Bulk Density Of Corn Research Articles

Particle size and physical characteristic of corn milling results using hammer mill as poultry feed ingredients

Feed ingredients used in poultry feed, generally require size reduction before being used in mixing rations, such as corn. The process of reducing the size of corn is the initial process that must be carried out for ration production. The machine that is commonly used to reduce the size is the hammer mill. This study aims to determine the particle size and physical characteristics of corn as a poultry feed ingredient by grinding using a hammer mill. The study was arranged using a completely randomized design with four treatments of amount of corn milled with three replications. The treatments were P1 = 5 kg, P2 = 10 kg, P3 = 15 kg, and P4 = 20 kg. Parameters observed were particle size and degree of fineness of milled results, bulk density, and specific gravity, angle of repose, capacity and efficiency of hammer mill machine performance. The results showed that the largest particle size was P4 at 3.167 mm with a fineness degree of 4.927 and the smallest particle size was P1 at 2.810 mm with a fineness degree of 4.756. Overall, the category of corn milling results using a hammer mill is the category of coarse milling results. The results of the analysis of variance showed that the amount of corn milled treatment had no significant effect on the angle of repose, specific gravity and bulk density of corn milled using a hammer mill. The difference in the number of milled corn does not affect the difference in the particle size of the corn produced from the milling results, so it does not affect the angle of repose, specific gravity and bulk density.

PSXII-3 Rumen microbiome from beef steers undergoing grain adaptation with steam-flaked corn varying in bulk density

Abstract The effects of steam-flaked corn bulk density during grain adaptation phase on ruminal microbiome were evaluated. Crossbred-Angus ruminally cannulated steers (n = 6; BW = 405 ± 42 kg) were assigned to a randomized complete block design (block = body weight) to 1 of 2 grain adaptation strategies: 1) steam-flaked corn (SFC) bulk density of 335 g/L; and 2) 412 g/L. Steers were ad libitum fed, individually, during 6-7d phases, consisting of: HAY, followed by the STEP-UP1 through STEP-UP4, diets, respectively, in which roughage was gradually replaced with grain until FINISHER diet was fed. Respective SFC bulk densities were fed throughout STEP-UP diets, while the FINISHER diet consisted of 335 g/L strategy only for both groups. Ruminal fluid samples (100 mL) were collected on d-5 of each step, at 6h post-feeding for DNA extraction. Microbiome data were sequenced by Illumnia® NovaSeq™ 6000 (16S rRNA). The SFC bulk density did not affect (P > 0.50) the relative abundance (RA) for any taxonomy classification. Regardless of SFC bulk density, inclusion of grain throughout adaptation phases affected domain (P ≤ 0.03) when initial phases were compared to FINISHER. Phylum RA were affected (P ≤ 0.05) for Actinobacteria (27%), Bacteroidetes (11%), and Euryarchaeota (2%). Within Class RA were affected (P ≤ 0.04) for Clostridia (46%), Actinobacteria (27%), and Bacilli (5%). Order effects on RA were observed (P ≤ 0.04) for Clostridiales (45%), Coriobacteriales (25%), and Lactobacillales (4%). Within Family RA was affected (P ≤ 0.03) for Coriobacteriaceae (25%), Lachnospiraceae (27%), Ruminococcaceae (6%), and Lactobacillaceae (4%), while a tendency (P = 0.09) was observed for Veillonellaceae (1%). In Genus, RA was affected (P ≤ 0.01) for Olsenela (22%), Pediococcus (3%), and Butyrivibrio (3%). As steers advance through subsequent grain adaptation phases until the FINISHER, more meaningful ruminal microbiome changes are observed than SFC density change.

