Built-in Temperature Research Articles

Adherence to Wide-Abduction Brace Treatment is Associated With Improved Hip Abduction and Radiographic Outcomes in Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease.

The wide-abduction A-frame brace contains the femoral head to improve its remodeling in Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease (LCPD). There is no study of the effect of brace adherence on hip outcomes. The purpose of this study was to determine if patient adherence to A-frame brace treatment is associated with improved hip abduction range of motion and radiographic outcomes in children with LCPD. This retrospective study included patients aged 4 to 11 years with LCPD treated with an A-frame brace. Patients aged >11 and those treated with osteotomy before completing brace treatment were excluded. Built-in temperature sensors measured brace wear. Hip abduction was measured on examination before and after bracing. Deformity index (DI) and sphericity deviation score (SDS) were measured from radiographs at the 2-year follow-up and healed stage, respectively. Pearson correlation and multiple regression analyses were performed. Fifty-seven patients (44 male; 77%) were included with a mean age of 7.0±1.6 at brace treatment and mean adherence of 0.66±0.28. Brace adherence was associated with increased hip abduction (R=0.36; P=0.006) and decreased DI (R=-0.37; P=0.042) across all patients, and decreased SDS in patients <9 years old at the time of brace treatment (R=-0.58; P=0.024). A +0.50 increase in adherence was associated with +9.4° hip abduction (P=0.018), -0.13 DI (P=0.027), and -17.7 SDS (P=0.019). Adherence to A-frame brace treatment was associated with increased hip abduction, decreased femoral head deformity, and increased sphericity. Patients and parents can be counseled regarding brace adherence to maximize outcomes of treatment. III-Therapeutic Study.

Design and development of a portable low-cost QCM-based system for liquid biosensing

Quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) is a versatile sensing platform that has gained increasing attention for its use in bioapplications due to its high sensitivity, real-time measurement capabilities, and label-free detection. This article presents a portable QCM system for liquid biosensing that uses a modified Hartley oscillator to drive 14 mm-diameter commercial QCM sensors. The system is designed to be low-cost, easy to use, and highly sensitive, making it ideal for various bioapplications. A new flow cell design to deliver samples to the surface of the sensor has been designed, fabricated, and tested. For portability and miniaturization purposes, a micropump-based pumping system is used in the current system. The system has a built-in temperature controller allowing for accurate frequency measurements. In addition, the system can be used in benchtop mode. The capability of the present system to be used in liquid biosensing is demonstrated through an experimental test for sensitivity to changes in the viscosity of glycerol samples. It was found to have a sensitivity of 263.51 Hz/mPa.s using a 10 MHz QCM sensor. Future work regarding potential applications was suggested.Graphical

A two component friction balance based on ultrathin fiber Bragg grating pairs

We have designed a two component friction balance based on an ultrathin fiber Bragg grating pairs to monitor external friction resistance, and statically calibrated it with weights. Friction resistance can cause the support beam of the fiber optic friction balance to tilt, while also driving the strain of the fiber optic grating. Therefore, the change in the center wavelength of the grating can be used to measure external frictional resistance. The experimental results show that the static calibration output of the friction balance is stable, reproducible. The wavelength change of the grating is proportional to the size of the load, and the two exhibit a good linear relationship. The range of the fiber optic friction balance is ±0.03 N. The sensitivity of the balance sensor in the X component is about 62.28 nm/N, and the sensitivity in the Y component is about 25.36 nm/N. In addition, we also conducted tests on the built-in temperature compensation of the fiber Bragg grating pairs.

