reflow with 34.5% in the control group and only 18.2% in the intervention group and a p value of 0.014 and myocardial blush grade (MBG) were 84.1% of the patients in intervention group had MBG III after PCI while only 65.5% of the patients in the control group showed the same results with a p value of 0.019. Also, there was a significant difference in St-segment resolution post PCI as 59.1% of patients in the intervention group had complete ST segment resolution and only 39.1% of the patients in the control group had complete resolution with a p-value of 0.027, and total MACE in the first month which affected 44.8% of the patients in the control group and only 28.4% of those in the intervention group with a p-value of 0.024. Conclusion Our study showed that pre-loading of STEMI patients with Empagliflozin resulted in improvement in procedural outcomes, decreasing the incidence of coronary no-reflow, improvement in patient’s course during hospital stay and short-term MACE. Improvement in MACE was mainly due to reduced HF hospitalisations and anginal symptoms.

Dynamics and prognostic role of persistent angina in chronic coronary syndrome with clinical, angiographic and stress CMR evidence of ischemia

Abstract Background In patients with established chronic coronary syndrome (CCS), the significance of myocardial ischemia is a controversial issue. Persistent angina within the first year after treatment intervention has ranged widely in previous studies and its association with subsequent hard clinical events is unclear. We aim to evaluate the long-term dynamics of angina class and the prognostic role of persistent angina in symptomatic chronic coronary syndrome (CCS) patients with abnormal stress cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) and altered angiography. Methods We analyzed 486 CCS patients with Canadian Cardiovascular Society angina class ≥2, perfusion deficit in stress CMR and severe lesions in angiography submitted to treatment intervention (medical therapy plus, if feasible, CMR-guided revascularization). The dynamics and association of persistent angina at 6 months post-intervention with subsequent cardiac death, myocardial infarction, and admission for heart failure were investigated. Results All patients displayed angina class ≥2 (mean: 2.7±0.7), abnormal stress CMR (mean ischemic burden: 6.2±3 segments) and severe angiographic lesions. Most underwent CMR-guided revascularization (n=392, 81%). The angina resolution rate was 78% at 6 months, and 79%, 77%, and 75% at 1, 2, and 5 years respectively. Compared with medical treatment alone, CMR-guided revascularization was associated with less persistent angina (19% vs. 35%; HR 0.42 [0.2–0.7]; p=0.003). During an 8.3-year median follow-up, persistent angina was independently associated with higher subsequent cardiac death rates (18% vs. 4%; HR 10.9 [4.1–29.2]; p<0.001), myocardial infarction (24% vs. 6%; HR 5.8 [3.2–10.4]; p<0.001), and admission for heart failure (31% vs. 14%; HR 2.7 [1.7–4.2]; p<0.001). Conclusions In CCS patients with robust diagnostic evidence by symptoms, stress CMR and angiography, sustained improvement of anginal symptoms can be achieved in most patients after treatment intervention. Angina resolution is more frequent in patients treated with CMR-guided revascularization and is associated with fewer cardiac events.Central Figure.Persistent angina and MACE risk

How to predict myocardial injury in patients with large ischaemic burden identified during stress echocardiography?

