Built-up Residential Areas Research Articles

Analysis of Determining Service Center Systems towards the Development of The Eastern Part of Medan City

The issues in the research area include a high concentration of built-up residential areas with the potential for slums and warehousing activities dominating trade and service areas or residential areas, leading to congestion. This requires attention, considering that the Eastern Part of Medan City has a high built-up area, necessitating the provision of affordable infrastructure and basic services for both newcomers and existing residents in the city. Several development theories and concepts can assist in determining and conceptualizing development in the research area. The study focuses on examining the Sub-Central Service System of the City as a center serving sub-urban areas. Various methods are used in determining service centers, including the scalogram method, Marshall's centrality index, and rank-size rule, which will ultimately provide recommendations for the central service system. After issuing recommendations from these three analyses, the determination of the existing urban internal structure is conducted using a scoring method to identify the central service location. Calculations from multiple service center analysis methods are scored and summed to obtain a total score. The neighborhood with the smallest score has the highest hierarchy value, and vice versa. It is revealed that the Sub-Central Service System is present in all sub-districts in the Eastern Part of Medan City, meaning each sub-district in each neighborhood already has comprehensive facilities. Consequently, the four sub-districts in the Eastern Part of Medan City have the potential for development as they meet service needs and can be directed to become service centers serving their respective sub-districts.

Efficacy of rain barrels and rain gardens to reduce urban pluvial flooding in densely built-up residential areas: a case study on Miyahara-Cho in Saitama City, Japan

In recent years, flooding in densely built-up residential areas has tended to increase because of the increased frequency of heavy rain and climate change. Urban pluvial flooding mitigation is thus needed by reducing the runoff of sewer systems using green infrastructure solutions. In this regard, rain barrels (RBs) and rain gardens (RGs) are considered effective stormwater management methods. This study aimed to verify the effectiveness of RBs and RGs and their combined use in reducing urban pluvial flooding in densely built-up residential areas. This research undertook a case study in Miyahara-Cho, Saitama City, Japan. It involved the analysis of the total runoff of sewer systems and the flood condition in the sewer to verify the rainwater runoff control effect of RBs and RGs through simulations using the US Environmental Protection Agency’s stormwater management model. This study simulates two main types of rainfall events: short duration and long duration. The results of the short duration rainfall showed that the combination of RBs and RGs is highly effective and can reduce the impact of excess runoff. In the case of the long duration rainfall, the volume and speed of stormwater runoff of the first peak rainfall were reduced.

‘Just green enough’ in urban renewal: A multifunctional and pragmatic approach in realizing multiscale urban green space optimization in built-up residential areas

Urban green spaces (UGSs) play an essential role in sustainable urban development and are closely related to public health and human well-being. Previous studies seldom consider the relationships between spatial patterns and equity for the heterogeneity of built-up residential types in the city, not to mention how to place the pragmatic design strategies to explore green injustice for vulnerable neighborhoods. To address this gap, our study adopts a cascade of three methodological stages: 1) applying an urban morphological spatial pattern analysis (MSPA) to compare urban UGS patterns and the UGS-adapted Gini coefficient to measure the spatial equity of UGS distributions in three local built-up areas, 2) employing the minimum cumulative resistance (MCR) model to determine the location of the newly added UGSs and adopting the ‘just green enough’ strategy into the redistribution of UGSs for the marginal neighborhood and at the same time to avoid inequality associated with green gentrification, and 3) exploring an integrated design and implementation method for the newly added UGSs that can accommodate both normal conditions and the possibility of future pandemics. The results indicate that there is a strong correlation between socioeconomic status and the distributional justice of UGSs among built-up types, while disadvantaged people living in the densest residential neighborhoods have lower UGS provisions. This paper demonstrates a multifunctional and pragmatic approach for realizing multiscale UGS optimization by exploring it at the subdivision and neighborhood scales. This implication can also help guide decision-makers and planners to understand the complex interplay between social vulnerabilities, gentrification, and urban greening, thus formulating effective policies and hands-on strategies to address green injustice that are not only crucial for this study region but also of great significance for developing countries in the Global South.

