Bukhara Oasis Research Articles

Granulometric composition irrigated soils of Bukhara region

The article describes the characteristics of common soil types and their particle size distribution in the Bukhara oasis. In the Bukhara oasis, various types of automorphic, hydromorphic, and semihydromorphic soils, which differ in grading composition, are mainly distributed. In the old irrigated zone of the oasis, old-irrigated meadow heavier and medium loamy soil varieties are common.

The role of the Zarafshan river in the formation of the Bukhara oasis

The role of the Zarafshan river in the formation of the Bukhara oasis

Efficiency of drip irrigation technology of cotton in the saline soils of Bukhara oasis

Efficiency of drip irrigation technology of cotton in the saline soils of Bukhara oasis

CLASSIFICATION OF WEDDING CEREMONIES OF BUKHARA OASIS

Wedding ceremonies embody many aspects of people's life, spiritual culture, and reflect the nation's past, socio-economic life, cultural and spiritual image.The classification of marriage ceremonies, i.e., classification, forms of marriage have been studied enough information by foreign ethnographers in their fundamental works. However, the wedding rituals of the Bukhara oasis have not been studied and classified in detail by ethnographers yet.

The characteristics of irrigated meadow-swamp soils and their quality

It is known that the soils of the Bukhara oasis were formed in a dry and sharply continental climate. Therefore, the relationship between soil-forming parent rocks and groundwater is important. This article describes the natural processes that take place in this relationship, the negative effects that affect soil fertility. The article examines the mechanical composition, salinity, nutrient content, and fertility of these soils by the example of a single type of soil in Vabkent district, and describes their importance for irrigated lands.In particular, the origin, distribution, chemical properties, productivity, as well as quality of irrigated meadow-swamp soils were determined by morphological, profile and other methods compared with the results of previous years.

Efficiency of drip irrigation technology of cotton in saline soils of Bukhara oasis

This article presents the results of scientific research on the use of cotton drip irrigation technology in conditions of water scarcity, saving water resources, assessing the growth and yield of cotton. At the same time, the technology of drip irrigation in the cultivation of the “Bukhara-102” variety of cotton was compared with the options grown in the traditional way. During the experiments, in the control field for the cultivation of the Bukhara-102 variety of cotton, i.e. in the 1st variant, which was irrigated by land invasion, irrigation was carried out 5 times during the growing season according to the scheme 1-3-1. 1240 cbm·ha-1, the seasonal irrigation norm, was 4780 cbm·ha−1; in drip irrigation in variant 2, the irrigation regime was 8 times. The cotton was irrigated according to the scheme 2-5-1. During the period of cotton growing and irrigation, irrigation works were carried out at the rate of 462-488 cbm·ha−1 and seasonal irrigation at the rate of 3339 cbm·ha−1. Less water was used in 1916 cbm·ha−1. When the effect of drip irrigation technology on the yield of cotton was studied, the yield of cotton in the first variant was 3.58 t·ha−1, while in the second variant of drip irrigation was 4.49 t/ha−1. This is 0.91 t·ha−1 higher than the control variant.

Quantitative analysis of soil living organisms and important aspects of vermicompost cultivation

This article provides information on microorganisms, plants and California red worms used in the production of biohumus, which are the main organic components of some cultivated soils in the Bukhara oasis. Also, the services of plants, animals and microorganisms, which are living organisms living in the soil, in increasing soil fertility are described, the importance of plants that provide life factors for each biocenosis in the normal growth and development is revealed.

Discourses on the history of the irrigation of Bukhara oasis

The following article discusses the hard work of the peasants of the Bukhara Oasis, the issues of crop irrigation and water scarcity, the causes and factors of the lack of water in the Bukhara Oasis, especially the efforts done to eliminate water scarcity as the result of the diminishing of the water resources of the Zarafshan River year by year, which provides water to Bukhara during the occupation of the Russian Empire, to reduce water year by year.