Abstract Background/Introduction Stress echocardiography (SE) is well established diagnostic tool in coronary artery disease (CAD) with broadly agreed consensus for the indications and protocols. There is, however, no clear non-invasive SE parameter in identifying high risk features in patients with large burden of inducible regional wall motion abnormalities (RWMA) that would require prompt treatment or urgent admission. Purpose To identify high risk features during SE associated with myocardial injury following a positive SE with large amount of RWMA. Methods All consecutive patients referred for SE from June 2019 to November 2022 to diagnose coronary artery disease were assessed for inducible RWMAs using a hybrid protocol (low dose Dobutamine and exercise on supine bike with 3 min increments of workload of 25W). Those with ≥4/17 segments of inducible RWMAs underwent measurement of Troponin level 1 hour after the test termination. Somatometric characteristics, risks factors, symptoms, haemodynamic pre- and during SE and results of subsequent coronary angiography were recorded. Results 631 patients were referred for assessment of CAD. 87 patients had ≥4/17 inducible RWMAs out of 152 patients with positive SE. 61/87 who had Troponin measurements were included in the analysis. Mean age was 65 ± 13 yo, 61% were male. There was high prevalence of known CAD (77%) and cardiovascular risks factors as hypertension (59%) and hyperlipidaemia (61%). The median exercise time was 9 minutes, 46% developed chest pain (CP), 49% - ECG changes, 39% - left ventricular (LV) dilatation and 74% - reduction in LVEF. Troponin was positive in 25/61 patients. Invasive coronary angiography confirmed clinical CAD in 51/61 patients. 5 patients had either normal angiogram or non-obstructive CAD, 5 patients were awaiting diagnostic test. The severity of CAD appears to be associated with magnitude of Troponin release (1 vessel disease - 16.5 ng/L, 2 vessels disease - 39.9 ng/L, 3 vessels disease – 58.2 ng/L). All patients (6/61) with higher troponin values (>90ng/L) had multivessel disease involving the left anterior descending (LAD) artery. Interestingly, 2/5 patients without CAD had elevated Troponin suggesting possible ongoing myopathic process. The only non-invasive SE parameters that were significantly related to troponin increase were recovery time (P=0.001) and exercise time (P<0.05) whereas symptoms, BP response and LVEF reduction showed a trend which did not achieve significance. Conclusions In patient with positive SE with large burden of inducible RWMAs prolonged recovery time and low threshold for ischaemia appear to be the most reliable characteristic to identify patients with potential myocardial injury and should be used as a triaging tool for admission or early invasive assessment.

Serial quantitative stress perfusion cardiac magnetic resonance in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting; prediction of symptomatic benefit

Abstract Background Serial multiparametric cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) may provide mechanistic insight into dynamic and persistent abnormalities of the myocardium in patients with stable coronary artery disease (CAD). Objectives To assess for dynamic CMR markers of myocardial hypoperfusion and cardiac remodelling in patients undergoing CABG. Methods Patients with CAD awaiting elective CABG were recruited into an observational cohort study. Baseline evaluation included bloods, Seattle Angina Questionnaire-7, and adenosine stress perfusion CMR. Automated fully quantitative stress and rest myocardial blood flow was calculated, alongside assessment of the visual ischaemic burden. Native and post-contrast septal T1 indices were also measured. Repeat evaluation at 6-12 months post CABG was performed. Results Of 43 patients who underwent serial evaluation with CMR (mean age 62.1±9.3, median LVEF 68% [IQR: 62-73%]), there was improvement in the median visual ischaemic burden (18% [IQR: 11-21] vs 42% [IQR: 27-51], P<0.001), mean global stress myocardial blood flow (1.5±0.5 ml/min/g vs 1.3±0.5 ml/min/g, P=0.002) and median global myocardial perfusion reserve (2.4 [IQR: 1.7-2.8] vs 1.7 [IQR: 1.4-2.2], P=0.002) following CABG. Greater improvement in the SAQ-7 summary score was associated with a larger visual ischaemic burden at baseline (ρ=0.44, P=0.004) and a greater decrease in the visual ischaemic burden following CABG (ρ=-0.38, P=0.02). Quantitative MBF metrics did not associate with baseline or change in SAQ-7 summary score. Mean LV extracellular matrix volume decreased following CABG (16.6±3.6ml/m2 vs 18.2±4.6ml/m2, P=0.009). Conclusion Multiparametric CMR identifies dynamic changes in markers of myocardial perfusion and interstitial fibrosis in patients following CABG. Visual assessment of inducible myocardial hypoperfusion may identify patients who will derive the most symptomatic benefit from CABG. The results, however, suggest an important degree of residual inducible ischaemia and an unclear clinical role for CMR-derived MBF calculations.Serial CMR perfusion dataAssociation of SAQ with perfusion

Global, Regional, and National Burden of Stroke, 1990-2021: A Systematic Analysis for Global Burden of Disease 2021.