Integrated design and fabricate of high sensitivity built-in thin-film thermocouple temperature measurement tool

Abstract Cutting temperature is playing a key role in evaluating the cutting process, which significantly affects the tool wear and the quality of the workpiece. Aiming at the problems of low precision, low aging, and poor stability of cutting temperature measurement on the front tool face, an integrated design and production scheme of a high sensitivity built-in wireless temperature measurement tool was proposed. The temperature distribution position on the front tool face was analyzed with 3D finite element simulation software, and the thermal contact position of the main and secondary film thermocouples was determined. SiO2 insulated films and NiCr/NiSi film thermocouples were prepared on the front tool surface by femtosecond laser micromachining, electrolyte-plasma polishing, plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition and magnetron sputtering, and a static calibration experiment system for sensitivity and accuracy of the temperature measuring tool for the film thermocouple was established, and Seebeck coefficient of the film thermocouple was obtained. According to the actual cutting conditions, the wireless temperature measuring system of the thin film thermocouple tool was built and the field cutting test was carried out to obtain the influence law of different cutting parameters on the cutting temperature, and further verify the feasibility of the thin film temperature measuring sensor. The research results show that: Seebeck coefficients of the two kinds of thermocouples prepared by the NiCr/NiSi thin film thermocouple temperature measuring tool are 34.97 μV/°C and 34.96 μV/°C, and the slope of the temperature data fitting curve is 1.00398 and 0.997475, respectively. The linear correlation coefficient R2 is close to 1, which is close to the standard K-type thermocouple, which shows good sensitivity and accuracy. At the same time, the temperature measurement results are close to the commercial standard K thermocouple, and the error is less than 5%, indicating that the developed film thermocouple has a high measurement accuracy and can meet the needs of temperature measurement. Actual cutting test is carried out with developed wireless temperature measuring device of thin film thermocouple, which shows this device can meet the requirements of tool temperature measurement, and the feasibility of thin film temperature measuring sensor is further verified. The research provide technical reference for industrial intelligent manufacturing in order to realize the wireless measurement of cutting area temperature of tool front.

Experimental and numerical investigation of the temperature and humidity distribution inside the channels for a regenerative indirect evaporative cooler

This paper presents a simulation study of a regenerative indirect evaporative cooler combined with a series of experimental tests. A research prototype was employed to collect the air state signals in the channels with built-in high-precision temperature and humidity sensors on a test platform which helped to maintain the required environment. A validated numerical model was developed to simulate the impacts of air velocity, working air ratio and testing environment parameter on the distribution of temperature and relative humidity inside the channels. Results show that the upstream of the secondary air approaches saturation rapidly, and the evaporation process reaches dynamic equilibrium when the relative humidity of the secondary air comes to 95%. Under most working conditions, a 400 mm wet pathway can meet the performance requirements for an evaporative cooler. The low velocity allows a shorter distance for the secondary air to approach saturation while the lower product air temperature can be obtained. The working air ratio has little impact on the temperature and humid parameters. When the temperature difference between the primary air and the secondary air is higher than 5 °C, the potential for sensible heat exchange becomes more significant. In the dry environment, the regenerative indirect evaporative cooler should reserve a longer wet surface length, and high temperature difference exist between primary air and secondary air. The sensible heat transfer needs to be strengthened to fully utilize the potential of evaporative cooler.

A Microcontroller-based RFID Record Tracker for COVID-19 Pandemic

Covid-19, also known as coronavirus disease 2019, is a highly contagious disease primarily transmitted through respiratory droplets. To mitigate the spread of the virus, the Malaysia government have implemented measures such as MySejahtera app for contact tracking purposes. The ‘Check-in’ feature is the core element in MySejahtera app where users will scan a QR code prior to entering a premise. However, it has some drawbacks in which a phone with internet connectivity and working camera are needed to scan the QR code. To overcome the limitations and ease the burden on the public, this paper proposes a RFID record tracker based on Atmel ATmega328P and NodeMCU ESP-12E technology as a complementary function to the ‘Check-in’ feature offered by MySejahtera. It has a RFID reader and built-in temperature sensor. It is ideally visualized to be sharing the same database with MySejahtera. This solution can be connected to the WiFi of the premise, thus the public just have to bring their Malaysian IC or relative RFID tag along with them. Once scanned, the system will crosscheck with the connected database to check their vaccination status and determine whether to grant access for them to enter the premise. At the same time, their record will be logged into associated database of the premise as well. All in all, this solution is designed in hopes to reduce the burden on public while easing the process of contact tracing.