Characteristics of irrigated soils of Bukhara region intended for cotton sowing

The work is devoted to the study of the characteristics of irrigated soils of the Zhondarsky district of the Bukhara region, intended for sowing cotton. The acreage allocated for the cultivation of agricultural crops should have appropriate indicators that ensure not only high yields, but also high-quality products. Since many soils of the territory of Uzbekistan, including the Bukhara oasis, are highly saline, research work was carried out on the territory. Along with the other twelve regions, the irrigated soils of the Bukhara region are moderately saline, although there are some farms in which the land is characterized by a high degree of salinity. Among the districts and cities with a high level of salinity, as an example, we can take the soils of the Karakul and Olot districts of the Bukhara oasis. Due to the fact that these areas are located in the desert zone of the region, the salinity level is high due to the low amount of precipitation. The indicators of the content of biogenic elements and the mineral composition of the studied soil samples, the total salt content in the composition of soil samples were studied. The content of soluble ions, the content and studies of the main elements that ensure soil fertility such as humus, phosphorus, nitrogen, potassium and their mobile forms, as well as concentrations of soluble salts in the form of anions, cations and macronutrients have shown that the studied soil belongs to the depleted type of sulfate-chloride salinization.

Determination of the mechanical composition and salinity of the Bukhara Gijduvan district of the Bukhara region

In the article, the mechanical composition and type and level of salinity of meadow-alluvial soils of Gijduvan district of Bukhara region were determined. According to the obtained data, this type of soil is mostly non-saline, salinity is found in the layer below 1 meter. The mechanical composition is moderate in the driving layer, but heavy in the lower layers. In different soil-climatic conditions of our republic, including determining the general properties of irrigated soils of Gijduvon district of Bukhara region, determining the state of land reclamation, reducing the effects of degradation processes occurring in oasis soils, maintaining, increasing and protecting soil fertility, and carrying out research on effective use of land going is important. The reclamation condition of Bukhara oasis soils, their mechanical composition, their origin and causes of formation, the reclamation condition of meadow alluvial soils with different levels of salinity, the melioration condition of the soils of the meadow alluvial soils are noted to be better than that of other meadow alluvial soils. The change in the composition of the absorption complex of saline soils and the increase in the share of sodium and magnesium cations in it is due to the movement of salts in the Aral Sea with the help of the wind. It is necessary to take into account not only the mechanical composition of the soil, the level of salinity, but also the type and chemistry of salinity in salt washing. It is highlighted that special agrotechnical activities are carried out on these soils.

Dependence of microbiological activity of alluvial soils of irrigated meadow of Bukhara oasis on salinity levels

This article presents the problems of studying and improving the physical properties of water, the total porosity of the volume and weight of alluvial soils of ancient irrigated meadows of the Bukhara oasis. Keywords: general porosity, water physical properties, alluvial soils of ancient irrigated meadows of Bukhara oasis volume weight.

Modern salinity leaching technology of agricultural land reclamation (A case study from Bukhara region, Uzbekistan)

This article discusses the impact of the development of water-saving salinity leaching technology on the conditions of meadow-alluvial, moderately saline and medium sandy soils of Bukhara oasis according to its mechanical composition using Biosolvent compounds and the impact of the scientifically based irrigation regime on the reclamation regime of irrigated lands. In a saline-washed field with a Biosolvent combination, the Bukhara-102 variety of Gossypium received irrigation soil moisture at the beginning of vegetation when watered at 70-80-65 percent compared to LFMC, the amount of chlorine in the active (0-100 cm) layer of soil is 0,008%, the amount of sulfate is 0,036% and the amount of dry residue is 0,204% by the end of the growing season, these values are 0.020; 0.047 and 0.350%, with a seasonal salt accumulation coefficient of 2.37; 1.3; 1.72 respectively and compared to the control variant, it decreases by 0,50; 0,20; 0,13 and its yield is 40.5 cwt·ha-1, with an additional 3.9 cwt·ha-1 of cotton yield compared to the control, which allows to save 53.7 cbm of river water used for growing 1 cwt cotton yield.

THE IRANIANS OF BUKHARA

The ethnography of the Bukhara oasis is described in detail, especially in the works of O.A.Sukhareva. Due to her work, several historical and ethnographic works of O.A.Sukhareva on Bukhara ethnography were created. This article provides information about Iranians of Bukhara from foreign sources, especially Russian and English sources.