This study aims to perform a comprehensive analysis of stroke burden from the Global Burden of Disease 2021. We conducted a comprehensive analysis of the burden, including prevalence, incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life year rates, for stroke across 204 countries and regions from 1990 to 2021 using data from the Global Burden of Disease 2021. We calculated the estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) and performed a joinpoint regression analysis to identify the trends. We also explored the association between the stroke burden and sociodemographic index. The age-standardized prevalence, incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life year rates for stroke were 1099.310, 141.553, 87.454, and 1886.196 per 100 000 persons in 2021, respectively. The general stroke burden trends declined in EAPC analysis (age-standardized prevalence: EAPC, -0.37; age-standardized incidence: EAPC, -0.99; age-standardized mortality: EAPC, -1.81; and disability-adjusted life year: EAPC, -1.76). However, we found an increasing burden of stroke in East Asia and Southern Sub-Saharan Africa (EAPC >0). The global burdens of intracerebral hemorrhage, subarachnoid hemorrhage, and ischemic stroke showed a similar trend. The stroke, intracerebral hemorrhage, and ischemic stroke burdens were heavier in men than in women, except for that of subarachnoid hemorrhage in women. Our joinpoint regression analysis revealed that the age-standardized burden rates of stroke decreased from 1990 to 2021 (average annual percent change <0), whereas an upward trend was observed between 2019 and 2021 (average annual percent change >0). The burden of stroke was inversely proportional to the sociodemographic index (P<0.05), except in the case of subarachnoid hemorrhage. The actual stroke burden showed an increasing trend for stroke, intracerebral hemorrhage, subarachnoid hemorrhage, and ischemic stroke in 2021 (during the coronavirus pandemic). We found age-standardized rates of stroke burden declining over time, but some areas exhibited a notable increase in the prevalence, incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life year rates.

Global, regional, and national temporal trends in metabolism-related ischemic stroke mortality and disability from 1990 to 2021

BackgroundStroke ranks as the second leading cause of mortality and the third leading cause of disability worldwide. Nonetheless, the evolving burden of ischemic stroke attributable to various metabolic risk factors remains inadequately elucidated. A thorough grasp of these trends is crucial for a nuanced comprehension of stroke epidemiology and the formulation of effective preventive and interventional measures. MethodBased on the Global Burden of Disease, Injury, and Risk Factors Study 2021 (GBD), we analyzed national temporal trends in the burden of metabolism-associated ischemic stroke in 204 countries and territories globally from 1990-2021, as measured by the average annual percentage change (AAPC), using join-point regression models. The burden of disease was assessed using age-standardized (ASR) mortality rates and disability-adjusted life years (DALY) per 100 000 population. Cross-country inequalities in ischemic stroke burden were quantified using standard health equity methods and changes in ischemic stroke burden were projected to 2045. ResultsGlobally, the ASR for ischemic stroke mortality linked to overall dietary metabolic risk declined by an average of 1.6% annually, while the ASR for disability-adjusted life years saw an average annual decrease of 1.3%. High systolic blood pressure remained a primary contributor to metabolism-related ischemic stroke, accounting for 57.9% of deaths and 58.0% of disability in 2021. Disparities associated with the sociodemographic index (SDI) diminished, with the gap in DALYs between countries with the highest and lowest SDIs narrowing from 592.2 (95% CI: 440.2-744.4) to 480.4 (95% CI: 309.7-651.2) in 2021. Projections indicate a continued decline in overall metabolism-related ischemic stroke deaths, mortality rates, and ASRs through 2045, although an increase in DALYs and ASRs is anticipated within the male population. ConclusionThe global burden of metabolic risk-associated ischemic stroke has generally been decreasing from 2019 to 2021. This study highlights significant challenges in controlling and managing metabolic risk-associated ischemic stroke, including an increase in the number of cases in certain countries and regions, as well as an uneven distribution worldwide. These findings may provide valuable insights for the development of improved public health policies and the rational allocation of healthcare resources.

Angiographic Outcomes in STEMI Patients: Evaluating Pre-dilatation and Thrombus Aspiration Effects

