Bunaken National Park Research Articles

Aaptamine-rich Fraction from the Indonesian Marine Sponge, Aaptos suberitoides, Exhibits a Cytotoxic Effect on DLD-1 Colorectal Cancer Cells.

This study aimed to investigate the cytotoxicity effect of the ethyl acetate extract of Aaptos suberitoides on colorectal cancer cells (DLD-1) and murine fibroblast cells (NIH-3T3). A. suberitoides was collected from Putus Island, Bunaken National Park, North Sulawesi, Indonesia, and was processed with maceration and ethyl acetate extraction. The sponge extract was characterized based on Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) and then identified by using LCMS/MS analysis. DLD-1 and NIH-3T3 cells were treated with the ethyl acetate extract and then followed by 3- [4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl] -2.5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay to assess their cytotoxicity effect. LCMS/MS analysis showed that the most abundant compounds in this extract were identified as aaptamine (1). Furthermore, this study revealed that the active ethyl acetate fraction of A. suberitoides has cytotoxic effects in colorectal cancer DLD-1 cells with an IC50 value of 9.597 µg/mL, higher than NIH-3T3 cells with an IC50 value of 12.23 µg/mL Thus, the active ethyl acetate fraction of A. suberitoides is considered more toxic to cancer cells than normal cells. This study provides the first evidence to support the role of the ethyl acetate extract of A. suberitoides sponge extracts to be developed as a colorectal anticancer agent.

Identification of Mangrove Zonation in Sondaken Village, Bunaken National Park Area

Sondaken Village has three mangrove zones, each with its own type of plant. The first zone, facing directly towards the sea, is dominated by Avicennia sp. The second zone, in the middle, is characterized by Rizophora sp. The third zone, closer to the land, is predominantly Bruguiera sp. Mangroves have different levels of growth, including seedling level, stake level, pole level, and tree level. The purpose of this study was to determine the types and growth levels of mangroves within its zonation in Sondaken Village, which is part of Bunaken National Park Area. This was done using exploratory and descriptive survey methods, by creating 3 plots in each zone from the edge to the center, with sizes of 10x10 m2, 5x5 m2, and 2x2 m2. The research found that mangrove in Sondaken Village consist of Avicennia sp, Rizophora sp, and Bruguiera sp, with the number of individuals per species being 124, 133, and 113 individuals respectively. Each type of mangrove has different growth levels and numbers.

Water Quality of Ranowangko River That Crosses Tomohon City and Minahasa Regency, North Sulawesi Province

The Ranowangko River passes through Tomohon City and Minahasa Regency, ending in the Sulawesi Sea. Tombariri District, is the Bunaken National Park area. Ranowangko River Water Monitoring in 2022 by the Regional Environmental Service of North Sulawesi Province shows that Fecal Coli and Total Coli parameters in the Ranowangko River at Station 1 do not meet the requirements according to Government Regulation Number 22 of 2021 concerning Class 2 National Water Quality Standards (BMA). Research to assess water quality from biological, physical and chemical aspects as well as determine water quality status. Monitoring was carried out 4 times in 2 consecutive years at 3 observation stations. Quantitative data and qualitative data include water quality analysis through determination of 14 parameters compared according to BMA Class 2. The water quality data was analyzed using the Storet Method to determine water quality status in accordance with Minister of Environment Decree Number 115 of 2003. The results showed Fecal Coli and Total Coli (Biological Aspects), TSS (Physical Aspects), Total Phosphate (Chemical Aspects) exceeded the BMA. Score calculation results using the Storet method at Station 1: -68, Station 2: -72 and Station 3: -76. Based on the value system According to Minister of Environment Decree 115 of 2003, the score above shows that the Water Quality Status of the Ranowangko River is heavily polluted. Recommendations to the regional governments of Tomohon City and Minahasa Regency to carry out further monitoring of the water quality of the Ranowangko River.

