Burden Of Expenditure Research Articles

The Macroeconomic Effects of Monetary Policy and Government Expenses in Response to Covid-19: Evidence from Saudi Arabia

The purpose of this paper is to test the effectiveness of the interaction between monetary and budgetary policies during the Covid-19 crisis in Saudi Arabia. To this end, we use the Markov regimes technique to take into account change in regimes of the two policies. We adopt the SVAR modelling of sign restrictions to test the joint effect of a stagnation in tax revenues and a 1% increase in government spending over a time horizon of four periods identified as tax shocks during the Covid-19 period. The results of impulse response tests show that this shock did not lead to an improvement in industrial production. The results show tax dominance by financing state resources to compensate for the burden of government expenditure. If the central bank has raised the interest rate to anchor inflationary expectations, it will in turn have negative effects on economic activity as measured by the industrial production index. This scenario coincides with the second regime of the monetary rule, where the central bank acts in response to expected inflation.

Climate Crisis on Energy Bills: Who Bears the Greater Burden of Extreme Weather Events?

The increasing frequency of extreme weather events driven by global climate change poses a critical threat to energy system vulnerability and household energy security. Using meteorological data from NOAA and Chinese weather stations (2012-2022), this study examines the impact of extreme climate risks on household energy poverty. Our findings reveal two significant transmission channels: infrastructure disruption and price fluctuation. Extreme weather events compromise energy infrastructure stability and cause supply interruptions, while temperature extremes trigger energy price volatility and increase household expenditure burdens. We further find that regions with weak infrastructure, areas prone to natural disasters, and low-income households are particularly vulnerable to these impacts. These findings suggest that climate change may exacerbate social inequality through energy poverty channels.

ANALISIS DAMPAK KENAIKAN TARIF PAJAK PERTAMBAHAN NILAI (PPN) TERHADAP MASYARAKAT DAN INFLASI DI INDONESIA

This research aims to analyze the impact of increasing value added tax (VAT) rates on society and inflation in Indonesia. The method used is a literature review with a library study approach, utilizing secondary data sources such as books, articles, scientific works, previous research and other related literature. The research results show that the increase in the VAT rate from 10% to 11% and the planned increase to 12% in 2025 have caused various responses among the consumer community, the business community, the macro economy and towards inflation. That this increase will increase the expenditure burden, resulting in an increase in the prices of goods and services, as producers or service providers will most likely adjust their prices to cover the additional VAT costs they have to pay to the government. However, based on the law on harmonization of tax regulations, there are certain criteria regarding goods and services that are subject to VAT. This increase also aims to increase state revenue, expand the tax revenue base, reduce the state budget deficit, and maintain long-term fiscal stability. The increase in VAT from 10% to 11% has a direct impact on inflation with a contribution of around 0.4–0.5%. However, this impact tends to be short-term because it is limited to the initial adjustment phase. The impact on inflation tends to be limited, because the main factor for inflation in Indonesia is more influenced by global commodity prices, namely the sharp increase in commodity prices such as cooking oil and fuel oil (BBM). The government seeks to maintain price stability through a policy of sending taxes on essential goods and subsidies, so that the impact on society can be minimized.

Functional outcomes and healthcare utilization trends in postsurgical and nonsurgical patients following high-frequency (10 kHz) spinal cord stimulation therapy.

