Built-in Problems Research Articles

Optimization for Device Figure of Merit of Ferroelectric Tunnel FET using Genetic Algorithm

Tunnel FET is a gate-controlled, field effect transistor, followed band to band tunneling (BTBT) transport of charge carriers, having low subthreshold swing (SS < 60 Mv decade−1|T = 300 K). With tunnel FET, low-ION is a built-in problem, that limits its universal adaptability high-speed low-power uses. To overcome, this limitation of tunnel FET, a conventional double gate TFET has acquired for analysis having ferroelectric (BaTiO3)/HfO2 gate materials and source/channel region with Si1−xGex/Si semiconductor channel composition.The present device design techniques enhanced the ION and put down the subthreshold swing(SS). The analysis results by using the Silvaco simulator shows improvement in switching current(ION) approximately ∼103 times better than conventional DGTFET,without affecting the IOFF. Ultimately the change in ION∼order of 10−8 A μm−1 to 10−5 A μ has been measured for VDS ∼ 0.5 V at room temperature. The IOFF ( ∼10−20 A μm−1) has been measured. In addition to this, first time genetic algorithm has been used for the optimization of ferroelectric tunnel FET (Fe-Tunnel FET) device design parameters like a subthreshold swing (SS), ambipolar current (Iamb) and IONby using device deign parameters, doping (NS, ND), dielectric (εOX) and work function (WF).The research conclusion shows that Fe-Tunnel can play in lead backgroundfor super low power applications in advanced VLSI circuit and system.

Supply chain flows and stocks as entry points for cyber-risks

Abstract As supply chains become more digital to reach new levels of global competitiveness, caveats from this decision arise. Cyber-risks are one of these potential setbacks, affecting supply chains directly and indirectly, and propagating via supply chain flows and stocks – information, material, and financial. This study applied a systematic literature review to determine how the supply chain’s flows and stocks serve as points of entry to cyber-risks. Cyber-risks arise from different sources (i.e., direct attacks, built-in problems, low-quality issues), impacting supply chains’ flows and stocks (material and information). There is a relation between the type of supply chain and which flow, or stock facilitates access to the supply chain. Finally, we provide a distinction between two concepts related to Supply Chain Risk Management and cyber-risks. This research is useful to 1) enterprise decision-makers, as the description of potential cyber-risks’ points of entry delivers hints on where to focus managerial efforts; 2) developers of Supply Chain Management (SCM) Information and Communication Technology (ICT) systems, since discussing potential points of entry build awareness about probable exploitation points, thus improving ICT systems’ resiliency, and 3) scholars, as the depiction of the state-of-the-art may serve as a common departing point for future research.

UiO-66 derivate as a fluorescent probe for Fe3+ detection

The fluorescent dye molecules have gained wide attention for their applications in areas such as imaging and sensor. However, the properties of the fluorescent dyes are limited due to the built-in problems such as the aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ). Herein, a fluorescent dye@MOF was developed by encapsulating fluorescent dye molecules into the channels of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) to disperse them. This composite material SRB@UiO-66, equipping appreciable stability, was successfully obtained with sulfonyl rhodamine B (SRB) integrated into UiO-66. The composite material overtly accelerated the fluorescence property of SRB due to the limitation of nanometer channels on SRB, while UiO-66 has some fluorescence properties. Besides, SRB@UiO-66 with dual emission centers can be utilized as ratiometric sensors for Fe3+ detection in aqueous solution owing to their high sensitivity and selectivity. SRB@UiO-66 shows a new possibility to fabricate fluorescent molecular probes for the determination of heavy metal ions.

PARADOXES OF PARTICIPATION OF THE WOMEN LEADERS IN THE UNION PARISHAD IN BANGLADESH: A PHENOMENOLOGICAL ANALYSIS

This paper discusses obstacles of participation of the women leaders (WLs) in the grassroots based local government in Bangladesh, i.e. Union Parishad (UP). Since its inception (1870) till date (2019), local government of Bangladesh has a history of 149 years, but women's representation has been ensured since only 2 decades ago. After enacting reservation quota for women leaders in the sphere of Union Parishad (UP) in 1997, women leaders had to struggle hard to ensure their participation in the UP affairs. Within the span of 2 decades, WLs fails to ensure their effective participation because of some built-in problems of the UP. Against such a context, the paper is aimed at unraveling the research questions: What are the problems WLs are facing in ensuring their participation? The paper is based on phenomenological approach which was supported by case study, content analysis and observation methods. The findings of the paper revealed that women leaders (WLs) identified 3 major challenges towards playing their active role and participation in the UP such as i) patriarchy or male domination, ii) corruption and iii) faulty legal provision imposed upon them. All these problems are problems of local government in particular and Bangladesh society in general. Solution might be changing the legal and structural arrangements in the UP. Improving overall governance couple with reducing malpractices and corruptions can promote having women's rights and privileges better in the UP. More affirmative action such as education facilities should be expanded in the society to enhance women's participation and to modify value system as traditional values help perpetuate patriarchy and other social ills.