PSII-31 Manipulation of steam-flaked corn bulk density during grain adaptation phase of beef steers: ruminal fermentation characteristics and feeding behavior

Abstract The effects of steam-flaked corn bulk density (SFC-BD) during grain adaptation phase on ruminal fermentation characteristics and feeding behavior were evaluated. Six crossbred ruminally-cannulated Angus beef steers (BW = 404 ± 42 kg; experimental units) were used in a randomized complete block design (block = BW). Steers were assigned to adaptation strategy grain-treatment: a) SFC-BD of 335g/L (335); or b) 412g/L (412). Steers were fed ad-libitum during six 7d phases consisting of: HAY; step-up (1, 2, 3, and 4); and a common 335 SFC-BD FINISHER diet. Respective SFC-BD treatments were fed throughout step-up diets. Ruminal pH was continuously measured (wireless pH probes), and ruminal fluid collected for further analyses. A continuous observation (24h) was used for feeding behavior. Data were analyzed using GLIMMIX procedures of SAS. SFC-BD did not affect (P ≥ 0.19) measured variables, except for increasing NDF (P < 0.01) and tending to increase (P = 0.09) ADF digestibility for 412 steers during step-up 2 and 3. Steers fed 412 had greater (P ≤ 0.05) DMI during step-up 3 and 4 compared to FINISHER. Greater (P ≤ 0.01) digestible DMI during step-up 4 and FINISHER were observed compared to other phases. Digestible NDF/ADF intakes were greatest (P ≤ 0.05) during HAY-phase. Digestibility of DM was lowest (P ≤ 0.05) during HAY-phase. Steers ruminated more (P ≤ 0.05) during HAY-phase than FINISHER. Chewing was greatest (P ≤ 0.05) for HAY and intermediate for Step-up 1. Ruminal C2:C3 decreased (P < 0.01) as steers advanced through phases. Ruminal ammonia-N was greatest (P < 0.01) for step-up 1 and 2, and intermediate for other phases. The SFC-BD range studied seemed to not dramatically affect ruminal fermentation characteristics and feeding behavior. The most critical moment evidenced was between HAY and the receiving diet, as well as, when 412 g/L was suddenly switched to 335 g/L.

QUANTIFYING CORN DETERIORATION DUE TO FUNGAL GROWTH BY USE OF CO2-SENSITIVE GEL

Carbon dioxide (CO2) generation is a useful measure of aerobic respiration of the microbes that decompose organic materials. Woods End Labs markets the Solvita test kit to measure CO2 generated by samples of compost or soil. A procedure was developed to use the Solvita kit to quantify the storage condition of shelled corn. The ISU-Solvita Corn Testing Procedure uses shelled corn stored at 20C. After a 24-h incubation period, a CO2-sensitive gel coated paddle is sealed in a jar containing 100 g of corn. After 4 h, the CO2 level in the jar is indicated by the color of the gel. The ISU-Solvita Corn Testing Procedure was shown to be capable of quantifying the storage state of corn over a range of moistures and durations of incubation after re-wetting. A linear relation was observed between corn moisture and measured %CO2 for moistures between 18% and 22%. An exponential relation was observed between measured %CO2 and storage times of 20% moisture corn from 3 to 12 days at 27C. In other tests in which samples were rewetted to 20% moisture and incubated 24 h, there was no relationship between corn with visible mechanical damage or corn bulk density and measured CO2.

Dust suppression in swine feed using soybean oil

Dust generation from swine feed (corn-soybean meal diet) treated with soybean oil was investigated using a cement mixer in a plywood box. Airborne total dust concentrations in the box were measured gravimetrically using a vacuum pump and filters while 12-kg feed samples were constantly mixed. The treatment factors were soybean oil concentration (0, 1, and 3%), corn bulk density (normal, 730 kg/m3 and low, 600 kg/m3), time of oil addition (before vs after grinding the corn), and storage time (0, 7, and 14 d). The feed was a mixture of soybean meal, base mix, and adjusted amounts of ground corn and soybean oil. Adding soybean oil after grinding at 1 and 3% levels to feed made with normal-bulk density corn suppressed total dust generation (3.39 and .99 mg/m3, respectively) (P < .001) compared with the no oil treatment (29.1 mg/m3). The 3% soybean oil treatment suppressed dust generation (.99 mg/m3) more than the 1% soybean oil treatment (3.39 mg/m3) (P < .001). Adding soybean oil after grinding the corn suppressed dust generation more than adding the oil to the corn before grinding for every oil level (P < .001). More dust was generated by feed made from low-bulk density corn than by feed made with normal-bulk density corn at every oil level (P < .001). There was no evidence of any storage time or treatment x storage time interactions.