Intelligent Circuit Breaker

This paper designs an intelligent protective circuit breaker, which can monitor the leakage, voltage, current, temperature, and other parameters in the user’s line in real-time through the built-in electric energy metering module, leakage, temperature sensors, and alarm according to the set alarm threshold. It can give early warning about the dangerous situation in the user’s line in advance. At the same time, it can upload to the cloud platform through the wireless communication module for remote detection, which can effectively reduce the risk of an electrical fire.

A Cu/Ni alloy thin-film sensor integrated with current collector for in-situ monitoring of lithium-ion battery internal temperature by high-throughput selecting method

The high-energy-density lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are susceptible to thermal runaway and lead to safety incidents. Monitoring the internal temperature of LIBs is a promising way to forewarn its thermal runaway. However, the current external temperature sensors show high delay and poor accuracy, and the built-in temperature sensors are incompatible with the assembly process and may damage the battery. Thus, a reliable real-time internal battery temperature monitoring sensor is desired. In this study, a high-throughput selected thin-film resistance temperature detector (TFRTD) is proposed. The TFRTD is integrated between the collectors of the pouch LIB, which is compatible with the battery assembly process. The built-in TFRTD responds 82% faster and measures 33% more accurately than an external RTD, allowing real-time monitoring of internal battery temperature at different current rates. With a discharge rate of 0.5 C, the internal temperature can be monitored to be 0.57 °C higher than the external temperature in a battery with a capacity of only 0.1 Ah. Cycling tests show that the battery with a built-in TFRTD has a capacity retention rate of 92.71% after 100 cycles, and the TFRTD has a limited impact on battery performance. Therefore, the developed novel TFRTD can be used to analyze the battery heating process under different conditions and has some potential for engineering applications.

Nanoscale biosensor with integratedthermoregulation controller for DNA diagnostics.

We present a CMOS compatible technique for fabrication a sensor system based on field-effect transistors with a nanowire channel with an integrated thermoregulation elements. The proposed system provides the necessary temperature regimes for many bioanalytical studies. Field-effect transistors with a nanowire channel were fabricated using of reactive-ion etching of the upper layer of a silicon on insulator through a mask formed by electron beam lithography. Titanium thermoresistive strips for temperature control were located on the surface of the chip nearby to the nanowire transistors. Their fabrication is carried out simultaneously with the formation of contact pads to the transistor electrodes, which made it possible to avoid additional technological steps. A demonstration of a system with a built-in temperature controller for the determination of nucleic acids was carried out on model oligonucleotides. Increasing the operating temperature of the device to the ranges at which DNA hybridization occurs most efficiently allows increasing specificity and avoiding false positive results, as well as reducing analysis time. The possibility of heating up to 85–90∘C allows you to reuse such devices.

Patient Adherence to Wide Abduction Brace Treatment for Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease.

A wide abduction brace called the A-frame brace is used to contain the deformed femoral head and improve femoral head remodeling in patients with Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease (LCPD). While there is some data showing the efficacy of brace treatment, little is known about patient adherence. The purpose of this study was to measure A-frame brace adherence using temperature sensors and to identify factors that influence adherence. This is an IRB-approved retrospective study of 61 patients with LCPD treated with an A-frame brace between ages 5 and 11. Brace wear was measured using built-in temperature sensors. Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression were used to determine relationships between patient characteristics and brace adherence. Of 61 patients, 80% were male. Mean age at LCPD onset was 5.9±1.8 years and the mean age at initiation of brace treatment was 7.1±1.5 years. Fifty-eight patients (95%) were in the fragmentation or reossification stage at the start of bracing, with 23 patients (38%) having lateral pillar B, 7 (11%) lateral pillar B/C, and 31 (51%) lateral pillar C. Forty-two (69%) patients were treated with a Petrie cast for 6 weeks before the A-frame brace. Mean adherence, defined as the ratio of measured over prescribed brace wear, was 0.69±0.32. Mean adherence improved with age ( P <0.05), increasing from 0.57 in patients less than 6 to 0.84 in patients aged 8 to 11. Patients first treated with a Petrie cast had significantly better adherence than those without (0.77 vs. 0.50; P <0.005). Adherence was negatively associated with the amount of prescribed brace wear per day ( P <0.005). Adherence did not change significantly between the start and end of treatment and was not significantly associated with sex or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. A-frame brace adherence was significantly associated with age at treatment, prior Petrie casting, and the amount of daily prescribed brace wear. These findings provide new insight into A-frame brace treatment, which will lead to better patient selection and counseling to optimize adherence. III Therapeutic Study.