Introduction ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) poses significant challenges in cardiovascular care, necessitating rapid and effective reperfusion strategies. The present study assesses the angiographic outcomes of pre-dilatation and thrombus aspiration (PD+TA) versus conventional treatment without thrombus aspiration (NOTA) in patients undergoing PPCI for STEMI. Methods This prospective cohort study included a total of 155 patients, with 78 assigned to the PD+TA group and 77 to the NOTA group. Baseline demographics, cardiovascular risk factors, and angiographic assessments including TIMI flow, TMPG flow, corrected TIMI frame count (CTFC), ST segment changes, and ejection fraction were compared between the groups. Results The PD+TA group exhibited significantly lower systolic (p-value: 0.021) and diastolic blood pressures (p-value: 0.046), better glucose control (p-value: 0.015), and a more pronounced reduction in ST segment elevation (p-value: 0.027) compared to the NOTA group. Although ejection fraction at presentation was similar between groups, the PD+TA group (52.29±8.80%) demonstrated a statistically significant improvement at one-month follow-up from NOTA (49.14±8.20%). TIMI 3 and TMPG 3 flow rates were comparable between groups before and after drug administration, with significant improvements in CTFC observed in the PD+TA group. Conclusion Pre-dilatation and TA during PPCI for STEMI patients may lead to improved acute angiographic outcomes, including enhanced myocardial reperfusion and reduced ischemic burden. The significant improvement in ejection fraction at one-month follow-up further supports the potential benefits of PD+TA in cardiac function recovery. Larger studies with longer-term follow-up are needed to validate these findings and determine the broader clinical implications of TA in STEMI management. Clinical trial registration: CTRI/2019/02/017520, 7th February 2019, https://ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/pmaindet2.php?EncHid=Mjk5Mjc=&amp;Enc=&amp;userName=CTRI/2019/02/017520

Prospective evaluation of treatment strategies in patients presenting with chronic total occlusion at coronary angiogram: rationale, design and baseline data of the PETS-CTO Registry.

Coronary chronic total occlusions (CTO) are associated with an increased chance of untreatable symptoms and worse prognosis. However, limited data are available about the interaction between treatment strategy, potential ischemia burden reduction and quality of life (QoL) improvement. Our prospective registry aims to assess the potentially different impacts of treatment strategies (coronary artery bypass grafting vs.. percutaneous coronary intervention vs. optimal medical therapy) on clinical outcomes and QoL domains. This article specifically focuses on describing the registry's rationale, design, and baseline characteristics of the enrolled patients. A total of 157 patients were enrolled. Every patient was evaluated for baseline symptoms, ischemic burden and QoL and allocated to a treatment arm. In 112 patients (71.3%) ischemia baseline assessment was performed and for 116 (73.9%) Seattle Angina Questionnaire (SAQ) was available. At baseline, a significant functional limitation was evident, especially in terms of angina stability (mean score 69±31%) and disease perception (mean score 69±27%). In 49.1% of patients, ischemia testing was positive. Patients with documented ischemia were generally more symptomatic (CCS class 1 36.4% vs.. 57.9%, P=0.023) and a significant inverse correlation between CCS class and SAQ domains was found. No association between ischemia burden and self-reported QoL scores was found. The PETS-CTO registry is the first prospective registry investigating the impact of different treatment strategies on QoL and ischemia burden in patients with CTOs. At baseline, the severity of symptoms was directly associated with ischemia burden and inversely associated with self-reported QoL evaluation.

Prognostic role of persistent angina after percutaneous revascularization in chronic coronary syndrome with altered angiography and stress CMR

Introduction and objectivesIn patients with established chronic coronary syndrome (CCS), the significance of persistent angina is controversial. We aimed to evaluate the prognostic role of persistent angina in symptomatic CCS patients with abnormal stress cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) and altered angiographic findings undergoing percutaneous revascularization. MethodsWe analyzed 334 CCS patients with Canadian Cardiovascular Society angina class ≥2, perfusion deficits on stress CMR and severe lesions in angiography who underwent medical therapy optimization plus CMR-guided percutaneous revascularization. We investigated the association of persistent angina at 6 months postintervention with subsequent cardiac death, myocardial infarction, and hospital admission. ResultsAll patients had angina class ≥2 (mean: 2.8±0.7), abnormal stress CMR (mean ischemic burden: 5.8±2.7 segments), and severe angiographic lesions. The angina resolution rates were 81% at 6 months, and 81%, 81%, and 77% at 1, 2, and 5 years, respectively. During a median follow-up of 8.9 years, persistent angina was independently associated with higher rates of subsequent cardiac death (13% vs 4%; HR, 3.7; 95%CI, 1.5-9.2; P=.005), myocardial infarction (24% vs 6%; HR, 4.9; 95%CI, 2.4–9.9; P<.001), and hospital admission for heart failure (27% vs 13%; HR, 2.7; 95%CI, 1.5–5.2; P=.001). ConclusionsIn CCS patients with robust diagnostic evidence from symptoms, stress CMR, and angiography, persistent angina after percutaneous revascularization is a strong predictor of subsequent cardiac death, myocardial infarction, and hospital admission for heart failure.