Identification Of The Condition Of The Ship Wreck As A Diving Tourism Object In The Waters Of "Tawara" Bunaken National Park, North Sulawesi Province

Identification Of The Condition Of The Ship Wreck As A Diving Tourism Object In The Waters Of "Tawara" Bunaken National Park, North Sulawesi Province

EXPLORING AND DEVELOPING LOCAL WISDOM IN RELATION TO MARINE CONSERVATION IN THE BUNAKEN NATIONAL MARINE PARK

The environment is a global concern, including within Bunaken National Park. Safeguarding biodiversity is crucial for sustainable use. However, conservation efforts still face challenges. A significant threat to forest ecosystems is illegal logging, fragmentation, and forest conversion. This study aims to comprehend the local wisdom of the Bunaken National Park community concerning marine conservation. The study employs a qualitative research method with an ecological anthropology approach. Data were collected by means of interviews, observations, and document analysis from local communities. The findings reveal several significant points: Firstly, the community actively engages in the marine conservation process through a participatory approach. Despite the initial clash of interests between fishermen and the national park management, a mutual understanding was eventually reached regarding marine protection zones, encompassing core and utilization zones. Secondly, religious leaders wield a pivotal role in conservation endeavors. They interact with formal leaders and the community during worship, encouraging marine environment protection and community involvement in trash cleanup and preservation of mangrove trees. Thirdly, local wisdom, knowledge, and values persist in people's daily lives. Despite the religious shift from traditional beliefs to Christianity and Islam, certain values endure, such as the correlation between celestial bodies (moon and stars) and agricultural and fishing activities. Fourthly, the Navy contributes to marine conservation by offering close supervision, influencing changes in the mindset and behavior of the neighboring community to safeguard mangrove forests and marine habitats while diminishing the risk of wave-related disasters during high tides.

Analysis of The Conditions of Acropora Transplant Corals in "Liang" Bunaken National Park, North Sulawesi Province

Coral transplantation is the grafting or cutting of live corals to be transplanted elsewhere or where the corals have been damaged, aiming for restoration or the formation of natural coral reefs. Coral transplantation plays a role in accelerating the regeneration of coral reefs that have been damaged and can also be used to build new coral reef areas that previously did not exist. Meanwhile, the objectives of the research are: To describe the initial conditions, artificial coral transplantation in Liang, at the Bunaken National Park location; Analyzing the number of transplanted corals that survived for 3 years; Analyzing the condition of transplanted corals by measuring the length and number of coral branches that survived for 3 years. The results obtained for coral transplantation carried out in "Liang" Bunaken National Park, from 84 transplanted in 7 Modules, 76 coral fragments survived, and only 8 coral fragments died, with a 90% survival percentage. The average value of the increase in height of transplanted coral fragments was 10 cm, and the number of branches that increased in each coral fragment was an average of 11 branches in each surviving coral fragment. This means that from 2018 to 2021, the increase in height and number of branches is around 3 cm per year.

Analysis of The Conditions of Acropora Transplant Corals in "Liang" Bunaken National Park, North Sulawesi Province

Analysis of The Conditions of Acropora Transplant Corals in "Liang" Bunaken National Park, North Sulawesi Province

Analisis Sentimen Wisatawan terhadap Taman Nasional Bunaken dan Top 10 Hotel Rekomendasi Tripadvisor Menggunakan Algoritma SVM dan DT berbasis CRISP-DM

It is necessary to analyze traveler sentiment towards Bunaken National Park and Tripadvisor's Top 10 Recommended Hotels to identify traveler satisfaction with the attractions, accommodation services, and transportation used. Considering this, this study uses the Cross-Industry Standard Process for Data Mining (CRISP-DM) framework by testing the performance of the Decision Tree (DT) algorithm and the Support Vector Machine (SVM). CRISP-DM has six stages: business understanding, data understanding, data preparation, modeling, evaluation, and deployment. Based on the processing of 398 Bunaken National Park destination data and 1793 review data on the top 10 hotels recommended by Tripadvisor, the SVM algorithm performed better. In the context of Bunaken National Park destination data, the performance of the SVM algorithm using the SMOTE operator can produce 100% accuracy, precision, recall, f-measure, AUC, and t-Test values. In addition, in processing the top 10 hotel datasets recommended by Tripadvisor, the SVM algorithm using the SMOTE operator provides an accuracy value of 96.42%, a precision value of 100%, a recall value of 92.83%, an f-measure value of 96.27%, an AUC value of 100%, and a t-Test value of 96.4%. The results of identifying the five words that most often appear in tourist reviews for Bunaken Marine Park tourist destinations are 164 words fish, 165 words island, 193-word dive, 230 diving, and 280 words Bunaken. This indicates the driving factor for tourist visits to Bunaken Marine Park is the beauty of underwater nature, including the diversity of marine animal species, the natural beauty of the archipelago, and diving activities. In addition, the results of identifying the five words that most often appear in traveler reviews for Tripadvisor's top 10 recommended hotels are 1170 great words, 1222 bunaken words, 1550 resort words, 1613 diving words, and 1711 dive words. This indicates that the characteristics of tourists who have the motive of traveling to Bunaken National Tourism Park have the intention to use resort accommodations around Bunaken and have mobility and facilities to support diving activities. Thus, the output of this study can be used as a recommendation for accommodation service managers to prepare supporting facilities for tourists who want to visit Bunaken National Park.