Suburbanization within City Limits in Hungary—A Challenge for Environmental and Social Sustainability

Suburbanization is one of the most prominent processes of post-socialist urban development, leading to the deconcentration of people, capital, as well as productive and non-productive activities within the functional urban area. This phenomenon also has a significant impact on the traditional rural landscape and leads to environmental and social sustainability challenges. Outmigration from the city center to the rural municipalities of the agglomeration ring is already a thoroughly studied topic. However, less attention is given to migration processes not crossing municipal borders. In Hungary, a significant fraction of them is driven by similar motivations as “traditional” suburbanization. Such movements include flows to built-up residential areas that are physically separated from the urban core. Due to their peculiar development path, the inhabited outskirts can also become destinations for within-city migration. This kind of mobility can be considered suburbanization within the city limits. Because of the general lack of data, this phenomenon is seldom researched. However, this study attempts to address this gap. The prevalence of this process in Hungary is explored by analyzing national statistical data sources. Four case studies are selected for detailed examination—Győr, Zalaegerszeg, Kecskemét, and Szeged. GIS methods, field examinations, surveys, and expert interviews are used to get a detailed picture of the demographic and land cover change processes, as well as the distinctions between the destination areas of the case studies. A comparison of the results drawn from the different methods reveals that land use change in the study area is more widespread than what the land cover datasets indicate. The findings indicate that the Corine Land Cover categories describing mixed land use—especially complex cultivation patterns—are not able to capture the drastic function shift caused by intense suburbanization. Different environmental and social sustainability issues are identified depending on the economic status of the outmigrants. This paper also sheds some light on the urban planning considerations of this emerging challenge.

VARIATION OF NATURAL VENTILATION WITH FLOOR LEVEL AND ORIENTATION OF CLASSROOMS

In recent times, the multi-story school building has emerged as a new trend in Nigeria due to land cost in the urban area and population increase due to urban migration resulting from insecurity in rural areas. Among other factors, the floor level and space orientation are believed to affect its natural ventilation. Electricity per capita consumption in Nigeria is very low, suggesting passive ventilation in the building. The ventilation in the classroom is usually through wind-driven systems (windows). The study sought to establish the variation of natural ventilation among classrooms on different floor levels and orientations. In the ex-post facto design, instruments were employed to observe wind speeds and directions in and around selected classrooms in a school building block with two wings on three-floor levels, a perimeter fence, and a built-up residential area. The classrooms on the ground floor were half-opened casement windows, while those on the upper floors had sliding windows. Data generated were subjected to descriptive statistical analysis. In the longer wing classrooms, the mean wind speed and standard deviation obtained were 0.17m/s and 0.123 on the ground floor; 0.15m/s and 0.104 on the first floor; and 0.18m/s 0.126 on the second floor. Corresponding results in the shorter wing classrooms were 0.12m/s and 0,077 on the ground floor; 0.11m/s and 0.095 on the first floor; and 0.17m/s and 0.126 on the second floor. Ventilation coefficients were 0.13, 0.11, and 0.13 respectively on the ground, first, and second floors in the longer wing classrooms, while those in the shorter wing classrooms were 0.13, 0.12, and 0.19 respectively. The findings revealed some direct variation in natural ventilation with the floor level in the studied classrooms, which was more manifested as the floor level increased upwards. In conclusion, the floor level and orientation affect wind-driven ventilation. There is also a need for further field studies on more suitable cases (higher floor levels) to ascertain the level of significance of this variation and the optimisation window area based on floor levels for orientation for wind-driven natural ventilation.