Progress towards in-situ traceability and digitalization of temperature measurements

Autonomous control systems rely on input from sensors, so it is crucial that the sensor input is validated to ensure that it is ‘right’ and that the measurements are traceable to the International System of Units. The measurement and control of temperature is widespread, and its reliable measurement is key to maximising product quality, optimising efficiency, reducing waste and minimizing emissions such as CO2 and other harmful pollutants. Degradation of temperature sensors in harsh environments such as high temperature, contamination, vibration and ionising radiation causes a progressive loss of accuracy that is not apparent. Here we describe some new developments to overcome the problem of ‘calibration drift’, including self-validating thermocouples and embedded phase-change cells which self-calibrate in situ by means of a built-in temperature reference and practical primary thermometers such as the Johnson noise thermometer which measure temperature directly and do not suffer from calibration drift. All these developments will provide measurement assurance which is an essential part of digitalisation to ensure that sensor output is always ‘right’, as well as providing essential ‘points of truth’ in a sensor network. Some progress in digitalisation of calibrations to make them available to end-users via a website and/or an Application Programming Interface is also described.

Data-driven varying state-space model based on thermal network for transient temperature field prediction of motorized spindles

• 1) Rapid prediction of the transient temperature distribution. • 2) Parameter estimation driven by FE simulation and experimental data. • 3) Accuracy validated by thermal images of undetectable regions. • 4) Real-time correction of temperature prediction bias. Analyzing and modeling the thermal characteristics of the spindle is crucial to improving the thermal stability and intelligence of CNC machine tools. However, there is a lack of accurate real-time prediction methods for the transient temperature distribution inside the spindle. In this study, a thermal network consisting of thermal capacitances and resistors is constructed based on the thermal structure of a motorized spindle, and a varying state-space (VSS) model varying with node temperature and rotational speed is proposed to solve the thermal network. The parameters of this model are determined by a two-step estimation process, driven by simulation data of a finite element (FE) model under specific boundary conditions and experimental sensor data obtained from a series of thermal tests. The validation based on thermal experiment shows that the VSS model has high prediction accuracy with the average root mean square (RMS) bias of 0.5141°C. Thermal images of the rotating shaft also show that the proposed VSS model maintains high accuracy in predicting the temperature of the undetectable regions. In addition, a temperature prediction system (TPS) with bias correction is constructed based on two built-in temperature sensors in the spindle to further improve prediction accuracy, with the RMS bias reduced by 10.4% to 0.4606°C. All the results show that the real-time temperature field distribution of motorized spindles can be rapidly, accurately, and completely inferred based on the rotational speed and a few temperature sensors. The proposed modeling approach has the potential to be integrated into edge computing devices of intelligent spindles.

Bias-Repeatability Analysis of Vacuum-Packaged 3-Axis MEMS Gyroscope Using Oven-Controlled System.