Distribution of Fines and Bulk Density of Corn as Affected by Choke-Flow, Spout-Flow, and Drop-Height

ABSTRACT BIN filling tests were conducted with shelled corn at two different drop-heights under choke-flow and conventional spout-flow conditions. When the choke-flow method was used, the concentration of fine material around the bin center was reduced. The pattern of fme material distribution in corn was affected by the flow methods used in filling, but was not affected by the drop-height. Drop-height and the two flow methods had no significant effect on the bulk density of corn in the bin.

Auger-Stirring Wet and Dry Corn — Airflow Resistance and Bulk Density Effects

ABSTRACT EIGHT tests were carried out to define effects of auger stirring on the airflow resistance and bulk density of wet and dry shelled corn placed in a bin by gravity or by spreader. Stirring decreased bulk density of corn placed with a spreader, but increased or left unchanged the bulk density of gravity-placed corn.

Disturbance Effects of Auger-Stirring Corn

ABSTRACT INVESTIGATIONS were carried out studying diSturbance effects of auger-stirring 11.3 percent moisture corn with a 51-mm (2-in.) diameter stirring auger. Bulk density effects and the shape of the disturbed volume were defined for auger travel rates from 0 to 10.3 mm/s (24.3 in./min). Kernel orientations inside and outside the disturbed region were compared. Auger stirring devices are in wide use in bin-type corn-drying systems. These devices typically consist of one or more open 51-mm (2-in.) diameter, right-hand augers suspended from the bin roof and widewall and extending to near the bin floor. The augers rotate clockwise (viewed from above) and simultaneously travel horizontally. They lift grain from near the bin floor toward the top of the grain mass. H. A. Kalke of Rockford, Iowa was issued United States patent 3,156,541 for an auger stirring apparatus he invented during 1959-61. An auger stirring device was first commercially marketed in 1962. (Murphy, David M., 1977. Personal communication. David Manufacturing Co., Mason City, IA.) Auger stirrers are used with two kinds of bin-drying systems: the in-storage layer-fill system, in which corn is dried and stored in the same bin to a depth of 5 to 6 m (16 to 20 ft), and the bin-batch system, in which corn is placed for drying and cooling and then is removed to storage. In both these systems, the stirrer offers significant management advantages. A stirrer in an in-storage layer system allows the use of air temperatures as high as 60 C (140 F) resulting in faster drying and faster filling. If a stirring device is not used, an air temperature rise greater than about 11C (20 F) may result in moisture contents of less than 10 percent in the bottom layers of corn. Use of a stirrer with a bin-batch system permits doubling of the normal 0.75 to 1.2-m (2.5 to 4-ft) grain depth without an excessive moisture content variation from bottom to top at the completion of drying (Brooker etal.,1974). Two prior studies dealt with disturbance effects of auger stirring. Toms(1968) pictorially defined the region disturbed by a stirring auger as it rotated without hori-zontal movement in a plexiglas-windowed box with a horizontal cross-section 100 mm by 1.8 m (4 in. by 6 ft), containing corn to a depth of 1.8 m (6 ft). After about 15 min of operation, the disturbed region assumed a constant volume having a top width of 790 to 960 mm (31to 38 in.) and a bottom width of 150 mm (6 in.). This volume appeared thoroughly mixed. Hall and Beaty (1970) studied the mixing action of a stirring auger on wheat in a model bin at various horizontal travel rates and rotational speeds. For thorough blending of the 305-mm (12-in.) grain depth, traverse paths of the auger had to be adjacent, or spaced apart and repeated several times. Blending effectiveness improved as rotational speed increased and as horizontal travel rate decreased. This paper reports on a study undertaken to define the boundaries of the region disturbed by a moving stir-ring auger and to investigate effects of auger-stirring on corn bulk density and kernel orientation (Bern, 1973).