‘Just Green Enough’ in Urban Renewal: A Multifunctional and Pragmatic Approach in Realizing Multiscale Urban Green Space Optimization in Built-Up Residential Areas

‘Just Green Enough’ in Urban Renewal: A Multifunctional and Pragmatic Approach in Realizing Multiscale Urban Green Space Optimization in Built-Up Residential Areas

Sensitivity analysis of the PALM model system 6.0 in the urban environment

Abstract. Sensitivity of the PALM model 6.0 with respect to land-surface and building properties is tested in a real urban environment in the vicinity of a typical crossroads in a densely built-up residential area in Prague, Czech Republic. The turbulence-resolving PALM is able to simulate the urban boundary layer flow for realistic setups. Besides an accurate representation of the relevant physical processes, the model performance also depends on the input data describing the urban setup, namely the building and land-surface properties. Two types of scenario are employed. The first one is the synthetic scenarios altering mainly surface and material parameters such as albedo, emissivity or wall conductivity, testing sensitivity of the model simulations to potentially erroneous input data. Second, urbanistic-type scenarios are analysed, in which commonly considered urban heat island mitigation measures such as greening of the streets or changing surface materials are applied in order to assess the limits of the effects of a particular type of scenario. For the synthetic scenarios, surface parameters used in radiation balance equations are found to be the most sensitive overall followed by the volumetric heat capacity and thermal conductivity of walls. Other parameters show a limited average effect; however, some can still be significant during some parts of the day, such as surface roughness in the morning hours. The second type, the urbanistic scenarios, shows urban vegetation to be the most effective measure, especially when considering both physical and biophysical temperature indicators. The influence of both types of scenario was also tested for air quality, specifically PM2.5 dispersion, which generally shows opposite behaviour to that of thermal indicators; i.e. improved thermal comfort brings deterioration of PM2.5 concentrations.

Geospatial simulation of urban neighbourhood densification potentials

Although densification of urban areas is being proposed as a sustainable urbanisation strategy, frameworks for detailed large-scale analysis of densification potentials and their evaluation are lacking. A geospatial simulation framework is presented to assess and evaluate densification potentials at the neighbourhood level of already built-up residential areas. The focus is on post-war neighbourhoods, which are particularly promising for sustainable densification. Neighbourhoods are localised using geospatial analysis and based on literature and architectural designs, potentials are estimated for different neighbourhood archetypes and densification strategies. Potentials are simulated at a national scale using supervised archetype classification. The embeddedness into current mobility infrastructure is used as a proxy for evaluating the sustainability of neighbourhood densification. The developed framework is tested for Switzerland. Depending on the densification strategy, the simulated additional inhabitants for populating post-war urban neighbourhoods range between 4–15 % of the current population. More than half of this potential is located in central areas and is well connected by public transportation. The presented approach is suitable for assessing spatially explicit densification potential and for prioritising densification locations. We show that in countries with a high number of post-war neighbourhoods in well-connected locations, considerable densification opportunities could be realised in already built-up residential areas.

Can we use local climate zones for predicting malaria prevalence across sub-Saharan African cities?

Malaria burden is increasing in sub-Saharan cities because of rapid and uncontrolled urbanization. Yet very few studies have studied the interactions between urban environments and malaria. Additionally, no standardized urban land-use/land-cover has been defined for urban malaria studies. Here, we demonstrate the potential of local climate zones (LCZs) for modeling malaria prevalence rate (PfPR) and studying malaria prevalence in urban settings across nine sub-Saharan African cities. Using a random forest classification algorithm over a set of 365 malaria surveys we: (i) identify a suitable set of covariates derived from open-source earth observations; and (ii) depict the best buffer size at which to aggregate them for modeling PfPR.Our results demonstrate that geographical models can learn from LCZ over a set of cities and be transferred over a city of choice that has few or no malaria surveys. In particular, we find that urban areas systematically have lower PfPR (5%–30%) than rural areas (15%–40%). The PfPR urban-to-rural gradient is dependent on the climatic environment in which the city is located. Further, LCZs show that more open urban environments located close to wetlands have higher PfPR. Informal settlements—represented by the LCZ 7 (lightweight lowrise)—have higher malaria prevalence than other densely built-up residential areas with a mean prevalence of 11.11%. Overall, we suggest the applicability of LCZs for more exploratory modeling in urban malaria studies.