Incidence of In-Hospital MACE in Patients Presented with Acute STEMI in The Presence of CTO in Non-IRA

Abstract Background Previous studies have shown that approximately 40%–60% of patients with STEMI have multivessel diseases (MVD). A concurrent chronic total occlusion (CTO) in a non-IRA is incidentally found in about 8%–15% of patients with STEMI. The presence of a CTO in non-IRA has been associated with a worse prognosis in many studies, whether in the short or long term. This is probably due to many factors including more comorbidities in CTO patients, higher ischemic burden, and the “double Jeopardy theory”. Aims and objectives The aim of our study is to evaluate the incidence of in-hospital major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in patients presenting with STEMI and CTO in non-IRA. Methods This prospective observational study was conducted in the Cardiology Department, Ain Shams University hospitals to study the incidence of In-hospital MACE in STEMI patients presented with CTO in non-IRA. Our study included 111 patients divided into 2 groups: Group A: 52 Patients undergoing primary PCI for STEMI with concurrent CTO of a non-IRA as the study group and Group B: 59 patients undergoing primary PCI without concurrent CTO of any vessel and well-matching baseline clinical characteristics to the study group as the control group. We collected the Patient's demographic data, risk factors, family history, history of ischemic heart disease, ECG at presentation and predischarge, Predischarge Echocardiography, and Clinical in-hospital course for the development of MACE, which we defined in our study as the development of heart failure, Acute pulmonary edema (APO), arrhythmia, cardiogenic shock, and or death. Results Our study showed that only 40% of the cases developed In-hospital MACE, mostly in the form of APO and Cardiogenic Shock. It also revealed there was no statistically significant difference between cases with and without CTO regarding the demographic data except for DM. Diabetes was found higher in cases with CTO than in cases without CTO with p-value = 0.004. There was also a statistically significant difference between both groups with respect to ECG resolution being more common in cases without CTO with a P value of 0.0. In addition, there was a statistically significant difference regarding the Ejection Fraction being significantly lower in cases with CTO with a P value=0.001. Regarding the incidence of MACE in cases without CTO: there was no statistically significant difference between cases regarding the demographic data except for DM as more cases who developed In-Hospital MACE were found to be Diabetic with a P value= 0.03. Also, we observed a statistically significant difference with respect to ECG resolution as more cases who developed In-Hospital MACE didn't experience ECG resolution after primary PCI with a P value=0.018. Regarding the incidence of MACE in cases with CTO: we found a statistically significant difference regarding Blood pressure and Heart rate as more cases who developed In-Hospital MACE were found to have lower blood pressure and higher heart rate. In addition, we noticed that there was a statistically significant difference regarding Ejection fraction as 100% of the cases who developed MACE had heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. Conclusion In patients presenting with STEMI, we found the incidence of In-hospital MACE was higher in cases with CTO in non-IRA in comparison to cases without CTO in non-IRA including single vessel disease patients and MVD patients mainly in the form of APO and Cardiogenic shock. 50% of cases with CTO developed MACE, and 100% of the CTO cases that developed MACE had reduced ejection fraction.

Occurrence of Transient Myocardial Ischemic Events Among Non-ST Segment Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients Before or After Invasive Coronary Angiography.

The occurrence of transient myocardial ischemia (TMI) is an important pathology in patients with non-ST elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE-ACS), yet studies are scarce regarding when TMI occurs during hospitalization, particularly in relation to invasive coronary angiography (ICA). This study examined: (1) TMI before or after ICA; (2) patient characteristics and ischemic burden by TMI group (before or after ICA); and (3) major in-hospital complications (transfer to critical care, death) and length of stay by TMI group (before or after ICA). Secondary data analysis in hospitalized NSTE-ACS patients with TMI event(s) identified from 12-lead electrocardiographic Holter. Patient records were reviewed to assess ischemic burden [TMI time (min) ÷ hours recording duration], outcomes, and TMI timing, before or after ICA. In 38 patients, 3 (8%) had TMI before and after ICA. Of the remaining 35 patients (92%), TMI occurred before ICA (16; 46%), and after ICA (9; 26%), and 10 (28%) did not have ICA. Patient characteristics, untoward outcomes, and TMI duration (minutes) did not differ by group. Ischemic burden was higher in patients with TMI after ICA (7.29 ± 8.82 min/h) compared to before ICA (2.54 ± 2.11 min/h), P = 0.039. Hospital length of stay by TMI group was 113 ± 113 (before), 226 ± 244 (after), and 85 ± 65 hours (no ICA); P = 0.172. Almost half of the sample had TMI before ICA; one-third had TMI but did not have ICA. Patients with TMI after an ICA had a higher ischemic burden. Future studies with larger sample sizes are needed to investigate further the short- and long-term clinical significance of TMI among NSTE-ACS patients.