Avifauna Species Diversity for the Development of Birdwatching Ecotourism in the Mangrove Forest of Bango Village, Mantehage Island, Bunaken National Park

AbstrakEkowisata merupakan salah satu cara untuk mengembangkan suatu area konservasi. Taman Nasional Bunaken mempunyai lokasi wisata Mangrove Trail yang terletak di Desa Bango, Pulau Mantehage, dengan panjang mangrove trail sepanjang 800 m. Sampai saat ini, pemanfaatan trail untuk tujuan wisata burung belum optimal dilakukan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui nilai keanekaragaman jenis burung dan mendesain trail ekowisata birdwatching di Mangrove Trail Desa Bango dan area sekitarnya berdasarkan temuan jenis burung. Penelitian dilakukan pada bulan November 2022 dengan Metode Point Count pada 6 tipe tutupan lahan (perkebunan campuran, hutan primer, hutan mangrove, hutan sekunder, lahan terbuka, dan perkebunan campuran). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat sebanyak 49 jenis dari 18 famili. Berdasarkan hasil pengamatan, tutupan lahan hutan mangrove memiliki nilai keanekaragaman dengan nilai H’ = 2.74, lahan terbuka H’ = 2.52, hutan sekunder H’ = 2.51, perkebunan campuran sebelah kiri trail H’ = 2.46, hutan primer H’ = 2.45 dan perkebunan campuran sebelah kanan trail H’ = 2.40. Rata-rata nilai setiap tutupan lahan H’ = 2.51 dengan keanekaragaman jenis total H’ = 2.80. Terdapat sebanyak 8 jenis merupakan burung endemik kawasan Wallacea, dan 11 jenis burung dilindungi. Berdasarkan IUCN Redlist Version 2022-2 diperoleh jenis-jenis burung yang masuk ke dalam 3 kategori yaitu LC (Least Concern) = 46 jenis, NT (Near Threatened) yaitu Cekakak Hutan Dada Sisik (Actenoides princeps) dan Itik Benjut (Anas gibberifrons), dan VU (Vulnerable) yaitu Kuntul Cina (Egretta eulophotes). Pola sebaran burung dibagi menjadi 3 kategori yakni burung migran sebanyak 19 jenis, penetap 8 jenis dan kosmopolitan sebanyak 22 jenis. Hasil temuan tersebut mengindikasikan bahwa perlu adanya pengembangan ekowisata birdwatching dengan cara penambahan trail di sebelah kanan Mangrove Trail berbentuk oval untuk pengamatan jenis-jenis yang dilindungi, migran, endemik, Least Concern, Near Threatened, dan Vulnerable.

Fasilitasi bantuan usaha ekonomi kreatif kelompok masyarakat binaan Balai Taman Nasional Bunaken di Pulau Nain

Community empowerment in buffer zone villages is one of the conservation-based development efforts. Community empowerment through the development of the creative economy is an alternative for the community in developing their local potential. Nain Island is the farthest island in the Bunaken National Park area which can only be accessed by sea from the mainland of North Sulawesi. This limited access needs to be supported by the development of infrastructure in terms of transportation, electricity, water, social, economic, education, health and environmental development. Economic crisis have a serious impact on the future of the existence of the national park, namely the level of education of the people in and around the conservation area. Recognizing the above, Bunaken National Park Center distributes various kinds of assistance for empowering community economic enterprises through fostered groups in all areas of management at the site level (resort). Groups that have been assisted previously for a sufficient period of time will then be tested for feasibility and readiness in terms of receiving assistance. The implementation of facilitation activities and the provision of creative economic business assistance to the assisted village community groups on Nain Island is carried out on an ongoing basis. The method of implementing the activities is in the form of data collection and group assistance. It is true that the Sinar Bahari Nain group has been facilitated in receiving assistance for capital stimulus for creative economy businesses. Assistance to community groups needs to be carried out routinely and attached after the provision of assistance and supervised in its use.