Properties of composts from household food waste produced in automatic composters

The minimization of landfill deposition of waste containing biological components represents a big problem, especially in built-up residential areas. The main problem of biologically degradable municipal waste is the quantity and composition of household waste which can have an important influence on decomposition processes already in collecting vessels. An amount of household waste produced in residential areas in the Czech Republic varies from 31 to 337 g/person/day, with an average value of 250 g. Waste of plant material character is produced in the range from 22 to 291 g/person/day. Composts were prepared in the home composters from household food waste. After the end of the composting process, compost does not have the organic component sufficiently stabilized, which is documented by a high value of electrical conductivity of aqueous leachate reaching more than 4 mS/cm and low humification index. The value of the humification index pronouncedly increased after eight weeks from 0.05 to 0.85, while compost from composting of green waste using windrow system have humification index of 3.48. An aim of this work is the determination of properties of composts prepared from HFW in automatic composters and identification of differences compared with composts prepared from a mixture of biodegradable green waste.

Stress–Strain State of a Combinational Soil Half-Space During Reconstruction

A method for studying the stress–strain state of soil-retaining structures is proposed. It is based on the nonlinear theory of elasticity and plasticity of soils and allows for geometrical and physical nonlinearities. Numerical and analytical results on the stability of a retaining wall are compared. The influence of an inhomogeneous soil half-space on the stress–strain state of a deep-ditch wall is analyzed numerically. A scientific rationale for the redevelopment of densely built-up residential areas under adverse geological engineering conditions is recommended.

防災性能からみた低層高密住宅市街地における小規模空地確保の計画と整備手法に関する研究:世田谷区太子堂地区・豊島区東池袋地区の実例分析を中心に

防災性能からみた低層高密住宅市街地における小規模空地確保の計画と整備手法に関する研究:世田谷区太子堂地区・豊島区東池袋地区の実例分析を中心に

A STUDY ON EFFECTS OF SCENIC DISTRICT IN BUILT-UP RESIDENTIAL AREA FOCUSING ON RATIO OF GREEN COVERAGE IN TOKYO WARDS

This study aims to specify the result of addressing Scenic District in a Built-up Residential Area and how the Land and Buildings effects the Ratio of Green Coverage by using passing year transition, Use District, Aerial Photograph, and the housing map.1)Ratio of Green Coverage, inside and outside of Scenic District, is both decreasing. There is no specific effect of Scenic District that can be seen from the amount of green in the area.2)The decline in Ratio of Green Coverage is thought to be influenced by causes such as housing. Securing unoccupied land to be greened may be the possible cause of the increse in the Green coverage ratio.3)It should be ascertained whether Scenic District can be maintained with government ordinance of Scenic District that is a numeric standard of the uniform whole country.

A Study of evaluation of impression in the conversion shops cluster districs in the urban densely built-up residential areas

大阪市内の代表的な住居コンバージョン店舗の集積地区である中崎町エリアを対象に、来街者への空間印象評価のアンケート調査を実施した。さらに、調査結果から、空間要素と空間印象および、エリアに対する総合評価との関係を分析により明らかにした。 これらの調査および分析から、住居コンバージョン店舗集積地区における空間の特性として、エリアのなかに従来から存在する生活空間や商業、公共空間などの要素と、新たに増え始めた住居コンバージョン店舗とそれに付随する様々な要素が、エリア内に共存し、それぞれの良さが同じスケールでバランスよく機能することによって、エリアの魅力をもたらしているという知見が得られた。また、「古さの中にある新しさ」や「都会の中の下町の風景」といった、都市的で大きなスケールの空間とすぐ隣り合わせのところに、昔からのスケールで存在する街並みがあるという対比的な特徴に気付くことで、より、エリアに対する親しみやまとまりといった印象を与え、総合評価を高めているということが明らかとなった。

A Study of evaluation of impression in the conversion shops cluster districs in the urban densely built-up residential areas

A Study of evaluation of impression in the conversion shops cluster districs in the urban densely built-up residential areas

Spatial Variability of Both Turbulent Fluxes and Temperature Profiles in an Urban Roughness Layer