Bukhara and its neighborhood. Reassessing the cultural links of the oasis from new ceramic evidence

Ceramic assemblages from the Bukhara Oasis show an interesting mix of vessel forms and decorative styles, specifically in pre-Islamic times. Some elements of the tableware bear resemblance to material from adjacent regions in the south-west and south-east, including Margiana and Bactria, while others, specifically the storage vessels, appear to be inspired by the north-west or eastern areas, such as Khoresm and Chach. Surface coatings and slip paint proved to be highly significant in identifying these distinct cultural links.Drawing upon samples from the recent excavations by the MAFOUB project, this paper will trace the various cultural strains through analyzing the use of slip and slip-paint as an exemplary feature in the ceramic assemblages of the Bukhara Oasis from antiquity to the early Islamic period. Individual decorative patterns appear to be restricted to certain parts of the vessel repertoire. While coated vessels firmly belong to the tableware inventory, cursory applied slip paint with drizzling effects is mostly observed on containers and storage jars. Some slip painted decorations illustrate the considerable variation this technique enjoyed within the Bukhara Oasis.Our diachronic study highlights these diversities and follows the implied cultural alliances to shed light on Bukhara's position and role within the Central Asian neighborhood.

MONGOLIAN ELEMENTS IN THE ETHNONYMY AND ETHNOTOPONYMS OF THE ZERAVSHAN VALLEY (15—19TH CENTURIES)

This article, based on written sources and archival materials, analyzes the role of Mongolian components in the formation of tribal names and ethnotoponyms of the Zerafshan Valley from the 15th to the 19th centuries. The research revealed the dynamics of penetration and distribution of Mongolian ethnonyms at different levels of the tribal organization of Turkic-speaking tribes of the region. Numerous migrations of Turkic-Mongolian clans to the Zerafshan valley covered a long period, starting from the campaigns of Genghis Khan until the middle of the 18th century. In the region, at different times, the perception of the boundaries of the Mon-gol community changed. If in the 13th — early 14th centuries under the name Mongol an ethnopolitical community was understood, as well as the inhabitants of the Mogholistan region, then later it designated the tribe and clan as part of individual tribes. If in the first waves of migration of Mongolian tribes to the oases of Central Asia their composition could include the main Mongolian clans, then in the following centuries their Turkification took place in the steppe regions and already Turkified tribes or alliances of tribes containing Turkic clans invaded and settled into the valleys. As a result of the migrations of the nomadic population groups from the steppe regions to the Zerafshan valley, the tribal com-position of the population became enriched and the number of Mongolian names, which were perceived by the local population as Turkic, Uzbek, Kazakh and Karakalpak ethnonyms, increased. Many Mongolian elements were included in the toponymy not by the Mongols themselves, but by Turkic or Turkified tribes. The total number of Mongolian elements in the ethnotoponymy of the Zerafshan Valley rose due to the settlement of semi-nomadic clans in the 18th — early 19th centuries. They became more wide-spread in the Samarkand and Navoi provinces and less common in the Bukhara oasis.

Qarakhanids on the Edge of the Bukhara Oasis: Archaeobotany of Medieval Paykend

The urban center of Paykend was an exchange node just off the main corridor of the Silk Road in the Bukhara Oasis on the edge of the hyperarid Kyzyl–Kum Desert. The city was occupied from the end of 4 century B.C.E. to the mid–12 century C.E.; our study focuses on the Qarakhanid period (C.E. 999 – 1211), the last imperial phase of urban occupation at Paykend before its abandonment. In this study, we present the results of an analysis of archaeobotanical remains recovered from a multifunction rabat, which appears to have comprised a domicile, military structure, center of commerce, and/or a caravanserai, a roadside inn for travelers. We shed light on how people adapted a productive economy to the local ecological constraints. By adding these data to the limited Qarakhanid archaeobotany from across Central Asia, we provide the first glimpses into cultivation, commerce, and consumption at a Silk Road trading town along the King’s Road, the central artery of ancient Eurasia.