Chronic low back pain (CLBP) is the leading cause of disability in the United States and is associated with a steadily increasing burden of healthcare expenditures. Given this trend, it is essential to evaluate interventions aimed at reducing disability and optimizing healthcare utilization (HCU) in affected populations. This study investigates the impact of prior spinal surgery on functional outcomes and HCU patterns following high-frequency (10 kHz) spinal cord stimulation (SCS) therapy. This retrospective observational study included 160 subjects who underwent implantation of a 10 kHz SCS device. Participants were divided into surgical and non-surgical cohorts for comparative analysis. Pain relief was assessed using the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS), while disability levels were evaluated using the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI). HCU was examined through the frequency of emergency department (ED) visits, outpatient visits for interventional pain procedures, and opioid consumption measured in morphine milliequivalents (MME). No statistically significant differences were observed between the surgical and non-surgical groups regarding pain relief and disability outcomes. Additionally, ED visits and outpatient visits for interventional pain procedures did not show significant differences between the two cohorts. This study represents the first comparative analysis of pain, disability, and HCU trends between surgical and non-surgical populations following 10 kHz SCS therapy. The results suggest that prior spinal surgery may not substantially affect the efficacy of 10 kHz SCS therapy in terms of pain relief, disability reduction, or HCU patterns.

Analisis Pengaruh Komposisi Pegawai Dan Tarif Gaji Terhadap Belanja Pegawai

The amount of employee expenditure burden in the State Budget (APBN) increases from year to year, the increase needs to be observed whether it is due to the rapid growth in the number of Civil Servants (PNS) or other causes such as recent government policies in terms of improving PNS income and welfare by adjusting PNS salary rates. This study aims to determine whether the increase in employee expenditure is more due to the increase in the number of PNS or PNS salary rates. The purpose of this study is to explain whether there is a significant influence between employee composition and salary rates on employee expenditure. This study is a quantitative study with statistical analysis. The data collection method used is through document and literature review methods, based on the source, the document is included in the secondary data category. The data testing method uses a normality test with the One-Sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test method. The data analysis method uses descriptive statistical analysis and hypothesis testing uses Multiple Linear Regression. Based on the results of the study with a significance level of 5%, the following conclusions were obtained: (1) There is a positive but insignificant influence between the number of PNS group I on employee expenditure; (2) There is a positive but insignificant influence between the number of PNS group II on employee expenditure; (3) There is a positive but not significant influence between the number of class III civil servants on employee expenditure; (4) There is a positive and significant influence between the number of class IV civil servants on employee expenditure; (5) There is a positive and significant influence between class I salary rates on employee expenditure; (6) There is a positive and significant influence between class II salary rates on employee expenditure; (7) There is a positive and significant influence between class III salary rates on employee expenditure; (8) There is a positive and significant influence between class IV salary rates on employee expenditure; (9) There is a positive but not significant influence between employee composition and salary rates; (10) There is a positive and significant influence on the number of class I civil servants, the number of class II civil servants, the number of class III civil servants, the number of class IV civil servants, class I salary rates, class II salary rates, class III salary rates and class IV salary rates together on employee expenditure.

Changes in work status after cancer diagnosis and their associations with depressive symptoms among cancer survivors: findings from the Korean longitudinal study of ageing1

PurposeCancer survivors encounter significant psychological suffering and are prone to develop depressive symptoms. Work contributes to personal fulfillment and social connections, and by doing so, enhances a cancer survivor’s resilience against adversities. However, maintaining employment can be challenging for some cancer survivors. This research aimed to identify the association between changes in work status and depressive symptoms among cancer survivors in South Korea.MethodsThis study used the panel data from the Korean Longitudinal Study of Ageing (KLoSA) and included 199 cancer survivors–799 observations–aged 65 or younger, between 2005 and 2018. Changes in work status consisted of continuous unemployment or employment, quitting a job, and getting a job. We defined depressive symptoms as a CES-D-10 score of 10 or higher and a cut-off of 4 was utilized for sensitivity analysis. Multivariable generalized estimating equation was employed to estimate the odds ratio (OR), adjusting for the number of household members, education level, sex, age, marital status, occupations, cancer treatment, cancer type, catastrophic healthcare expenditure (CHE), and survivorship. Subgroup analysis and interaction between changes in work and cancer types were further explored.ResultsFor depressive symptoms, the OR of the continuous unemployment group was 2.27 (95% CI = 1.10–4.69), and the OR of the group that quit a job was 2.20 (95% CI = 1.03–4.72), compared to the continuous employment group. As survivorship increased, the odds of depressive symptoms decreased (OR = 0.94, 95% CI = 0.89–1.00). CHE was associated with depressive symptoms (OR = 2.23, 95% CI = 1.18–4.20). In cancer types with a low tendency to depression, continuous unemployment was associated with depressive symptoms (OR = 3.19, 95% CI = 1.12–9.06). In sensitivity analysis, changes in work, survivorship, and CHE were consistently associated with depressive symptoms.ConclusionsCancer survivors who quit a job or continued unemployment were more likely to experience depressive symptoms. The findings of this study imply that assistance for cancer survivors to continue a job or return to employment, including adjustment of workload and hours, may be helpful. Psychological care may be crucial, particularly in the early stage of cancer survivorship. Furthermore, support may be needed to alleviate the burden of healthcare expenditure.