The spatial variability of both turbulent flow statistics in the roughness sublayer (RSL) and temperature profiles within and above the canopy layer (CL) were investigated experimentally in a densely built-up residential area in Tokyo, Japan. Using five towers with measuring devices, each tower isolated from the others by at least 200 m, we collected high-frequency measurements of velocity and temperature at a height z=1.8 z H, where z H, the mean building height in the area, is 7.3 m. Also, temperature profiles were measured from z=0.4 to 1.8 z H. The ‘areal mean’ geometric parameters that were obtained for the areas within 200 m of each tower were fairly homogeneous among the tower sites. The main results are as follows: (1) The spatial variability of all RSL turbulent statistics, except the sensible heat flux, was comparable to that reported in a pine forest. Also, the variability decreased with increasing friction velocity. (2) The spatial variability of the RSL sensible heat flux was larger than that reported in a pine forest. Also, the variability depended on the time of the day and became larger in the morning. The difference among the sites was well related to the areal fraction of vegetation. (3) The spatial variability of the CL temperature profile depended on the time of the day and became larger in the morning. Nevertheless, the spatial standard deviation of CL temperature was always below 0.7 K. (4) It is suggested that the “warming-up” process in the morning when heat storage is dominant increases the spatial variation of RSL sensible heat flux and CL temperature according to the local properties around each tower and the variation decreases once there is further convective mixing in the midday

密集市街地における鉢植えの緑の配置と形態

Pot plants are a feature of densely built-up residential areas. Interest in pot plants has recently grown. As well as fulfilling the practical role of citizens’ leisure pursuit, they blur the boundary between private and public space and reflect residents’ cultures and identity. Pot plants have a useful function, but in reality are difficult to plan for without knowing whether their placement and variety is affected by urban physical characteristics. The aim of this study is to characterize the location, placement and species of pot plants in a densely built-up residential area. Three sets of data were collected, 1) the percentage of green areas formed by the pot plants’ in a street view, 2) the physical characteristics of the spaces in which the pot plants were present, 3) the species of pot plants used. It was found that, 1) on average pot plants occupy more than 50% of the green area in a street view, 2) the favored position of pot plants is on the entry step to houses, 3) the study identified that the plants that are preferred, share the characteristic of being easy to grow, good to eat, pretty to look at but that also carry a deeper cultural significance.

既成市街地の再編成に向けた初動期の都市設計活動の報告 : 仙台市八幡地域を事例として

This is the report about the first stage urban design acts for restructuring built-up residential area in Hachiman, Sendai. In Hachiman area, historical environment, which had been succeeded to since Edo era, have been destroyed, and the quality of urban space has been diminished by lack of the vision for urban construction. We not only designed spatial image on the basis of regional research, but also published the scheme to the inhabitants positively for the purpose of realizing characteristic urban space, brewing citizen sense of solidarity and developing city life.

ランドスケープデザインの新たな地平 都市型民間集合住宅のランドスケープをめぐる新しい動き

The purposes of this study are to overview the landscape design in the present urban apartment complex in Japan and to identify new approaches for environmental improvements in density built-up residential areas and recent changes in planning control. Having look at recent three major urban apartment complex in Kanto erea, this paper intend to clarify three subjects: 1) Paradoxical subject in common garden, 2) Technical subject of integration method with inner space and outdoor space. 3) Subject of media management. And for environmental improvements in housing area, an important key is how the private developers in partnership with administrative organ.

A Study of Sphere Characteristics of Elderly People's Outing Activities for their Daily Lives Management in Built-up Residential Area

本研究は, 既成住宅地における高齢者の日常的な生活管理外出の圏域特性を概観した上で, 通院外出及び買い物外出の外出先となる空間が, どのように選択されているのかを解明することを目的とした。研究の結果,(1) 高齢期の生活管理外出は自宅から半径1km圏内が中心となっていること,(2) 通院外出は医療の質に対する対象者の評価により空間選択が行われていること,(3) 買い物外出は, 運動のために自宅から半径1km圏外の空間を選択するケースが60代で, また外出の負担増大を理由に自宅から半径1km圏内の空間を選択するケースが70代以上で多く認められ, 年齢によって外出圏域に段階性があると考えられること, 等の知見が得られた。