Роль Яхъи Гулямова в изучении первобытной истории Бухарского оазиса

In the 50s and 60s of the XX century, the first archaeological excavations were carried out in the western part of the Bukhara oasis, in the foothills of the Zarafshan River. It is headed by Yahyo Gulomovich Gulomov, the father of Uzbek archaeology. The expedition will find the sites of Neolithic and Bronze Age communities in the area, and later excavations at these sites will reveal many innovations in our history. The article discusses the role of Yahyo Gulomov in the study of the primitive history of the Bukhara oasis and his great contribution.

Spiritual And Legal Basis For Improving The Relationship Of National Folk Crafts And Unity Of Traditions

The article analyzes the specifics of the ongoing reforms in the higher education system and reveals the importance of teacher-student relations in the development of national crafts. The main attention is paid to the unity of national folk crafts and traditions, and the legal normative documents adopted in our country in this regard are analyzed. Examples of national folk handicrafts of the Bukhara oasis are given, and trends in its development are revealed.

Physical and Chemical Composition of Water in Lake Kara-Kir

Lake Kara-kir is located in the northwest of the Bukhara oasis. The total area of the lake is 26.5-27.2 thousand hectares. The physicochemical composition of lake water changes depending on the seasons of the year. the fact that the amount of chlorides contained in water is 3.6 - 3.7 g / l, and sulfates in high concentration 5.0 - 5.2 g / l, indicates that the degree of salinity occurs due to chloride -sulphates. The readings for dissolved cislarod in water vary, mainly depending on the intensity of photosynthesis and aeration of the water

On the dynastic cult of the rulers of Bukhara Sogd in the Early Middle Ages (to the interpretation of the murals of the Varakhsha palace)

Varakhsha hillfort is located in the Bukhara oasis (Uzbekistan). From the 6th to 8th c., it was the residence of the rulers of Bukhara Sogd. Archaeological investigations of the Varakhsha were carried out in the late 1930s, and then later in 1947 and 1949–1954. During the excavations of the palace, wall paintings were discovered in the Red (Hindu) and East (Blue) Halls (7th–8th c.). In the East Hall, the center of the art composition on the south wall was dominated by a massive figure of a ‘king’ with a golden sword, seated on a throne with protomas of winged camels. Depicted next to him was a group of five people sitting on their knees — the king's family. The elder man is making an offering to the fire on an altar. On the base of the altar, there is a male figure, seated on a throne in the form of a lying camel. This figure represents Vretragna, the Avestan deity of Victory. Mythogenically, Vretragna is close to the Vedic god of thunder Indra. In Avesta, Vretragna appears in various guises: a Bactrian camel; the bird of prey Varagn; a man with a golden sword. In Sogdian iconography, the image of the Bactrian camel is most often associated with Vretragna. The characters of the murals in the Blue Hall (the king’s family) bring offering to the fire lit in tribute to the deity — to Vretragna. The central figure of this composition was identi-fied by V.A. Shishkin as a king. In our opinion, it rather depicts Vretragna. This is implicitly indicated by the protomas of the throne in the form of winged camels and by the image of ‘the king with the golden sword’. The walls of the Red Hall of Varakhsha were decorated with a scene of hunters riding elephants. Each elephant was ridden by a servant-mahout and a lord, whose figure would be disproportionately large. They are slaying huge monsters. According to researchers, an image of the Sogdian deity Adbag is repeated here. The epithet ‘Adbag’ — ‘Supreme deity’ is associated with Ahuramazda. B.I. Marshak and A.M. Belenitsky note, that here Adbag-Ahuramazda is likened to Indra riding a white elephant. It seems to us quite probable that such an epithet could be applied to various gods of a high status. Notably, it could be Vretragna depicted here, who is akin to Indra. We think that the image of Vretragna held a special place in the visual arts of Varakhsha, as the patron deity of the Bukhar-Khudat dynasty. He was depicted in the center of the com-position in the Blue Hall in his Avestan hypostasis, and in the Red Hall he was depicted in the form of Indra.