Bunch Characteristics Research Articles

Identification of sodicity-tolerant banana varieties to harness the salt-affected ecosystem

"Salt Affected Soils" (SAS) refers to a category of soils that contain either an excess of soluble salts or exchangeable sodium. Soils are divided into four categories: normal, saline, sodic, and saline-sodic, based on the electrical conductivity (EC), pH and exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) measurements. At the Horticultural College and Research Institute for Women in Trichy, fifteen genotypes of bananas were assessed for growth, yield, and physiological parameters in a saline-sodic environment. Four replications of the field experiment were set up in RBD and evaluated for three years. The growth physiological and biochemical characters were recorded in the seventh month after planting (MAP), and the bunch characters were recorded at harvest time. FHIA 1 (83.4%), Saba (81.0%) and Karpooravalli (78.0%) had the highest relative water content. The highest yield was recorded in FHIA-1 (23.5 kg), Saba (22.2 kg), Udhayam (22.5 kg) and Karpooravalli (22.0 kg). The sodicity injury symptoms in the leaves were evaluated using a scoring technique, and the genotypes FHIA-1(1.0) Saba recorded the lowest score for sodicity damage. A significant negative correlation was observed between salt injury degree and leaf K+/Na+. So, the varieties that maintain higher K+/Na+ ratio in leaf and root are salt tolerant. The general ranking of the banana varieties for salt tolerance was FHIA 1 > Saba > Karpooravalli > Bangrier > Ash Monthan > Veneetu Mannan > Udhayam. A comparative field trial for the 15 banana types showed that Saba, FHIA-1 and Karpooravalli could withstand sodic conditions in the field in terms of bunch characteristics, biochemical parameters, and plant growth. Grand Naine, Rasthali and CO 1 were vulnerable to sodicity stress. Regardless of cultivar, sodicity stress increased the days needed for shooting and harvest.

Design and Experimental Study of Banana Bunch Transportation Device with Lifting Mechanism and Automatic Bottom-Fixing Fruit Shaft

In addressing the challenges of high labor intensity, cost, and potential mechanical damage to banana fruit in orchards, this study presents the design of a banana bunch transport device featuring a lifting mechanism and an automatic fruit shaft bottom-fixing system. The device is tailored to the planting and morphological characteristics of banana bunches, aiming for efficient, low-loss, and labor-saving mechanized transport. Key design considerations included the anti-overturning mechanism and the lifting system based on transportation conditions and the physical dimensions of banana bunches. A dynamic simulation was conducted to analyze the angular velocity and acceleration during the initial conveying stages, forming the basis for the fruit shaft bottom-fixation mechanism. A novel horizontal multi-point scanning method was developed to accurately identify and secure the fruit shaft bottom, complemented by an automated control system. Experimental results showed a 95.83% success rate in identification and fixation, validated by field trials that confirmed the necessity and stability of the fixation mechanism. To enhance the durability of the fruit shaft bottom-fixation mechanism, a multi-factor test was conducted, optimizing the device’s maximum travel speed and minimizing the banana bunch’s oscillation angle. Field tests showed an oscillation angle of 8.961°, closely matching the simulated result of 9.526°, demonstrating the reliability of the response surface analysis model. This study offers a practical and efficient solution for banana bunch transport in orchards, showcasing significant practical value and potential for wider adoption.

Selected Physical, Mechanical and Chemical Properties of Fresh Fruit Bunches for Processing of Palm Oil

