Bundle Running Research Articles

An unreported infraspinatus muscle variation—two-headed infraspinatus minor muscle and three-headed fusion with the teres minor muscle

The infraspinatus muscle is situated under the scapular spine in the infraspinous fossa and inserts into the greater tuberosity of the humerus. It is a component of a crucial shoulder muscle group, the rotator cuff. There are a few interesting additional muscles in the infraspinal region. In the literature they are called the infraspinatus superficialis, infraspinatus minor and infraspinatus accessory muscles. The infraspinatus minor muscle is described as a superficial muscle bundle running under the scapular spine. During routine anatomical dissection, an unreported variation of the infraspinatus minor muscle was found. It derived from the inferior surface of the scapular spine and the infraspinous fossa. It had two heads. The superior head inserted on the greater tuberosity of the humerus. The inferior head inserted on the tendinous part of the infraspinatus muscle. There was also an unusual fusion of the infraspinatus muscle with the teres minor muscle. In this paper we will discuss the anatomical and physiological relationships of this morphological variation.

Modeling field-to-wire coupling in random bundles of wires

A simple and computationally efficient method to represent the geometry of hand-made random wire bundles is described, which can be exploited within a multiconductor-transmission-line model for prediction of the currents induced in bundle terminal units by an external electromagnetic field. As an illustrative example, a random bundle running above a metallic ground and illuminated by a uniform plane wave is considered. By processing the data resulting from repeated simulations (Monte Carlo approach), some significant properties of the statistics of the induced currents are observed. Particularly, it is shown that in the so-called “well randomized” bundles the probability density function of the magnitude of the induced currents tends to be Normal at low frequency and Rayleigh at high frequency.

Constrained spherical deconvolution-based tractography to depict and characterize a case of “hyperplastic fornix dorsalis”

The authors report the relevance of Constrained Spherical Deconvolution (CSD)-based tractography in demonstrating and quantitatively assessing a complex midline structure malformation in a 9-year-old girl with moderate intellectual disability and thickening of corpus callosum (CC) body discovered through conventional MRI (cMRI). Color-encoded fractional anisotropy (FA) maps clearly demonstrated what the cMRI showed as a thicknening of CC: a green, longitudinal bundle running dorsally to the body of CC. A more complex midline maldevelopmental disorder was suspected. CSD-based tractography was performed to virtually dissect the anomalous supracallosal longitudinal bundle (SLB), CC, fornix, anterior commissure (AC) and cingula. In addition, DTI-derived metrics were calculated for each virtually dissected fiber tract.The tractography study evidenced projections of the anomalous SLB in left forceps minor and to parietal regions, and projections of the fornix in right forceps minor. CC virtual dissection showed no gross abnormality, and cingula appeared slightly less extended than normal. The considerable thinning of AC hampered its virtual dissection. DTI-derived metrics suggested alterations in fornix microstructure, attributable to higher fiber density.In investigating white matter, cMRI may not be sufficient in addressing and assessing possible anomalies, while advanced CSD-based tractography and DTI-derived metrics may prove helpful in depicting and characterizing white matter anomalies in developmental disorders.