Value of Ischemia and Coronary Anatomy in Prognosis and Guiding Revascularization Among Patients With Stable Ischemic Heart Disease.

The value of physiological ischemia versus anatomic severity of disease for prognosis and management of patients with stable coronary artery disease (CAD) is widely debated. A total of 1764 patients who had rest-stress cadmium-zinc-telluride single-photon emission computed tomography myocardial perfusion imaging and angiography (invasive or computed tomography) were prospectively enrolled and followed for cardiac death/nonfatal myocardial infarction. The CAD prognostic index (CADPI) was used to quantify the extent and severity of angiographic disease. Prognostic value was assessed using Cox models, adjusted for pretest risk, known CAD, stressor, left ventricular ejection fraction, %ischemia and infarct, CADPI, and early (90-day) revascularization. Incremental prognostic value was evaluated using net reclassification index. The mean age was 69.7±9.5 years, 24.4% were women, and 29.3% had known CAD. Significant ischemia (>10%) was present in 28.4%. Nonobstructive, single, and multivessel disease was present in 256 (14.5%), 772 (43.8%), and 736 (41.7%), respectively. Early revascularization occurred in 579 (32.8%). Cardiac death/myocardial infarction occurred in 148 (8.4%) over a 4.6-year median follow-up. Both %ischemia and CADPI provided independent and incremental prognostic value over pretest clinical risk (P<0.001). In a model containing both ischemia and anatomy, ischemia was prognostic (hazard ratio per 5% ↑, 1.35 [95% CI, 1.11-1.63]; P=0.002) but CADPI was not (hazard ratio per 10-unit ↑, 1.09 [95% CI, 0.99-1.20]; P=0.07). Early revascularization modified the risk associated with %ischemia (interaction P=0.003) but not with CADPI (interaction P=0.6). %Ischemia and single-photon emission computed tomography variables added incremental prognostic value over clinical risk and CADPI (net reclassification index, 20.3% [95% CI, 9%-32%]; P<0.05); however, CADPI was not incrementally prognostic beyond pretest risk, %ischemia, and single-photon emission computed tomography variables (net reclassification index, 3.1% [95% CI, -5% to 15%]; P=0.21). Ischemic burden provides independent and incremental prognostic value beyond CAD anatomy and identifies patients who benefit from early revascularization. The anatomic extent of disease has independent prognostic value over clinical risk factors but offers limited incremental benefit for prognosis and guiding revascularization beyond physiological severity (ischemia).

Temporal trends of ischemic stroke attributable to high fasting plasma glucose in China from the global burden of disease study 2019.

Currently ischemic stroke poses a serious disease burden globally, and high fasting plasma glucose is one of the important risk factors. The aim of this study was to investigate the disease burden of ischemic stroke due to fasting glucose during 1990-2019 in China, to estimate the effect of age, period, and cohort on the trend of ischemic stroke disease burden, and to predict the disease burden of ischemic stroke in 2020-2030. Ischemic stroke burden data were obtained by screening from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 (GBD 2019) database for high-risk populations in China. Annual average percentage change (AAPC) was calculated using the Joinpoint regression model to assess the trend of ischemic stroke burden between 1990 and 2019. Age-period-cohort models were introduced to estimate the independent effects of age, period, and cohort on ischemic stroke burden, and to predict the ischemic stroke burden in 2020-2030 based on Bayesian age-period-cohort models. From 1990 to 2019, the number of ischemic stroke deaths due to high fasting plasma glucose in China continued to increase with an AAPC of 3.61. Trends in age-standardized incidence rates did not show statistical significance. In the age-period-cohort analysis, the age effect of ischemic stroke burden showed a continuously increasing trend over the study period. The period effect showed an overall favorable trend over the study period. The overall and cohort effects for males showed an overall increasing trend, whereas the cohort effect for females showed a decreasing trend after a decreasing trend for the 1945 birth cohort. This study found that ischemic stroke due to high fasting plasma glucose in China has generally fluctuated between 1990 and 2019, with a decreasing trend in recent years, and projections also suggest that it will continue to show a decreasing trend in the future. Age and period of birth were the main elements influencing the burden of disease, especially among the elderly and men. Policies should be used to promote the prevention of known risk factors and to strengthen health management for key populations.