Health Insurance for Universal Health Coverage in India

The role of health insurance in expanding Universal Health Coverage is to ease the access to healthcare services and reduce the risk of unexpected health expenditure burden. In order to examine this role, this article assesses the contribution of enrolment in health insurance on the utilisation of healthcare services and out-of-pocket expenditure for working-age Indians. Investigation into these two issues, addressing the self-selection/endogeneity problem in buying health insurance, is uncommon in the literature. Against this end, the probability of utilising healthcare services and the incurred out-of-pocket expenditure has been estimated using National Sample Survey (2017–2018) data in India. Empirical findings reveal evidence of endogeneity in health insurance enrolment for hospitalisation, which indicates the presence of self-selection in health insurance enrolment. Addressing the endogeneity problem, this study has found a higher probability of utilising hospitalisation and lower out-of-pocket expenditure among insured individuals than others. Socio-economic and demographic variables like household income, education, gender, religion and state of residence are important to determine the utilisation of healthcare facilities. On the other hand, while out-of-pocket expenditure incurred for hospitalisation significantly varies with age, gender, social caste, religion, working status, state of residence, nature of ailment and type of hospital, household income and health status have no significant effect on out-of-pocket expenditure. Poor people are less likely to be hospitalised, and compared to males, females have a higher probability of utilising healthcare services at their reproductive age. State-level health policies and health insurance schemes play a crucial role in determining health insurance participation and utilisation of health services. JEL: C13, C21, C25, I10, I11, I13, I14, I18

Patient out-of-pocket expenditure in primary care comparing high income, middle income and low-income countries

Background: Out-of-pocket health expenditures (OOPHE) in primary care can pose a significant financial burden on individuals and households, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Understanding the factors influencing OOPHE is crucial for developing effective policies to improve healthcare access and affordability. Objective: This systematic review aimed to identify and analyze the factors influencing OOPHE in primary care settings across high-, middle-, and low-income countries. Methods: A comprehensive search of electronic databases was conducted to identify relevant studies. Included studies were assessed for quality and data were extracted to identify key factors influencing OOPHE. Results: Demographic characteristics, socioeconomic factors, healthcare utilization, system factors, and cultural factors were all found to influence OOPHE. Lower income levels, limited insurance coverage, frequent healthcare utilization, and higher disease severity were consistently associated with higher OOP costs. Conclusion: The findings highlight the significant burden of OOP expenditures on individuals and households. Policymakers should prioritize strategies to expand health insurance coverage, improve access to primary care services, negotiate lower prices for healthcare goods, and address underlying socioeconomic factors. Further research is needed to explore the impact of specific interventions and the role of cultural factors in shaping OOP expenditures.