Paper # 77: Histhopathologic Findings in Partial Achilles Tendon Ruptures

The surgical findings and histopathology are reported in 217 patients (49 females and 168 males, age: 18-66, 70% professional or amateur athletes) with Achilles tendon ruptures. We analysed and compared the history of those patients, taking into consideration following aspects: first onset of symptoms, aggravating and relieving factors, duration of symptoms, previous treatment, injections, clinical examination (local Achilles deformity, pain localisation, gastro-soleus muscle development/atrophy, biomechanical evaluation). All of the patient had US examination. There were 42 cases (19,35%) of partial ruptures. Samples for histopathological examination were always taken from clinically symptomatic and macroscopically injured parts of the tendon. In all cases (both complete and partial rupture) histopathologic picture was similar. Intraoperative evaluation of partial injures always revealed changes within one (in some cases in two) bundles of Achilles tendon. In all cases we could point the bundle with the biggest or asymetrical load and that we believe is the main factor for partial Achilles tendon injury. On the other hand histopathologic evaluation revealed: micro-injuries, fatty metaplasia, degenerative tendon-like tissue and pathologic vessels, but no inflammatory process and no potential for self healing. Mean follow-up is 3 years. In conclusion, on bases of our experience, outcomes and surgical as well as histopathological findings we believe that: Partial rupture of Achilles tendon may be a result of acute injury or a consequence of repeated microinjuries. There are three bundles of Achilles tendon and force transmission direction of each bundle is different. Acute partial Achilles tendon injuries occur during excessive asymmetric loading of the tendon. The injury occurs in the most loaded bundle. Clinically in our study, it is most often the bundle running from the medial head of gastrocnemius muscle or from the soleus muscle. Chronic processes may also be a result of overload (repetitive microtrauma) of one of the Achilles tendon bundles. The goal of operative treatment is to restore full biomechanical function of the tendon (or as similar to physiology as possible) and to restore the ability to correct transmission of contractile forces, which is possible only by careful reconstruction of the three-bundle structure of Achilles tendon. Surgical treatment has also another purpose - to enhance healing process, which in histopathologic examination has been proven to be very limited.

A service-layer diagnostic approach for the OSGi framework

The open service gateway initiative (OSGi) framework is to provide an open environment for home services, which can be deployed by different service providers. However, currently there is no total solution for the OSGi framework to diagnose and recover from unexpected faults, especially those generated by resource conflicts between services, which would require user intervention. This paper summarizes the requirements for diagnosis in the open service platform and proposes an integrated approach to detect service conflict faults, handle general exceptions, and diagnose service errors on OSGi platforms. By providing user friendly diagnosis messages, and suggestions to fix exceptions, users can operate home gateways without a heavy learning burden, and service providers can reduce the overhead associated with user requests for technical support. The implementation is packaged as a service bundle running on the service layer of the OSGi platform. This is the first attempt to diagnose and handle the service conflicts on the OSGi platform during runtime.

The Topography of Microstructured Surfaces Differently Affects Fibrillin Deposition by Blood and Lymphatic Endothelial Cells in Culture

While tissue-engineered blood vessels have already been successfully used in surgical practice, artificially restoring lymphatic circulation when needed is still far to be realized. Stability of arterial vessel wall depends on proper fibrillin deposition; fibrillin in fact is the scaffold for elastic fiber formation. In lymphatic vessels fibrillin is probably implied in lymph formation in response to interstitial requirements. This study was designed to verify whether fibrillin deposition is influenced by the topography of the substrate on which blood and lymphatic endothelial cells grow. Blood and lymphatic endothelial cells were cultured on microstructured surfaces with different topography: stripes of different widths (25, 50, and 100 microm), squares and rectangles, and spiral geometry, obtained by the photoimmobilization of Hyaluronan (Hyal) on aminosilanized glass. Cell orientation and fibrillin deposition were influenced by the topography of the microstructure. Blood endothelial cells deposited fibrillin as a bundle running parallel to the major axis of stripes and spirals, whereas the irregular network of fibrillin deposited by lymphatic endothelial cells was affected by the topography of the substrate only in the smallest stripes. These data bring a contribution to the basic knowledge required to design tissue-engineered blood and lymphatic vessels capable of adapting to the functional requirements of the surrounding environment.