Fasilitasi Bantuan Usaha Ekonomi Kreatif Kelompok Masyarakat Binaan Balai Taman Nasional Bunaken di Pulau Nain

Community empowerment through the development of the creative economy is an alternative for the community in developing their local potential. Economic crises have a serious impact on the future of the existence of the national park, namely the level of education of the people in and around the conservation area. Recognizing the above, Bunaken National Park Center distributes various kinds of assistance for empowering community economic enterprises through fostered groups in all areas of management at the site level (resort). Groups that have been assisted previously for a sufficient period will then be tested for feasibility and readiness in terms of receiving assistance. The implementation of facilitation activities and the provision of creative economic business assistance to the assisted village community groups on Nain Island is carried out on an ongoing basis. The method of implementing the activities is in the form of data collection and group assistance. The Sinar Bahari Nain group has indeed been facilitated in receiving assistance for capital stimulus for creative economy businesses. Assistance to community groups needs to be carried out routinely and attached after the provision of assistance and supervised in its use.

Management strategy for marine tourism in Bunaken National Park North Sulawesi Province

Bunaken National Park is well-known as one of the special interest tourist destinations with diving activities as its main attraction. Bunaken National Park is also famous for its unique underwater landscape in the form of coral reef walls. Some of the marine tourism attractions in Bunaken National Park are diving, snorkeling, underwater photography, Bottom Glass Boat (catamaran), dolphin watching, and dugong watching. In its management, Bunaken Park has several problems, such as the potential for tourist attractions that are not optimal, mass tourism, litter and the illegal capture of protected marine animals. This study aims to obtain a marine tourism management strategy and its priorities. The analysis method used is interpretative structural modeling using experts as data sources. The experts used as data sources are 2 people from academics and 1 person from the former manager of the Bunaken National Park (DPTNB). The strategies obtained are visitor management strategies, environmental quality improvement strategies and community empowerment strategies. To realize this strategy, program implementation is strengthening regulations and permits, Waste Management, Destination development, community empowerment and stakeholder cooperation.

Design of a Semi-Submersible Tourism Ship for Bunaken Underwater Recreation in Manado, Indonesia

With a rapid increase in various number of marine tourism destinations, especially in The Bunaken National Park with the amount of tourists that has increased throughout the year rising by 23% for domestic tourists and 12% for international tourists between 2002 and 2018. Unfortunately, to enjoy the underwater scenery of The Bunaken National Park can access by diving and snorkeling which is not all tourist can do that. Furthermore, in order to support the marine tourism industry in Indonesia, a semi-submersible tourism ship was developed with a glass at the hull's bottom based on the standard spiral design and the safety standard established by the rules so the tourists can easily enjoy the underwater ecosystem. The concept design of bottom-glass ship with trimaran hull type is offered as a problem-solving in this paper. The final design of the main dimensions are length of overall (LOA): 23,1 meters, width (B): 8 meters, Draft (T): 2.22 meters but the maximum submerged up to 2,5 meters, speed of 10 knots, and passenger capacity of 44 persons.