Data on engineering properties of palm fruits enable the design of machinery for optimal production of palm oil. Specific physical, chemical, and mechanical characteristics of fresh fruit bunches are examined in this study. Fresh palm fruit's selected mechanical, chemical, and physical characteristics were determined using standard formulas and equations. One hundred fresh fruit bunch samples were used to ascertain the physical characteristics of the fruit bunches. While the chemical properties were ascertained using suggested standard equations and formulae, the fresh fruit bunches were tested for their strength properties under compression when loaded under an INSTRON Universal Testing Machine. Using the Microsoft Excel program, statistical analysis was performed on the collected data. The average length, breadth, thickness, geometric mean, sphericity, surface area, true mass, true volume and true density mean for palm fruits were 3.35±0.48 cm, 1.92±0.32 cm, 2.24±0.33 cm, 2.42±0.25 cm, 0.73±0.08 cm, 18.61±3.62 cm2, 7.99±1.81 g, 7.01±1.72 cm3, 1.17±0.24 g/cm3 respectively. The average static coefficient of frictions for palm fruits were 0.46±0.13, 0.64±0.18, 0.57±0.21 and 0.59±0.22 while the average angle of reposes was 24.48±6.08, 31.62±9.14, 29.26±6.80, and 29.91±9.11 on wood, mild steel, glass and stainless-steel surface respectively. The energy at break, force at break, deformation at break, strain at break, and stress at break for the palm fruits were 6.87±0.95 J, 2.22±0.80 kN, 14.58±3.02 mm, 0.36±0.08 mm/mm and 123.46±44.31 MPa respectively. The moisture, ash, fat, crude fibre, crude protein, and carbohydrate contents (proximate composition) of the palm fruits were 22.80±0.02%, 0.52±0.01%, 46.47±0.06%, 18.66±0.01%, 2.4±0.21%, and 9.14±0.30% respectively. The sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, phosphorus and zinc contents of the palm fruits were 58.75±0.07 ppm, 94.20±0.14 ppm, 68.45±0.64 ppm, 5.21±0.00 ppm, 1.22±0.00 ppm, 1.60±0.00 ppm and 55.70±0.28 ppm respectively. This study has provided relevant information which will help engineers to develop a more efficient palm fruit extraction machines that will in turn increase the productivity and profitability of the farmers and food processors. These measured engineering properties of palm fruits help in development of palm fruit processing machines.

ЭНОКАРПОЛОГИЧЕСКОЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ГРОЗДЕЙ И ЯГОД НЕКОТОРЫХ АБОРИГЕННЫХ И ИНТРОДУЦИРОВАННЫХ СТОЛОВЫХ И ТЕХНИЧЕСКИХ СОРТОВ ВИНОГРАДА, ВЫРАЩИВАЕМЫХ В УСЛОВИЯХ АБШЕРОНА

The article presents the results of studying the enocarpological characteristics of bunches and berries of local and introduced table and wine grape varieties cultivated in the Absheron region. In the course of the studies, it was found that indicators such as bunch weight, stem weight, skin and pulp residue, juice yield, and the amount of solid residue varied over a wide range depending on the grape variety; in particular, large, medium and small bunches were observed. During the research, it was found that such table and technical grape varieties as Tuya-tish, wild form 2, Alphonse Lavallee, Nagshebi, Digah kechimemesi, Gyozel uzum, Ganjavi, Digah gorasy, Ag Kharji, Uzun salkhym, according to enocarpological indicators (bunch weight, stem weight, skin and pulp residue, juice yield, percentage of seeds in the berry, weight of 100 seeds, solid residue) were noticeably different from other varieties. In the studied table grape varieties, the enocarpological parameters varied over wide ranges, the average weight of the bunch was 210.0-974.0 g, the weight of the stem concerning the total weight of the bunch was 0.7-9.6%, the residue of the skin and pulp was 18.0-40.0 %, juice yield – 51.0-72.7 %, seeds – 2.4-10.8 %, amount of solid residue – 27.3-49 %, and weight of 100 seeds – 2.7-14.0 g. In wine grape varieties, these indicators differed from table varieties. They were estimated as follows: bunch weight 178.7-548.0 g, stem weight concerning the total weight of the bunch – 1.8-6.5 %, the skin and pulp residue – 14.7-31.6 %, juice yield – 64.1-76.2 %, seeds – 2.7-7.4 %, amount of solid residue – 23.8-43.0 %. The highest weight of the bunch, stem, remaining skin and pulp, number of seeds, weight of 100 seeds, and the lowest juice yield were noted in table varieties; for wine grape varieties, this ratio was the opposite. Key words: GRAPE VARIETIES, LOCAL VARIETIES, ENOCARPOLOGICAL INDICATORS, BUNCH, BERRIES