코스닥 기업의 ESG 활동이 기업가치에 미치는 영향

The purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of ESG activities of KOSDAQ companies on future corporate value. This study verifies the level of ESG activities of KOSDAQ companies, which have a relatively high burden of expenditures compared to KOSPI companies, and the impact of such activities on corporate value. The ESG activities of companies were analyzed using the ESG evaluation index, and the relationship with corporate value was analyzed by dividing them into total scores and individual scores. The results of the analysis showed that the total ESG score and the scores for the social (S) and governance (G) areas showed a significant positive (+) relationship with corporate value, but the environment (E) section showed a significant negative (-) relationship. This can be interpreted that the more active the ESG activities are in all areas except the environment, the higher the corporate value. The results of this study are thought to have implications for institutions and governments that disclose and manage the scores by examining the results of social responsibility activities of KOSDAQ companies.

Budget impact analysis of high-priced orphan medicinal products intended for the treatment of rare diseases in China: evidence from a densely populated metropolis of Chengdu

BackgroundAn increasing number of orphan medicinal products (OMPs) are being included in social health insurance schemes, significantly improving access to medicines for patients with rare diseases. However, high-priced OMPs are still not covered, primarily due to health equity controversies and inadequate data systems required for economic evaluation. The aim of this study was to estimate the burden of drug expenditures and the size of the reimbursement budget required for high-priced OMPs from the perspectives of society and healthcare payers.MethodsThe study performed a budget impact analysis using data from multiple sources to estimate the reimbursement budget for high-priced OMPs in Chengdu, a densely populated metropolis in China. The budget analysis consisted of three main elements: the number of patients, the price of drugs, and the simulated policy scenario. By adjusting the combinations of these elements, the budget fluctuations for payers were estimated. Furthermore, the study predicted the budget trend for the next three years to validate its sustainability.ResultsThe analysis indicated that 98 rare disease patients in Chengdu required high-priced OMPs in 2019. This suggested a projected budget of CNY 179 million for these patients without reimbursement policies, from a societal perspective. Under six assumed policy scenarios, this budget ranged from CNY 32 million to CNY 156 million. Over the next three years, the annual budget was estimated to range from CNY 200 million to CNY 1.303 billion.ConclusionIntegration of multi-source data helps to obtain more scientifically reliable results on budget impacts. The study found that the budgetary impacts of high-priced OMPs on society and payers are relatively limited. Health policymakers can choose appropriate reimbursement strategies based on financial affordability among a diverse mix of elements. The results of related studies provided insights for optimizing the allocation of health resources and improving patient access to medications.

Enrollment and Uptake of Health Care Financing Schemes among Adult Inpatients in Baringo County, Kenya

A high burden of healthcare expenditure precludes the poor from access to quality healthcare services. Due to the dearth of studies detailing healthcare financing in rural-based counties in Kenya, the study examined enrolment and uptake of healthcare financing schemes among adult inpatients in Baringo County, Kenya. The study employed a descriptive cross-sectional research design and was situated in Baringo County Referral Hospital with a target population of about 8,400 monthly or more than 100,000 patients annually. A sample size of 398 patients/and or caregivers was selected based on the stratified simple random sampling method. The results indicated age > 35 years (OR = 0.76120, p = 0.004), Occupation (OR = 0.65730, p = 0.000), income levels (OR = 1.67921, p = 0.000), marital status (OR = 0.38342, p = 0.000) and household size > 4 but less than 9 (OR = 3.66847, p = 0.000) and explain about 21.58 per cent in the enrolment in a healthcare insurance scheme. The conclusions are that demographic factors (age, marital status, occupation, income levels and household size) influence enrolment This implies that young unmarried individuals < 35 years, employed with income > Ksh 20,000 and with household size < 5 persons were more likely to enrol for a healthcare financial scheme. The study recommends that a universal healthcare financing scheme should be implemented to make healthcare financing more affordable and accessible through policy interventions

Analysis of the structure and trend prediction of China's total health expenditure.