OSGi기반 시맨틱 사용자 프로파일 관리자

개인화된 데이터와 함께 콘텐츠 제공 등의 서비스를 사용자가 쉽게 이용할 수 있는 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있다. 다양한 디바이스와 단말기에서의 정보 이용 및 서비스의 융합은 수많은 콘텐츠에서 양질의 콘텐츠를 사용자가 원하는 시간과 장소에서 어떠한 개인화 메커니즘을 이용해서 제공하는지에 대한 필요성을 제시한다. 기존 메커니즘은 각 서비스 제공자별로 분리된 선호도와 개인 정보를 가지고 있어 다른 서비스 제공자가 다루기 힘들며 서비스 사용자들이 직접 설정하고 관리해야 하기 때문에 매우 불편하다. 본 논문에서는 사용자의 프로파일을 서비스 제공자에 상관 없이 동적으로 통합 관리하기 위해 시맨틱 서비스 제공 및 확장성을 위한 미들웨어인 OSGi기반 시맨틱 사용자 프로파일 관리자를 제안한다. 또한 사용자 프로파일링, 온톨로지 도메인 모델, 시맨틱 추론이 가능한 개인화된 시맨틱 프로파일 모델을 정의한다. 논문의 타당성을 검증하기 위해 시맨틱 프로파일은 OSGi기반에서 동작하도록 번들로 구현한다. 사용자가 서비스 지역에 들어오면 다양한 디바이스 및 단말기의 시맨틱 사용자 프로파일에 시맨틱 서비스를 대응하여 매치한다. 제안한 시스템은 사용자 프로파일에 대한 서비스의 매칭과 사용자 프로파일에 대한 사용자 프로파일 또는 다른 서비스에 대한 매칭을 쉽게 확장시킬 수 있다. Research is being made for users' convenient access to services such as personalized data and contents services. The use of information and the fusion of services in various devices and terminals suggest the necessity to know what personalization mechanism is used to provide high quality contents at a time and place desired by users. Existing mechanisms are not easy to be handled by other service providers because each service provider has different preference and personal information, and are very inconvenient because service users have to set up and manage by themselves. Thus, the present paper proposes a Semantic User Profiles Manager based on OSGi, middleware for the provision and extension of semantic services, in order to manage users' profiles dynamically regardless of service provider. In addition, this paper defines a personalized semantic profile that enables user profiling, ontological domain modeling and semantic reasoning. In order to test the validity of this paper, we implemented semantic profiles into a bundle running based on OSGi. When users enter the range of the service area and use various devices, the semantic service matches in correspondence with semantic user profiles. The proposed system can easily extend the matching of services to user profiles and matching between user profiles or between services.

A macroscopic anatomical investigation of atrioventricular bundle locational variation relative to the membranous part of the ventricular septum in elderly human hearts

Although several gross anatomical investigations on the cardiac conducting system have been published, most have presented gross anatomical observations after histological confirmation. This is because of the difficulty in dissecting the conducting system itself. Additionally, the conducting system has hitherto been represented schematically and/or histologically, even in recent regional anatomical color atlases of the heart. Therefore most researchers and clinicians rarely view a conducting system at the macroscopic level. In this study we reveal the detailed-gross anatomical architecture and normal variations in the conducting system using 105 elderly human hearts. In particular, we focused on the location of the atrioventricular bundle relative to the membranous part of the interventricular septum because it has commonly been used as a landmark to identify the conducting system. Consequently we found locational variations in the atrioventricular bundle to be relatively more frequent in 56 cases (53.3%), in contrast to 49 (46.7%) ordinary cases in which this bundle ran just along the lower border of the membranous part of the interventricular septum. In the former cases we also emphasized the clinical significance of the naked atrioventricular bundle running on the membranous part of the interventricular septum in 22 cases (21.0%). Some types of lower atrioventricular bundle variation would be important for cardiac surgery, especially the operation of the interventricular septal defect and can be explained from the developmental viewpoint, i.e., the atrioventricular bundle has its origin in the mixture of specialized myocardial rings.