Strategi Penyelesaian Konflik Tenurial Melalui Kemitraan Konservasi Di Taman Nasional Bunaken (Studi Kasus Pulau Mantehage)

This research aims to analyze stakeholders for the implementation of conservation partnerships on Mantehage Island and formulate strategies for implementing conservation partnerships on Mantehage Island. This research was conducted from April to July 2022. The research method used a qualitative and quantitative descriptive approach. Primary data were obtained through direct interviews with managers of the Bunaken National Park area, village governments and community leaders on Mantehage Island. The questionnaire was conducted on the people on Mantehage Island with a total of 30 respondents who have plantation land on Mantehage Island. Secondary data was obtained from the Bunaken National Park Management Plan document for 2019-2028 as well as village monograph data. The results showed that there were seven stakeholders with the implementation of conservation partnerships on Mantehage Island, namely the Bunaken National Park Office, Local Communities, Village Governments and Non-Governmental Organizations as Key Players; Farmer's Group is located as Subject; Academics/Universities are located as Context Setters and Investors are located as Crowd. The results of the analysis related to the strategy of implementing conservation partnerships on Mantehage Island using the SWOT method show a position in quadrant I, namely supporting an aggressive strategy in which the implementation of conservation partnerships on Mantehage Island is supported by great strengths and opportunities.

Strategi Penanggulangan Gangguan Kawasan Konservasi Di Taman Nasional Bunaken (Studi Kasus Di Pulau Mantehage)

This research aims to explore the factors that cause disturbances in conservation areas and determine strategies for dealing with disturbances in Conservation Areas on Mantehage Island, Bunaken National Park, using a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods. The factors causing the disturbance were obtained through observation, questionnaires and in-depth interviews. Furthermore, a SWOT analysis is used to formulate a strategy for overcoming disturbances based on the factors that cause disturbances that have been identified. It was found that the factors causing disturbances in the Bunaken National Park area were: weak law enforcement; lack of trained human resources (Forest Police); limited facilities and supporting infrastructure; and the economic limitations of the local population. Based on the results of the research, the strategy that can be used is the SO Strategy, which uses all the strengths of the organization to take advantage of opportunities. The strategy that can be used is the development of conservation through the protection and enhancement of the conservation of the TNB area by coordinating with communities, groups, institutions and government and developing a conservation partnership program on Mantehage Island through tourism development.

Analisis Kesesuaian Ekowisata Pantai Dan Bahari Di Pesisir Perairan Tanjung Kelapa Desa Poopoh Taman Nasional Bunaken

This research aims to analyze the suitability of coastal and marine ecotourism in the waters of Tanjung (Tj) Kelapa, Poopoh Village, Bunaken National Park (TN). The research was conducted from January to March 2022 in the coastal waters of Poopoh Village, Tombariri District, Minahasa Regency, North Sulawesi Province. This research uses the tourism suitability matrix analysis method. The data is taken from literature studies and direct field data measurements, displayed in the form of tables, graphs and images and processed by mathematical calculations for tourism suitability assessment. The research was conducted at 8 research stations, 2 research stations for beach recreation category, 2 research stations for snorkeling tourism category and 4 research stations for diving tourism category. The results showed that the suitability of tourism at the beach recreation research station was in the suitable category and very suitable, the snorkeling tour station was in the suitable category and at the diving tourism station 2 stations were in the suitable category and 2 stations were in the unsuitable category.

Evaluasi Keragaan Kelompok Binaan Di Daerah Penyangga Bagian Selatan Taman Nasional Bunaken

This study aims to describe as well to evaluate the performance of the fostered groups in the southern buffer zone of the Bunaken National Park. This research was conducted from April to June 2022. The research method used is semi-quantitative analysis where data collection is carried out using a questionnaire to see the indicators of Institutional Management, Estate Management and Business Management of each target group based on the Regulation of the Minister of Environment and Forestry PP.89/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/8/2018 concerning Forest Farmer Groups. The selection of respondents was done intentionally, who are the administrators and members of the Bunaken National Park Center assisted groups, namely: Cahaya Trans, Singkanaung, Mutirara Kreatif, Minaesa Sylva Jaya and Cahaya Tatapaan. The results of the interview will be verified with physical evidence in the form of Minutes, Decision Letters, Attendance and so on. The results showed that the dynamics of the different assisted groups fluctuated so that they needed social engineering to improve their performance, while for the performance assessment the Minaesa Sylva Jaya group with a score of 10.53 or the Less category, while for the three groups it was in the Enough category; Mutiara Kreatif (54.39), Cahaya Trans (47.37), and Singkanaung (33.33) while Cahaya Tatapaan with a score of 65.79 or included in the Good category. prevent a vacuum and maintain the continuity of the community empowerment program in the southern buffer area of Bunaken National Park.