Biomarker-targeted fluorescent probes for breast cancer imaging

Breast cancer has become a common tumor worldwide which seriously endangers people’s health. Early diagnosis and treatment are particularly urgent in order to reduce the onset risk, mortality, and prolong the five-year survival rate. Therefore, we need a kind of diagnosis and treatment technology with high specificity, sensitivity and selectivity. In recent years, because of its unique properties in biological applications, fluorescence imaging has become an attractive research subject. Fluorescence imaging offers innovative ideas of targetable recognition of breast cancer cells, breast cancer imaging in vivo animal models, anticancer drugs delivery for guiding the mammary surgery via a noninvasive way with high sensitively and specifically. In this review, we summarized the recent advances of fluorescent probes for breast cancer imaging, which were classified according to different biomarkers the probes recognized. Moreover, we discussed the strengths, built-in problems as well as the challenges about the fluorescent probe as a unique potential method for the better application in breast cancer diagnosis and treatment.

Diversidade cultural e reconhecimento no quadro de políticas de comunicação e cultura no Brasil: desafios e perspectivas para concretização da Convenção da Unesco de 2005

http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/2175-7984.2017v16n35p94Este trabalho discute as políticas de comunicação e cultura no Brasil voltadas para radiodifusão, especialmente para a televisão e o audiovisual (cinema), em (des)compasso com o princípio de diversidade cultural, conforme a Convenção sobre a Proteção e a Promoção da Diversidade das Expressões Culturais da Unesco de 2005. Partimos de uma reflexão acerca da diversidade cultural como um problema construído no seio das sociedades multiculturais onde as demandas por reconhecimento operam a partir tanto da ideia de estima de si e respeito mútuo como daquela de justiça social, desembocando em lutas sociais permanentes dos membros das sociedades em suas rotinas de vida. Em seguida, vislumbramos o problema da diversidade cultural em cenários de monopólios dos meios de comunicação de largo alcance, como é o caso do Brasil, onde elementos de uma ética democrática como a liberdade de expressão encontram resistências em função da vigência de um modelo cultural hegemônico e reificante de produção e comercialização da cultura e da comunicação. Neste sentido, advogamos que a concretização dos princípios democratizantes do fazer cultural postos pela Convenção da Unesco de 2005 exige reformas em nosso marco legal para as Comunicações a partir do tripé cidadania, reconhecimento e diversidade cultural. A emergência de um espaço simbólico cosmopolita que envolva a visibilidade das narrativas e formas estéticas do universal e do particular que habitam a nossa diversidade cultural depende de amparo institucional e da rotinização do “reconhecimento normativo” como prática em nosso agir no mundo da vida.

“Split It Open and Count the Seeds”

“Split It Open and Count the Seeds”

Optimism in Active Learning.

Active learning is the problem of interactively constructing the training set used in classification in order to reduce its size. It would ideally successively add the instance-label pair that decreases the classification error most. However, the effect of the addition of a pair is not known in advance. It can still be estimated with the pairs already in the training set. The online minimization of the classification error involves a tradeoff between exploration and exploitation. This is a common problem in machine learning for which multiarmed bandit, using the approach of Optimism int the Face of Uncertainty, has proven very efficient these last years. This paper introduces three algorithms for the active learning problem in classification using Optimism in the Face of Uncertainty. Experiments lead on built-in problems and real world datasets demonstrate that they compare positively to state-of-the-art methods.

A Study on Impact of Demographic Profile on Maternity Care among Tribals of Western Ghats-with special reference to The Nilgiris and Anaimali Hills Province

The tribal communities live inside the Reserved Forests, in the vicinity in fringes and outside and are also called ‘forest dwellers’. Their socio-cultural life is centered on nature. The tribal population is identified as the aboriginal inhabitants of our country. They are seen in almost every State of India. In our country, known for the extreme poverty of the masses, the tribals constitute the core of the poor. Poverty, poor health and sanitation, illiteracy and other social problems among the tribals are exerting a dragging effect on the Indian economy. The health status of the Indian women is extremely low; this is all the more ironic since the primary caregivers of a household's health are women. It may be mentioned that health related studies among the tribal population are found to be limited, most of the available studies being fragmentary in nature without an adequate sample size and standard methodology. There is paucity of studies on many issues affecting the health status of tribal women. Tribal women in India have specific problems, some of these are built-in problems of these tribal communities and some are imposed upon them, which jeopardize their overall development and progress inclusive of their health. In order to improve the health status of the tribal women, the health care delivery system should be designed for each specific needs and problems by ensuring their personal involvement. This study seeks to find out the effect of socioeconomics characteristics to nutritional knowledge, attitude and practices among tribal pregnant women. In the above context, this study investigates the socio economic profile and maternity care practices among the tribal women in Western Ghats of Nilgiris and Anaimali Hills province with reference to the above mentioned objectives.