НОВАЯ ГИБРИДНАЯ ФОРМА КАК КЛЮЧЕВОЙ ЭЛЕМЕНТ В СЕЛЕКЦИИ СТОЛОВЫХ СОРТОВ ВИНОГРАДА

This article presents the results of observations and varietal study of a new hybrid form of grapevine of private breeding under the work-ing title Hudozhnik in the conditions of the Experimental Field of ARRIV&W – Branch of the FSBSI FRARC. In the course of the study, an ampelographic description of the hybrid form was made according to the leading fea-tures, the flower type was determined as transi-tional. Hybrid Hudozhnik stands out for its size characteristics of bunches (average weight for the years of observation was 612 g) and berries (average weight of 15.8 g), high yield (112.7 c/ha), very high marketability due to the size characteristics in combination with good dense pulp and balanced flavor without aromas. Hy-brid Hudozhnik is distinguished by a very good pollination of bunches, as well as a very attrac-tive pink-red color of berries, which practically does not change even with a long stay of the crop on the bushes. The vineyards are non – irrigated, grafted, uncovered, shaped like a fan on the middle trunk, planting scheme 3×1.5 m, pruning is medium. During the varietal study were used generally accepted in viticulture methods and standard technology of cultiva-tion of vineyards. Hybrid Hudozhnik has an early ripening period (116 days from bud breaks to full maturity of berries), middle re-sistance to downy mildew, powdery mildew and botrytis, good winter hardiness and fruit-fulness in uncovered culture. Hybrid Hudozh-nik can be recommended for use in further breeding of colored table grapevine varieties as a source of size characteristics of bunches and berries, as well as a stable table grape for culti-vation in industry and home gardening.

Impact of beam-coupling impedance on the Schottky spectrum of bunched beam

The Schottky monitors of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) can be used for non-invasive beam diagnostics to estimate various bunch characteristics, such as tune, chromaticity, bunch profile or synchrotron frequency distribution. However, collective effects, in particular beam-coupling impedance, can significantly affect Schottky spectra when large bunch charges are involved. In such conditions, the available interpretation methods are difficult to apply directly to the measured spectra, thus preventing the extraction of beam and machine parameters, which is possible for lower bunch charges. To study the impact of impedance on such spectra, we introduce a method for building Schottky spectra from macro-particle simulations performed with the PyHEADTAIL code, applied to LHC beam conditions. In this case, the use of a standard Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) algorithm to recover the spectral content of the beam becomes computationally intractable memory-wise, because of the relatively short bunch length compared to the large revolution period. To circumvent this difficulty, a semi-analytical method was developed to efficiently compute the Fourier transform. The simulated Schottky spectrum is then compared against theoretical formulas and measurements of Schottky signals previously obtained with lead ion beams in the LHC where impedance effects are expected to be limited. Furthermore, this study provides preliminary interpretations of the impact of beam-coupling impedance on proton Schottky spectra by incorporating longitudinal and transverse resonator-like impedance models into the simulations. A theoretical framework is also introduced for the case of the longitudinal impedance, allowing the extension of the existing theoretical formalism.

ОСОБЕННОСТИ ФЕНОТИПИЧЕСКОЙ ИЗМЕНЧИВОСТИ СОРТА ВИНОГРАДА БАЯНШИРА

The article provides detailed information about ampelodescriptor signs, morphological, biological and technological features of the valuable indigenous grape variety Bayanshira, originating from the ancient center of viticulture – Ganja-Dashkasan zone of Azerbaijan. The enocarpological and enochemical characteristics of bunches and berries, the population structure and the variability of this variety were studied. In order to determine the direction of use and technological suitability of the Bayanshira variety yield, an uvological assessment of bunches and berries of fresh grapes was carried out, prototypes of wines of various types were prepared and their physicochemical analysis was carried out using modern methods. As a result of assessing the intrapopulation phenotypic variability of the variety, several biotypes and clonal variations were identified, their distinctive characteristics were identified and described, and morphological features, biological and technological indicators were studied. Based on the above, a number of important indicators of the biotype of the Bayanshira variety can be noted: t he size of the bunch ranged from 17,2 × 7,7 to 26,5 × 12,6 cm, the shape of the bunches was conical, the number of berries in the bunch was generally more than 200 pieces, but only biotype 6 had an average number of berries in a bunch (150 pieces), berry size ranged from 19,4 × 19,0 to 23,4 × 22,2 mm, bush yield was 4,4-12,4 kg, yield juice from berries was 48,4-84,6 %, sugar content of berry juice was 17,4-21,4 g/100 cm3 , titratable acidity was 4,65-8.02 g/dm3 , the amount of phenolic compounds was 0,25-0,45 g/dm3 , and the amount of biologically active substances was 0,12-0,36 g/dm3.