In the context of rapid economic and social development, there has been a continuous intensification of population aging, transformation of disease patterns, and wide application of new medical technologies. As a result, health expenditures in various countries have sharply soared. How to utilize limited medical resources to maximize the improvement of health levels has become a hot and challenging issue related to the well-being of all humanity. The relevant indicators of total health expenditure play a crucial role in monitoring and evaluating the fairness of health financing and health security in the region. This study explores the changes in the main expenses that constitute China's total health expenditure and uses indicators related to health expenditure to observe the changes and future development trends of China's health expenditure. Based on this, the utilization of China's health expenditure is monitored to identify possible problems, and thereby targeted suggestions for promoting the development of China's health and wellness cause are put forward. Based on the comparison of previous literature, this paper analyzes the changes and future development trends in China's health expenditure by using the relevant indicators of China's health expenditure through the structural variation analysis method and the gray prediction model. The results show that the scale of government, social, and out-of-pocket health expenditures has continuously expanded, with social health expenditures becoming the main funding source for total health expenditures. The burden of medical expenditures on individuals has been further reduced. In the institutional method of total health expenditures, hospital expenditures account for about 60% of the total and are the main component. The expenditures of health administration and medical insurance management institutions are the main driving force behind the growth of total health expenditures. However, the proportion of health expenditures in China's GDP is relatively low, so more investment is needed in the healthcare sector, and the burden of individual medical expenses also needs to be continuously reduced. In the future, China should further increase its investment in the medical and health sector. Specifically, the government should persist in investing in fundamental medical and health services. Simultaneously, efforts should be made to establish a scientific cost control mechanism for pharmaceuticals and broaden financing channels for healthcare, such as accelerating the development of commercial health insurance.

Implementation of Distribution Non-Cash Food Aid (BPNT) in Reducing The Expenditure Burden of Poor Families Based on an Islamic Perspective

Non-Cash Food Assistance (BPNT) is a central government program to help the poor who are food insecure. The purpose of this study is the implementation of non-cash food assistance expenditures in reducing the expenditure burden of poor families. This research uses a qualitative approach that produces descriptive data, by interviewing two poor people and one government. The data collection techniques applied are interviews, observation and documentation. The results of this study indicate that poverty reduction so far has only changed from the food subsidy system (Raskin / Rastra) with an in-kind scheme to the BPNT food assistance system with a non-cash scheme. each poor family receives assistance of Rp. 200,000, -. The implementation of the assistance program in reducing the expenditure burden of poor families reaches an effectiveness level of 66.57%, this shows "good enough" and can reduce the expenditure burden of poor families by 55%. This is in accordance with Islamic values, namely Nafs (soul), Maal (property), Nasab (offspring) in sharia. The implementation of the BPNT program in various regions has been quite effective but the implementation has not met the 6 Target principle (right target, quantity, time, price, quality, and administration). The main obstacle related to the achievement of the program's target is that the data on Beneficiary Families (KPM) has not been updated properly. In terms of food groups, the food assistance received by poor families classified as KPM participants is quite diverse but with a decreasing quantity over time.

Socio-economic inequalities in the use of flu vaccination in Europe: a multilevel approach

BackgroundThe European-wide statistics show that the use of flu vaccination remains low and the differences between countries are significant, as are those between different population groups within each country. Considerable research has focused on explaining vaccination uptake in relation to socio-economic and demographic characteristics, health promotion and health behavior factors. Nevertheless, few studies have aimed to analyze between-country differences in the use of flu vaccination for the EU population. To address this gap, this study examines the socio-economic inequalities in the use of influenza vaccination for the population aged 15 years and over in all 27 EU Member States and two other non-EU countries (Iceland and Norway).MethodsUsing data from the third wave of European Health Interview Survey (EHIS) 2019, we employed a multilevel logistic model with a random intercept for country, which allows controlling simultaneously the variations in individuals’ characteristics and macro-contextual factors which could influence the use of flu vaccination. In addition, the analysis considers the population stratified into four age groups, namely adolescents, young adults, adults and elderly, to better capture heterogeneities in flu vaccination uptake.ResultsThe main findings confirm the existence of socio-economic inequalities between individuals in different age groups, but also of significant variation between European countries, particularly for older people, in the use of influenza vaccination. In this respect, income and education are strong proxy of socio-economic status associated with flu vaccination uptake. Moreover, these disparities within each population group are also explained by area of residence and occupational status. Particularly for the elderly, the differences between individuals in vaccine utilization are also explained by country-level factors, such as the type of healthcare system adopted in each country, public funding, personal health expenditure burden, or the availability of generalist practitioners.ConclusionsOverall, our findings reveal that vaccination against seasonal influenza remains a critical public health intervention and bring attention to the relevance of conceiving and implementing context-specific strategies to ensure equitable access to vaccines for all EU citizens.