Optical Coherence Tomography in the Era of Drug-Eluting Stents: An Indispensable Workhorse

Copyright: © 2012 Nammas W, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Undoubtedly, the breakthrough introduction of drug-eluting stents (DES) has nearly abolished the need for reintervention, accounting for nearly 10-15% need for target vessel revascularization (TVR) at longterm follow-up [1,2]. Indeed, the enthusiasm associated with the early results of first-generation DES let us believe that the long-standing concern inherent to percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) has probably come to a pleasant end. After years ‘in duty’, however, worrisome reports have raised concerns about disturbingly high rates of late and very late (after one year) stent thrombosis associated with DES, that frequently culminates into myocardial infarction or, even more gravely, death [3]. Scaring enough, these reports launched a ‘wake-up call’ to carefully evaluate the likely mechanisms underlying this potentially life-menacing event. Insights from histopathological studies suggested that delayed neointimal coverage of DES struts a built-in problem of these devices was reasonably the first ‘suspect’ to condemn [4]. One more suspect was stent strut malapposition, again a favorable position for struts to remain ‘nude’ [5]. In the quest to ‘see what is going on’ in vivo, invasive imaging techniques were called into action. Intravascular ultrasonography (IVUS), the benchmark of these, did demonstrate a 10-20% incidence of strut malapposition associated with DES; almost double that reported following bare-metal stent implantation [6,7]. Unfortunately, however, the resolution of IVUS (100-200 μm) is clearly less sensitive to visualize slight degrees of strut malapposition, and rationally, far below that needed to reveal the ultrathin early and healthy neointimal layer covering stent struts. In this context, an advanced high-resolution imaging tool perfectly capable of portraying the vessel wall-lumen interface has long been awaited.

China’s SOE reform: A corporate governance perspective

This paper argues that Chinese state enterprise reform has been relatively successful in solving the short-term managerial incentive problem through both its formal, explicit incentive mechanism and its informal, implicit incentive mechanism. However, it has failed to solve the long-term managerial incentive problem and the management selection problem. An incumbent manager may have incentives to make short-term (but hidden) profits, but at present there is no mechanism to ensure that only qualified people will be selected for management. The fundamental reason is that managers of SOEs are selected by bureaucrats rather than capitalists. Since bureaucrats have the authority to select managers but do not need bear the consequences of their selection, they have no proper incentives to find and appoint high ability people. Since good performance does not guarantee that the incumbent manager will stay long, the manager does not have long-term incentives. The paper also argues that these built-in problems of state ownership cannot be solved by state-dominated corporatization. Bankruptcy has not played a role in disciplining managers because the state-owned banks have neither the incentive nor the ability to enforce debt contracts. To ensure that only high ability people will be professional managers and that managers can be well disciplined, the authority of selecting management must be transferred from bureaucrats to capitalists. This calls for privatization of both state enterprises and state banks. China is well on its way to privatization of state enterprises, but privatization of state banks is yet to come

On the difference between low-rank and subspace approximation: improved model for multi-linear PLS regression

While both Tucker3 and PARAFAC models can be viewed as latent variable models extending principal component analysis (PCA) to multi-way data, most fundamental properties of PCA do not extend to both models. This has practical importance, which will be explained in this paper. The fundamental difference between the PARAFAC and the Tucker3 model can be viewed as the difference between so-called low-rank and subspace approximation of the data. This insight is used to pose a modification of the multi-linear partial least squares regression (N-PLS) model. The modification is found by exploiting the basic properties of PLS and of multi-way models. Compared to the current prevalent implementation of N-PLS, the new model provides a more reasonable fit to the independent data and exactly the same predictions of the dependent variables. Thus, the reason for introducing this improved model is not to obtain better predictions, but rather the aim is to improve the secondary aspect of PLS: the modeling of the independent variables. The original version of N-PLS has some built-in problems that are easily circumvented with the modification suggested here. This is of importance, for example, in process monitoring, outlier detection and also, implicitly, for jackknifing of model parameters. Some examples are provided to illustrate some of these points.