Optimization of Electron Bunch Characteristics in Bubble Wakefield: Role of Different Linear Upward Density Ramp Profiles

Optimization of Electron Bunch Characteristics in Bubble Wakefield: Role of Different Linear Upward Density Ramp Profiles

Method for solving bunch head-tail overlapping in HLS-II using a new trigger scanning module of streak-camera measurement system

This study proposed a trigger scanning module for a streak camera to overcome head–tail overlapping of bunch to achieve absolute bunch length monitoring based on the unique machine properties of the Hefei Light Source-II (HLS-II). Furthermore, precise measurement of longitudinal bunch characteristic parameters and study of longitudinal beam dynamics is crucial, and this significantly contributes for observing longitudinal bunch behavior and evolution associated with current potential-well distortion and microwave instability. First, the scanning module is calibrated thoroughly to test its performance and applicability. Afterward, the module is applied to measure the dependence of bunch length on current under single-bunch operation. Moreover, potential-well distortion and bunch lengthening are observed. Results showed that the designed trigger scanning module is appropriate for the exploration of the physical mechanism of single-bunch beam behavior, which is crucial for the investigation of bunch characteristics and beam instability in storage ring light sources.

First direct measurement of electron and positron bunch characteristics at the positron source of the SuperKEKB B-factory

Electron (e−) and positron (e+) bunch characteristics were directly measured for the first time by using wideband beam monitors (WBMs) and a detection system at the e+ source of the SuperKEKB B-factory. Secondarily generated e− and e+ bunches after the e+-production target were identified in their dynamical capture process at locations of the WBMs under a two-bunch acceleration scheme. The longitudinal and transverse bunch characteristics, the time intervals between the e− and e+ bunches, the bunch lengths, transverse bunch positions, and bunch charges were simultaneously separately measured for each bunch as functions of the capture phase to investigate their dynamical capture process. The results show that quite symmetric behaviors of the e− and e+ bunch characteristics were observed. The new WBMs open up a new window for direct measurements of both e− and e+ bunches during their dynamical capture process and in the optimization procedure of the e+ bunch intensity in multidimensional parameter spaces at any e+ sources.

Controllable electron self-injection in laser wakefield acceleration with asymmetric gas-jet nozzle

AbstractBeam charge control in the staging of laser wakefield acceleration (LWFA) is a crucial technique for developing full-optical jitter-free high-energy electron accelerators. Precise control of total charge in pre-accelerated electron bunches is necessary to achieve practical electron beam characteristics in the final acceleration stage(s). In contrast to the well-known cathode techniques in conventional accelerators, in LWFA the electron injection results from non-linear processes originating from plasma wave breaking. Therefore, the development of charge control requires a deep understanding of the electron self-injection processes and applications of non-trivial tools. The use of asymmetric gas-jet nozzles seems to be a promising way in developing charge control via tuning the target parameters such as plasma density, density slope, and acceleration length. Here, we demonstrate and characterize controllable electron self-injection, owing to a parametric resonance in slantwise density gas jets irradiated by 50 TW femtosecond laser pulses. The measured characteristics of the electron bunches, in which charge and energy distribution depend on the gas density and gas density gradient, agree well with those obtained by multidimensional particle-in-cell simulation and confirm the possibility of charge control.

Characteristics of short electron bunch in the quasi-linear donut wake acceleration

The trapping and acceleration of an externally injected electron bunch into a donut-like wakefield driven by an intense Laguerre-Gaussian (LG) laser pulse in the plasma are studied. The results because of the doughnut shape profile of the LG laser pulse and low divergence propagating can be used in applications such as accelerating a hollow electron bunch. For the high-energy acceleration in the donut wake, while keeping the emittance conserved and making the Relative Energy Spread (RES) a few percent, the suitable initial bunch parameters are investigated. Careful optimization of the test electron bunch parameters allows one to obtain a minimum suitable RES and a stable emittance of the accelerated bunch in the donut wakefield.