The performance of microelectromechanical system (MEMS) inertial measurement units (IMUs) is susceptible to many environmental factors. Among different factors, temperature is one of the most challenging issues. This report reveals the bias stability analysis of an ovenized MEMS gyroscope. A micro-heater and a control system exploiting PID/PWM were used to compensate for the bias stability variations of a commercial MEMS IMU from BOSCH "BMI 088". A micro-heater made of gold (Au) thin film is integrated with the commercial MEMS IMU chip. A custom-designed micro-machined glass platform thermally isolates the MEMS IMU from the ambient environment and is vacuum sealed in the leadless chip carrier (LCC) package. The BMI 088 built-in temperature sensor is used for temperature sensing of the device and the locally integrated heater. The experimental results reveal that the bias repeatability of the devices has been improved significantly to achieve the target specifications, making the commercial devices suitable for navigation. Furthermore, the effect of vacuum-packaged and non-vacuum-packaged devices was compared. It was found that the bias repeatability of vacuum-packaged devices was improved by more than 60%.

Robust thermal error estimation for machine tools based on in-process multi-point temperature measurement of a single axis actuated by a ball screw feed drive system

In machine tools, thermal errors account for 70 % of the total machining errors. The latest improvements in sensor technology have enabled the robust estimation of thermal displacement using the multi-point temperature data of an entire structure. The complex geometry and constant motion of a feed drive system make the direct measurement of temperature difficult because of the sensor power supply and data transmission. In this study, a wireless multi-point temperature sensor system was developed, and the temperature of a ball screw was measured. The ball screw was developed with a built-in temperature sensor array and was installed in an actual machining center. Thermal error measurement tests were conducted, wherein the temperatures of 277 points on the structure and 25 points on the Z-axis ball screw were measured during machine operation. Using finite element analysis (FEA) with multi-point temperature mapping of the drive system, the difference between the relative displacement of the tool center point (TCP) along the Z-axis, measured by an eddy current sensor, and the value estimated by the FEA was calculated to be less than 10 μm. However, the Z-axis ball screw temperature distribution contributed little to the accuracy of thermal displacement estimation along other axes. Therefore, a superposition of the thermal displacements of the structure and drive system provided TCP relative displacement, suggesting the effect of temperature-dependent geometric errors on the volumetric error model of machine tools.

Membrane Feeding Devices to Blood Feed Mosquitoes in the Laboratory.

Husbandry protocols for medically important mosquito species in the laboratory have the blood feeding procedure as an inherent step in the maintenance routine for egg production. Artificial feeders have become the main solution for delivering blood meals to these hematophagous insects, circumventing the need for vertebrate hosts. Mimicking the skin, these devices both heat the blood and hold a membrane through which the blood can be ingested by mosquitoes. Several commercial and noncommercial artificial mosquito feeders are available, but obstacles like high cost and complex assembly can restrict their routine use. To address this issue, a number of feeders have been designed that can be built with common materials found in the laboratory. They are cheaper and more accessible, but the absence of built-in temperature control and heating units can limit their efficacy. One of the most accessible mosquito feeders is the Glytube. It consists of a 50-mL conical centrifuge tube with heated glycerol that delivers blood through a membrane. The Glytube has been used successfully to model mosquito blood feeding. Recently, 3D printing has emerged as an alternative method to create customized artificial feeders. This technology is expected to facilitate access to and reduce the cost of these devices with open-source 3D model files that can be shared among laboratories maintaining mosquitoes worldwide.

Internal defect identification method of TSV 3D packaging based on built-in integrated sensor

TSV (Through Silicon Via) is a key technology for three-dimensional (3D) packaging due to its unique vertical interconnection method. However, its particular manufacturing process of-ten leads to internal defects, such as gaps, bottom voids, filling missing, which are usually difficult to be detected by common means. In order to discover the internal defect of TSV packaging effectively, a novel non-destructive inspection method based on built-in integrated temperature sensor array is proposed. The relationship between temperature distribution and internal defect is dis-covered and then corresponding sensor array layout is designed. The simulation analysis shows that this kind of sensor array can recognize the internal TSV defect. And supervised machine learning is used to construct the classification model by which different defects can be found and classified with relatively high accuracy, and the classification accuracy rate can reach 95.625%. Experiments were conducted and the rationality of this built-in sensing array was verified. The research provides a non-destructive testing method for TSV internal defects based on bulit-in-integrated sensors, and verifies the feasibility of sensor arrangement through simulation, laying a foundation for the realization of later TSV design optimization.