Global, regional, and national burden of ischemic stroke, 1990–2021: an analysis of data from the global burden of disease study 2021

Ischemic stroke remains a major contributor to global mortality and morbidity. This study aims to provide an updated assessment of rates in ischemic stroke prevalence, incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) from 1990 to 2021, specifically focusing on including prevalence investigation alongside other measures. The analysis is stratified by sex, age, and socio-demographic index (SDI) at global, regional, and national levels. Data for this study was obtained from the 2021 Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD). To quantify temporal patterns and assess trends in age-standardized rates of ischemic stroke prevalence (ASPR), incidence (ASIR), mortality (ASDR), and DALYs, estimated annual percentage changes (EAPCs) were computed over the study period. The analyses were disaggregated by gender, 20 age categories, 21 GBD regions, 204 nations/territories, and 5 SDI quintiles. R statistical package V 4.4.2 was performed for statistical analyses and plot illustrations. In 2021, the global burden of ischemic stroke remained substantial, with a total of 69,944,884.8 cases with an ASPR of 819.5 cases per 100,000 individuals (95% UI: 760.3-878.7). The ASIR was 92.4 per 100,000 people (95% UI: 79.8-105.8), while the ASDR was 44.2 per 100,000 persons (95% UI: 39.3-47.8). Additionally, the age-standardized DALY rate was 837.4 per 100,000 individuals (95% UI: 763.7-905). Regionally, areas with high-middle SDI exhibited the greatest ASPR, ASIR, ASDR, and age-standardized DALY rates, whereas high SDI regions had the lowest rates. Geospatially, Southern Sub-Saharan Africa had the highest ASPR, while Eastern Europe showed the highest ASIR. The greatest ASDR and age-standardized DALY rates were observed in Eastern Europe, Central Asia, as well as North Africa, and the Middle East. Among countries, Ghana had the highest ASPR, and North Macedonia had both the highest ASIR and ASDR. Furthermore, North Macedonia also exhibited the highest age-standardized DALY rate. Regions with high-middle and middle SDI continued to experience elevated ASPR, ASIR, ASDR and age-standardized DALY rates. The highest ischemic stroke burden was observed in Southern Sub-Saharan Africa, Central Asia, Eastern Europe, and the Middle East. None.

Shock cardiogénico en el infarto agudo de miocardio con enfermedad multivaso: estrategia de revascularización según el territorio isquémico

Introduction and objectivesThe association of revascularization strategy with clinical outcomes according to the ischemic territory of nonculprit lesion has not been documented in patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock (AMI-CS). This study aimed to compare outcomes between culprit-only and immediate multivessel percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) according to ischemic territory in patients with AMI-CS. MethodsA total of 536 patients with AMI-CS and multivessel disease from the SMART-RESCUE registry were categorized according to ischemic territory (nonculprit left main/proximal left anterior descending artery [LM/pLAD] vs culprit LM/pLAD vs no LM/pLAD). The primary outcome was a patient-oriented composite endpoint (POCE) consisting of all-cause death, myocardial infarction, rehospitalization due to heart failure, or repeat revascularization at 1 year. ResultsAmong the total population, 108 patients had nonculprit LM/pLAD, 228 patients had culprit LM/pLAD, and 200 patients had no LM/pLAD, with the risk of POCE being higher in patients with large ischemic territory lesions (53.6% vs 53.4% vs 39.6%; P = .02). Multivessel PCI was associated with a significantly lower risk of POCE compared with culprit-only PCI in patients with nonculprit LM/pLAD (40.7% vs 66.9%; HR, 0.52; 95%CI, 0.29-0.91; P=.02), but not in those with culprit LM/pLAD (P=.46) or no LM/pLAD (P=.47). A significant interaction existed between revascularization strategy and large nonculprit ischemic territory (P=.03). ConclusionsLarge ischemic territory involvement was associated with worse clinical outcomes in patients with AMI-CS and multivessel disease. Immediate multivessel PCI might improve clinical outcomes in patients with a large nonculprit ischemic burden.