PERSEPSI DAN MOTIVASI PENGUNJUNG NUSANTARA TAMAN NASIONAL BUNAKEN

This study aims to determine perceptions and motivations of domestic visitors to Bunaken National Park. Data collection was carried out during September to November 2021. The research method used was a survey method with a sample of respondents taken randomly, using a purposive sampling of 150 people. The results showed that the characteristics of visitors were evenly distributed in all ages in the age range of 21-25 years, dominated by Bachelor and Senior High School, professions of private employees, entrepreneurs and civil servants, income between Rp 1.000.000,- – Rp 2.000.000 to more than Rp 5.000.000 and the number of family members between 3 - 5 people. The perception of visitors is attractive as much as 44.7% and very attractive 37.3%, the value being very important is 62.7% and important is 27.3%, visitor satisfaction convey 41.3% satisfied and 40.7% very satisfied. The motivation of visitors because of the advantages Bunaken National Park 35% a good natural tourist destination, 21% near to Manado City and 17% cheap and easy accessibility, as a reference source of visiting information 38% comes from stories of friends, 24% social media facebook, 15.3% social media instagram and 12.7% websites.

Mangrove species of Mantehage Island, Bunaken National Park, North Sulawesi, Indonesia

Abstract. Djamaluddin R, Djabar B. 2022. Mangrove species of Mantehage Island, Bunaken National Park, North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 23: 2845-2852. A study on mangrove species in Mantehage Island, Bunaken National Park, North Sulawesi, Indonesia, is important due to the large extent of mangrove forest, geographical position, and geomorphological characteristics of the island. Many mangrove species are expected to occur on this island. This study was conducted to explore the biological diversity of mangrove species and to evaluate the biogeography and conservation status of certain species occurring on this island. Extensive surveys were conducted throughout the island on the areas covered with mangroves, with a total of 58 locations surveyed using spot check and quadrat-transect methods, and species identification was based on morphological characteristics. Results showed that in Mantehage Island there were 20 species of true mangrove belonging to 13 genera and 11 families, including Acanthus ilicifolius L., Acrostichum spesiosum Willd., Aegiceras corniculatum (L.) Blanco, Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh., Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (L.) Lamk., Bruguiera parvilora Weight & Arnold ex Griffith, Ceriops tagal (Perr.) C.B. Rob, Excoecaria agallocha L., Heritiera littoralis Dryand, Nypa fruticans (Thunb.) Wurmb., Rhizophora apiculata Bl., Rhizophora mucronata Lamk., Rhizophora stylosa Griff., Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea Gaertn., Sonneratia alba J. Smith, Sonneratia ovata Blake., Xylocarpus granatum K?enig. Three rare species in the mangrove of Bunaken National Park, Camptostemon philippinense (Vidal) Becc., Bruguiera cylindrica (L.) Bl. and Lumnitzera racemosa Willd. were also recorded. The presence of C. philippinense could explain its distribution limit on the northern coast of North Sulawesi. Indication of putative hybrids in the genera of Rhizophora was found, but this needs further investigation. Two species of conservation concern, C. philippinense and S. ovata, are categorized as endangered and near-threatened species, respectively.

Persepsi Kelompok Pemandu Wisata Terhadap Konservasi Penyu di Pesisir Pulau Bunaken, Taman Nasional Bunaken, Manado, Sulawesi Utara

Public perception of turtle conservation in an area will determine the success of turtle conservation activities. This study aims to analyze the perception of tour guide groups towards turtle conservation on the coast of Bunaken Island, Bunaken National Park, Manado, North Sulawesi. The research method was carried out by means of observation and surveys. Collecting data in the form of interviews with a questionnaire guide. The selection of respondents was carried out by purposive sampling with the target group of tour guides, especially dive guides. Data analysis was carried out using a qualitative descriptive method. The results showed that most of the respondents (78%) already understand about turtle conservation and no longer consume turtles (100%). The turtle habitat which includes coral reefs and seagrasses still supports the presence of turtles and turtles are almost visible at all observation locations. The understanding of turtle conservation by dive guides is quite good, but to maintain the sustainability of conservation so that it is maximized, it is necessary to provide guidance and supervision to the diving guides and also to the surrounding community.