Morphological abnormalities in the hippocampus of the weaver mutant mouse

The lamination of the hippocampus in the homozygous B6CBA weaver mouse ( wu/wu) was compared with that in normal B6CBA littermates (+/+) and C57BL/6J mice using Nissl and Timm's staining. In Nissl-stained preparations, the normal littermates exhibit a compact, regular arrangement of pyramidal cells in area CA3 of the hippocampus. In contrast, in homozygous weaver mutant mice, the pyramidal cell layer of area CA3 frequently appears to be thicker than normal with an apparent increase of neuropil, as evidenced by the presence of cell-free spaces within the layer. Also, small ectopic clusters of pyramidal cells and sometimes the subdivision of the pyramidal cell layer into 2 or 3 layers were found throughout the dorsoventral extent of the hippocampus. In Timm's stained preparations of the normal mouse hippocampus, two clearly separated bundles of axons were seen emerging from the hilus: one bundle running above the pyramidal cell layer of area CA3 (i.e., the suprapyramidal mossy fiber layer, SPMFL), and the second bundle running below the pyramidal cell layer (i.e., the infrapyramidal mossy fiber layer, IPMFL). In contrast, in some homozygous weaver mice, the origin of the mossy fiber bundles is clearly different from normal; specifically, mossy fibers emerge in a diffuse fashion from the area between suprapyramidal and infrapyramidal mossy fiber layers. In other weaver mice, short, discontinuous bundles diverge from the infrapyramidal mossy fiber layer and invade the thickened pyramidal cell layer. In addition, ectopic pyramidal cells are situated below the IPMFL in area CA3. The morphological changes observed in hippocampus of weaver mutants are likely to be secondary to a more basic genetic defect.

Projection of primary vestibular afferent fibres to the cochlear nucleus in the guinea pig.

After tracing the superior branch of the vestibular nerve and the macula sacculi by means of the neuronal tracers horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and wheat germ conjugated horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP), a conspicuous fibre bundle running into the cochlear nucleus could be observed. The HRP-labeled axons travel caudally through the descending vestibular nucleus, enter the cochlear nucleus at a level caudal to subgroup y and terminate at cells situated between the dorsal and posteroventral cochlear nucleus. Considering recent electrophysiological studies, it is reasonable to imply that these fibres are involved with the transduction of acoustic stimuli.

Immunohistochemical localization of the luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH)-containing structures in the central nervous system of the domestic fowl.

The location of LHRH-containing neuronal elements was investigated in the domestic fowl by means of immunohistochemical techniques. LHRH antisera were raised against synthetic LHRH in the rabbit. The antiserum used in the present study cross-reacted with LHRH of mammalian and avian tissues. LHRH-immunoreactive perikarya are located in the preoptic and in the septal areas, and in the bulbus olfactorius; however, no LHRH-immunoreactive perikarya were found in the tuberal part of the hypothalamus. LHRH-immunoreactive fibers course from these areas toward the median eminence mainly along the wall of the third ventricle in the form of a periventricular network. Originating from the same cell groups other fibers run caudally immediately above the optic chiasma, forming the median bundle of the tractus preoptico-infundibularis. The third bundle running toward the OVLT is named the tractus preoptico-terminalis. In addition to these structures, LHRH-containing fibers and terminals were also present in different regions of the limbic system, in the dorsal part of the hippocampus, in the tuberculum and bulbus olfactorius, as well as in the optic lobe, nuclei commissurales tectales, organon subcommissurale, periaqueductal area, and pars ventralis mesencephali. The general distribution of the LHRH system in the chicken corresponds principally to that described previously in rodents (Sétáló et al. 1976, 1978). However, some subtle differences were demonstrated between the location of the LHRH system in birds and mammals.

A Fine Structural Analysis of the Statocyst in Turbellaria Acoela

Ferrero, E. (Istituto di Biologia Generale, Universith di Pisa, Pisa, Italy.) A fine structural analysis of the statocyst in Turbellaria Acoela. Zool. Scr. 2 (1): 5–16, 1973.—The fine structure of the statocyst components in the acoelan Convoluta psammophila is described, namely: capsule, parietal cells, lithocyte, and the statolith. The absence of ciliary structures, the highly developed endoplasmic reticulum of the lithocyte and the layered texture of the statolith are remarkable. A functional interpretation of the muscles inserted on the statocyst and of the nerve bundle running nearby is suggested. The morphological similarities and differences between the acoelan statocyst and the statocyst of lower and higher invertebrate phyla are discussed.