Componentes de rendimento e atributos físicos da videira ‘BRS Magna’ sobre diferentes porta-enxertos

ABSTRACT ‘BRS Magna’ was released with the aim of improving the colour, sweetness, and flavour of Brazilian grape juice. Therefore, it is necessary to test this cultivar on different rootstocks in order to identify the canopy/rootstock combinations that best contribute to the purpose of the enterprise under cultivation conditions. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of different rootstocks on the yield components and physical characteristics of the bunch and berry of the ‘BRS Magna’ grapevine. The research was conducted in the vineyard established in the experimental area of the Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná (UTFPR), located in the municipality of Pato Branco, Paraná. The ‘BRS Magna’ was grafted onto 10 rootstocks: ‘Kober 5BB’, ‘SO4’, ‘IAC 766 Campinas’, ‘Harmony’, ‘Paulsen 1103’, ‘420A’, ‘IAC 572 Jales’, ‘Freedom’, ‘IAC 313 Tropical’, and ‘101-14 MGT’. For three agricultural years, production, productivity, vegetative vigor, number of bunches, and average bunch weight per plant, length and width of bunch and berry, as well as average berry weight were evaluated. Analysis of variance showed a interaction between rootstocks and production years for all variables. ‘BRS Magna’ showed alternation in yield components, vegetative vigor and physical characteristics of bunch and berry between the evaluated crops. Under the cultivation conditions studied, the recommended rootstock for the ‘BRS Magna’ cultivar is ‘IAC 572 Jales’. On the other hand, ‘101-14 MGT’ and ‘420 A’ are not recommended as rootstock for this cultivar.

О роли кулоновских полей в формировании эмиттанса в фотопушках

A theoretical analysis is made of the formation of longitudinal and transverse emittance of beams of charged particles in photoguns under the influence of repulsive forces of Coulomb fields. In numerical calculations, the characteristics of bunches of charged particles with uniform and Gaussian charge density distributions are compared. The efficiency of the proposed numerical-analytical model is compared with calculations using the Astra program. The obtained numerical and analytical results can be useful in the design of photoinjectors to select the optimal parameters that determine the main characteristics of photoguns.

Effect of growth regulators on yield and quality of Sahebi grape (Vitis vinifera) under temperate conditions

A field experiment was conducted during 2015–16 at the research farm of Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar Campus, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir to see the effect of growth regulators on yield and quality of 23 years old Sahebi grape (Vitis vinifera L.). The experiment comprised of 9 treatments with 2 growth regulators, viz. GA3 (20 and 40 ppm), 6-BA (10 and 20 ppm) and their combinations were sprayed at 3 stages, viz. S1, pre-bloom (single spray); S2, 3–4 mm berry size (single spray); S3, pre-bloom + 3–4 mm berry size (double superimposed spray) were replicated thrice in randomized block design (RBD). Observations were recorded on berry yield, bunch and physico-chemical characteristics. Application of GA3 @40 ppm + 6-BA @10 ppm at pre-bloom + 3–4 mm berry size (double superimposed spray) stage resulted in highest berry yield, bunch weight, bunch length and total sugars followed by treatment G6S3 during both the years, however treatment G8S3 recorded significantly higher bunch diameter, berry length, berry weight, total soluble solids, TSS/acid ratio and juice content. The interaction studies had no influence on berry diameter, acidity, ascorbic acid and anthocyanin content.

Evaluation of Plantain (Musa spp.) Varieties for Growth and Yield Characters in Humid Rainforest Zone of Nigeria

A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the growth and yield characteristics of plantain varieties in the humid rain forest zone of Nigeria. The research was conducted at the University of Uyo Teaching and Research Farm in Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of various plantain varieties with a view to identify high yielding genotypes. The planting material used for this study were the following varieties - 4479-1, 7152-2, Agbagba, Akpakpak, Mbiegome and a local cultivar called “Ogoni Red” obtained from the iInternational iInstitute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Onne, River State. Data collected on shoot and bunch yields characters were statistically assessed by analysis of variance. The growth characters showed significant variations among the plantain varieties. Plant height at 32 weeks after planting showed that variety 4479-1 recorded the highest height, 4.09 m while Agbagba and Mbiegome had heights 3.21 m and 3.07 m, respectively. The bunch characteristics measured after harvesting were statistically significant differences (P < 0.05) among the varieties. The bunch weight differed significantly (P < 0.05) amongst the varieties. The result showed that the yield (bunch weight) for Mbiegome was 10.55 kg, followed by 4479-1 with 10.28 kg., while 7152-2, Ogoni red and Agbagba varieties recorded 07.68 kg, 04.11 kg and 09.5 kg, respectively. In this study, variety Mbiegome outperformed other varieties in terms of yield and yield components apart from the finger thickness and length and is therefore recommended to promotion in Akwa Ibom State.