A Novel Portable Soil Water Sensor Based on Temperature Compensation

Soil water sensors based on the standing wave rate (SWR) principle are affected by temperature in long-term operation. To address this problem, a temperature compensation model based on the binary regression analysis method is proposed. The measurement results of the temperature-compensated standing wave rate (TCSWR) sensor at different temperatures and soil volumetric water content are analyzed, and the least-squares principle is used to identify the parameters to be determined in the compensation model for temperature for the SWR soil water sensor. A portable tapered TCSWR sensor with built-in temperature compensation model was developed on this basis. The calibration results show that the standing wave measurement circuit of the TCSWR sensor can effectively respond to changes in soil water, and the coefficient of the fitted equation exceeds 0.95. A comparison of the results before and after temperature compensation proves that compensation can significantly reduce the measurement error of the TCSWR sensor and improve the measurement accuracy. The static and dynamic characteristics of the TCSWR sensor show that the measurement range of the TCSWR sensor is7.50%-31.50%, the measurement accuracy is ±0.63%, the stability is good, the resolution is a minimum of 0.05%, and the dynamic response time is less than 1 s. The absolute error of the TCSWR sensor measurement is less than 1% in comparison with similar sensors, demonstrating that the measurement results of the TCSWR sensor are reliable.

Measurement of intraocular temperature in glaucoma: week-day and seasonal fluctuations

PurposeTo evaluate long-term intraocular temperature (IOT) variations in eyes with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) using an intraocular telemetric sensor.MethodsThis prospective, open-label, multicentre observational study analysed the IOT variations in 22...

Development of an Electronically Managed Storage and Dispenser Unit

It is essential to properly receive, store, pack, handle and ship electronics and semiconductor materials. However, small electronic stores and owners don’t have enough knowledge to handle these materials properly. This procedure often causes material damage and can go undetected. Electronically Managed Storage and Dispenser Unit provides convenience and ease in locating and securing semiconductor components. It aims to provide security and proper storage system intended for semiconductors and electronics. It was programmed with a microcontroller coordinated with Graphic User Interface (GUI). The system has a built-in humidity and temperature control mechanism, proper material for protection against Electro-static discharge (ESD) and an adequate ventilation system. It was evaluated by electronic store owners and proved to have an accuracy of 100%, timeliness of three seconds, which is 12 times faster than newly hired staff and five times compared to trained staff in locating the components, and a temperature between 26.39°C to 27.65°C inside each compartment. Overall, the system advances the manual method of deploying and storing components safely, efficiently, and effectively.

Study on influencing factors and laws of infrared temperature measurement of silicone rubber composite insulator

Silicon rubber composite insulator is favoured by power system because of its excellent anti-pollution flashover performance. Among them, the core rod is an important structural component to bear the mechanical load of composite insulator. In recent years, there have been many brittle fracture faults of composite insulators in China, which directly affect the reliability of transmission lines. The composite insulator is usually accompanied by abnormal heating during the aging process. As an effective live detection method, infrared temperature measurement can find the defects of composite insulator in time and reduce the occurrence of string breaking accidents. In this paper, by artificially simulating the abnormal temperature rise of composite insulator, infrared temperature measurement was carried out under the conditions of different observation distance, different observation angle, different sheath thickness and different heat source temperature, so as to explore the influencing factors and laws of infrared temperature measurement of composite insulator. The results show that due to the difference of heat loss, sheath barrier and radiation ratio in thermal radiation propagation, the measured temperature decreases and the absolute temperature difference increases with the increase of observation distance, sheath thickness and observation angle. The built-in heat source temperature increases the total internal heat, which can partially weaken the influence of sheath thickness on the measured temperature and significantly expand the difference caused by observation angle.