Urban–Rural heterogeneity in the effect of population ageing on the savings rate of urban and rural households in China

As the second populous country in the world, China is confronted with the significant and rapid challenge of population ageing. The household savings rate is inevitably impacted by population ageing. Most existing research has been conducted using macro data from 31 provinces in China. However, most of them lacks consideration of urban-rural differences. Furthermore, there are concerns regarding the applicability of using macro data to study household-level microeconomic issues. Against this backdrop, the objectives of this paper are twofold: first, to investigate the effect of population ageing on the savings rates of urban and rural households in China. Second, this work examines whether urban–rural heterogeneity is evident in the impact of population ageing on household savings in China. This paper conducts a regression analysis on pseudo-panel data from 2010 to 2018 in China using micro-level household data from China Family Panel Studies and employing a Feasible Generalized Least Squares model. The key contribution of this paper is converting cross-sectional microdata into pseudo-panel data, enabling regression analysis within a logical and rigorous theoretical framework. It addresses limitations on existing literature, which predominantly relies on macro data. Additionally, the study takes into account heterogeneity, individual differences, and multicollinearity in regression model selection, thereby remedying the shortcomings of model selection in the majority of the existing literature based on pseudo-panel data. The findings reveal the heterogeneity of household savings rates in urban and rural China, as well as the heterogeneity of the impact of population ageing on the savings rates of urban and rural households in China. Specifically, population ageing significantly reduces household savings rates in both China and rural areas, but significantly increases the savings rates of urban households. Moreover, in the context of population ageing, urban household savings rates are significantly lower than those in rural areas. Policymakers should strengthen urbanization efforts to reduce the urban-rural disparity. In addition, to mitigate the impact of population ageing on savings rates, policymakers should encourage fertility in order to improve household demographics. They should also strengthen investment in education to reduce the burden of household expenditure on education. In addition, policymakers should promote entrepreneurship, provide job training in order to increase household incomes.

The Role of the Government's Self- Depth in Bearing Financial Pressures in Iraq for the Period (2006-2022)

This study aimed at analyzing the government's self-financing depth in withstanding financial pressures in Iraq during the period (2006-2022). The study assumed that increasing government's financial capacity was having a positive impact on facing financial pressures of public expenditure burdens and economic non-stability in Iraq. The study relied on the inductive and data analysis method to verify the hypothesis of the study and access to results. With reference to the use of the ratio of oil revenues to GDP as deputy for self- financing depth due to the Iraqi government's heavy reliance on oil revenues to finance the general budget. It also used the following indicators as deputy financial pressure: the ratio of public expenditure, consumption, investment, and public debt to gross domestic product, tax effort index, monetary stability coefficient index and exchange rate discipline index. The study found that the financial capacity of the Iraqi government relied heavily on volatile self-financing depending on the volatility of oil revenues in financing current expenditures, which reduced the financial capacity to stand financial pressure. It’s reflected in the government's high financial burden and the existence of economic non-stability (inflation pressure, external debt pressure, foreign currency exchange pressure) in Iraq. Paper type: Research paper.