Characteristics of liquid waste from biopulping of oil palm empty fruit bunches using black liquor

Biopulping is a process that is carried out before fiber ripening using chemicals in the pulp ripening process. The use of black liquor in the biopulping process can reduce pollution due to chemicals. This study aims to determine the effect of black liquor on the characteristics of liquid waste biopulping oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB). Observations made include BOD5, COD, TSS, and pH. This study used a completely randomized research design with three replications. The research data were analyzed using the F test. If different, it was continued with Duncan’s test at 5%. The results showed that black liquor in the OPEFB biopulping process significantly affected BOD5, COD, and pH but had no significant impact on TSS. The resulting waste still needs to be processed because it exceeds the maximum waste generated from the pulp mill based on the Decree of the State Minister of the Environment (KEP 51-/MENLH/10/1995).

Estimation of transverse bunch characteristics in the LHC using Schottky-based diagnostics

In this paper, we discuss different approaches for the estimation of transverse bunch characteristics, namely, tune and chromaticity, using Schottky-based diagnostics. In particular, we show how, depending on the signal quality and the availability of other instruments or information sources, we can choose appropriate strategies combining both spectrum fitting procedures and explicit parameter calculations. In addition, we revisit and formally derive the expression that relates the chromaticity with the width of the Schottky spectral sidebands, discussing the rigorous meaning of this width and in which conditions it can be applied. Results obtained using the proposed approaches are compared with the standard techniques for different fills in the LHC.

The characteristics of bio-oil hydrothermal pyrolysis empty fruit bunches based on powder size and hydrogen gas pressure

Bio oil is the result of pyrolysis of biomass raw materials in the form of dark-colored liquids containing major chemical compounds such as benzene compounds, aromatic compounds, aliphatic, and other organic compounds. In the future, bio-oil is expected to be a substitute for fossil fuels as they are more environmentally friendly. Empty fruit bunches (EFB) from oil palm are one type of biomass that can be used as bio-oil products. The elements of pyrolysis that were analyzed were High Heating Value (MJ/kg), pH, viscosity, density and analysis of the components of hydrocarbon compounds formed using GCMS analysis. The results showed that HHV value 35.66 MJ / - 39.09 MJ/kg, the pH value of bio-oil was somewhat similar to normal pH 4 - 6, and viscosity was 4 - 9 cp. The results of GCMS analysis showed that the content of the optimal percentage of hydrocarbon compounds was treated with 40 mesh powders with a hydrogen pressure of 15 bar. 19 types of hydrocarbon compounds were found with a total percentage of 13.79 %.

Rootstocks and potassium fertilization on yield performance and quality of ‘Niagara Rosada’ grapevine under subtropical conditions

The current study aimed to assess the influence of rootstocks (‘IAC 572’ and ‘IAC 766’) and potassium fertilization with different sources (KCl and K2SO4) and concentrations (0, 75, 150 and 300 kg ha-1 K2O) regarding to yield performance and grape quality of ‘Niagara Rosada’, as well as the variation of K availability in soil. Thus, yield components; physical characteristics of bunches and berries; chemical composition, bioactive compounds, and antioxidant activity of grape berry; leaf K content; and variation of K availability in soil were evaluated in two consecutive seasons (2017 and 2018). Results showed no influence of rootstocks on yield performance of ‘Niagara Rosada’; however, grapevines grafted on to ‘IAC 766’ produced berries with higher concentration of total flavonoids and anthocyanins. Furthermore, KCl provided higher concentration of total flavonoids and anthocyanins compared to K2SO4. In general, potassium sources had similar effects on the variation of K availability in soil. Results indicated that there was small effect between K doses with regards to production and qualitative parameters. We therefore estimated a fertilization rate of 150 kg ha-1 K2O to maintain K concentration in soil after each production cycle