Can Gender Equality Be Institutionalized?

Institutional innovation can be understood as launching an institution within an intact institutional and cultural context. Such attempts of guided institutionalization pose a crucial built-in problem. The goal of institutional innovation is to create new routine-reproduced, taken-for-granted behaviour patterns. The means to reach this goal is rational, purposive action, which is the very opposite of routinized enacting. This immanent contradiction of institutional innovation is discussed on the basis of a comparative study on the introduction of gender quotas in Norwegian and German political parties. The analysis draws on more than 50 qualitative interviews with parliamentarians from both countries. The case of quota rules seems paradoxical because the procedure itself, which is introduced in order to make equal political participation of both genders taken for granted, explicitly stresses gender difference. However, quotas are highly institutionalized in Norwegian political life, while they are still contested in Germany. It is argued that an important reason for this is the different cultural contexts. In Norway, `feminism of difference' represents values with which the procedure of quota regulations can tie in. The German emphasis on `feminism of equality' poses a hindrance to the establishment of quotas. Cultural launching values, which can function as structural carriers of behaviour patterns into acceptance and taken-for-grantedness, are identified as a crucial factor for institutional innovation.

Electron-transfer-induced reactions. Termination steps and efficiency of the chain process in SRN1 aromatic substitutions

An important part of the mechanistic sequence of SRNl aromatic substitution reactions ArX + Nu- - ArNu + X- is a chain process, the propagation of which involves three intermediate radicals: ArX-., AP and ArNu-.. A quantitative kinetic model describing the propagation of the chain process is presented and discussed in terms of the time required for reaching a given conversion of the starting ArX. The influence of electron transfer from ArX; and ArNu-. to AP as main termination steps deactivating the chain process in solvents of low H atom donating ability (liquid NH,) is then investigated. This is a built-in problem in sRN1 reactions: the propagation cycle produces the elements of its own destruction. The outcome of this competition is shown to essentially depend upon three parameters, featuring each one of the three steps of the propagation cycle: the rate constant for decomposition of ArX-. into AP, the rate constant for the addition of the nucleophile on AP, and the difference of the standard potentials of the ArX/ArX-- and ArNu/ArNu-. redox couples. From previous rate and potential data, a number of systems appear to involve rather unefficient chain processes even though a rather good substitution yield can be obtained. A remarkable exception is the reaction of (EtO),PO- and 4-chlorobenzonitrile where a 100% conversion is obtained in about 10 min by introducing less than 0.01 electron per molecule of the substrate into the solution. It is shown that the main previous observations of homogeneous SRNl processes, particularly the influence of the nature of the leaving group X on reaction times and product distribution, can be interpretzd in the framework of the same model which regards electron transfer to AP, and in some cases to ArNu-., as the essential cause for the deactivation of the chain process. In organic solvents, a significant additional termination step is the abstraction of hydrogen atoms from the solvent by the intermediate aryl radical AP. A kinetic model is presented for the case where H atom abstraction is the main termination step and used to discuss the experimental results obtained with the reaction of the cyanide ion and 4-bromobenzophenone in acetonitrile.

The Consumption Function: The Permanent Income Versus the Habit Persistence Hypothesis

SINCE the publication Friedman's A Theory Consumption Function (1957), a number papers have appeared testing the permanent income hypothesis (PIH). With only a few exceptions (see Singh & Drost, 1971; Singh, 1975), most the researchers have estimated permanent income through the application Cagan's (1956) or Koyck's (1954) distributed lag model.1 As is well known, this leads to a regression current consumption on personal disposable income (PDI) and lagged consumption a form very similar to the consumption function implied by Brown's habit persistence hypothesis (HPH). Indeed, after the Klein-Friedman debate it has become almost a practice to consider HPH to be truly a complete anticipation of PIH notwithstanding the fact that the focus the two hypotheses is quite different. In fact, the application Koyck's model to PIH by its nature violates some the basic assumptions the latter. Not only does it bring about dependence between the transitory and permanent components income, but also yields transitory components income and consumption that may be mutually correlated (see Holmes, 1971; Singh, 1969; Walters, 1968). Thus, the tests PIH that use Koyck's distributed lag model in the time series context (see Holmes, 1970, 1972; Singh and Drost, 1971; Singh, 1975) clearly become dubious value. In addition, there are some builtin problems in the estimation a distributed lag model which although quite well known are often ignored in the empirical research related to PIH. This paper intends to discuss the basic differences in the two hypotheses and thereby show that it is wrong to identify HPH and PIH with each other. In section II, we set up the PIH and HPH models, outline various assumptions and examine in what respect the two models are different. In section III we analyze and compare the properties the estimators in the two models.