Ability of States to Implement Planned Budget in India: An Assessment Using PEFA Framework

A credible budget complies with budget contracts voted in Parliament and improves the efficiency of government expenditure. Deviations, as a result of weak capacity to forecast revenue or execute the planned activities, pose risks to both existing and future programme management. This budgetary tenet assumes significance as the states have to respond to disruption in revenues, rising expenditure burdens and changes in priorities in the wake of COVID-19 pandemic and face challenges to restore fiscal consolidation process. The article assesses the budget credibility of states in India from 2012–13 to 2018–19 following the international standard given by the Public Expenditure and Financial Accountability (PEFA) framework. It also focuses on strengthening institutional framework to utilise fiscal instruments optimally for better service delivery and development. JEL Codes: H61, H68, E62

The Effectiveness of the Family Hope Program in Efforts to Control Provety in Bekasi Regency

Indonesia is the country with the fourth largest population in the world. One of the problems faced by the Indonesian people is in organizing the life of society, nation and state. This article aims to analyze the effectiveness of the Family Hope Program and community perceptions of the impact of the Family Hope Program in Karang Satria Village, North Tambun District. This research paradigm uses the constructivism paradigm. The research design is a case study. The research design is a case study. The research method used is qualitative, including observation, in-depth interviews with informants and the community, literature study, and documentation, to measure the effectiveness of the Family Hope Program (PKH) and community perceptions. Assessment indicators include understanding the program, being on target, being on time, achieving goals, and real change. The researcher then developed the determined indicators into interview question items. Data processing and analysis techniques consist of three stages, namely data reduction, data presentation, and concluding. This research concludes that the effectiveness of the Family Hope Program (PKH) for beneficiaries in Karang Satria Village has been able to help reduce the burden of community expenditure, but PKH cannot be said to be completely effective in controlling poverty and increasing income, as seen in this research. from indicators that are right on target and on time. Because PKH only assists individuals who meet the criteria, many rural communities still experience uneven economic growth.

ANALYSIS OF HEALTH EDUCATION FAMILY DEVELOPMENT SESSION WITH STUNTING IN PANGKAJENE AND ISLANDS REGENCY, INDONESIA: CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY

Background: Stunting is a growth disorder experienced by young people whose length or height is not appropriate to their age according to the standards set by the WHO. UNICEF data for 2018 showed that almost 3 out of 10 young children have stunts or are too short for their age. Pangkajene and the Islands Regency showed a stunting prevalence of 29.10% or the highest in South Sulawesi Province in 2018. The Hope Family Program (PKH) is a conditional social assistance program that aims to improve the standard of living of KPM through access to education, health and welfare services as well as reducing the burden of expenditure and increasing the income of poor and vulnerable families. Purpose: To find out the relationship between Family Development Session health education and stunting incidents in Family Hope Program recipients in Pangkajene and the Islands regency. Methods: This study used an observational research approach with a crosectional model. The data was collected using a questionnaire with Family Development Session variables, food management pattern and BBLR history. The data collected was then analyzed using chi-square analysis. Results: Out of 71 respondents who came from recipients of the Hope Family Program, 36 children (51%) suffered stunting and 35 children (49%) did not. Conclusion: There is a significant link between health education Family Development Session, food management pattern and LBW history with stunting incidents in Pangkajene and the Islands Regency (p < 0.05).

Efektivitas Program Keluarga Harapan (PKH) Dalam Meningkatkan Kesejahteraan Masyarakat

This research is entitled "The effectiveness of the Family Hope Program (PKH) in improving community welfare. The aim of this research is to determine the level of effectiveness of the family hope program in improving community welfare in Suryawangi Village. This research is a qualitative descriptive study with the research location in Suryawangi Village. Data collection techniques include primary data collection (observation and interviews). Data analysis in this research includes three components consisting of data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions/data verification. The results of this research show that the effectiveness of the family hope program in improving community welfare in Suryawangi Subdistrict has been declared good and can help reduce the burden of community expenditure. The indicators of effectiveness are understanding the program, being on time, right on target, achieving goals and real changes that have gone well. However, this PKH cannot be said to be completely effective in terms of improving community welfare if seen from the indicators of target accuracy and punctuality.