Built-in Antenna Research Articles

UNIVERSAL «SMART» SET-TOP BOX TO HOUSEHOLD APPLIANCES

A simple and cheap way to turn ordinary household appliances (refrigerators, microwave ovens, coffee makers, washing machines, coolers, etc.) into «smart» ones using a stand-alone wireless set-top box for implementation of a «smart house» within the «Internet of Things» concept is presented. The basic hardware architecture of the set-top box has been developed, which includes a microcontroller, a Wi-Fi module with a built-in antenna, a rechargeable battery or a 220 V power supply. Depending on the functions performed, the basic architecture of the set-top box can be supplemented with various modules. i. e. external sensors (detectors, scanners. etc.) receiving signals from household appliances, a memory module, modules for input or output of information, a clock module, etc. The software of the set-top box microcontroller provides receiving and processing information from various external sensors generating information about operation of the household appliance and transmitting it through a wireless access point based on Wi-Fi technology to Internet to notify the user through the corresponding mobile application. The set-top box can work in conjunction with conventional household appliances without interfering with their design. Potential consumers of the set-top box are, first of all, domestic consumers, as well as any organizations and firms that use various household appliances at their offices and industrial premises. Based on the proposed architecture of the set-top box, a solution was developed in the form of a «smart bottle», which allows you to control the water level in a 19-liter bottle and use a mobile application to automatically order bottles from a bottled water supplier. The set-top box can be used with any types of water coolers/dispensers and even with hand pump bottles.

RFID based Infrastructure to Vehicle Communication System for Road Sign Identification

This paper produces an efficient, low-cost solution for communication between Infrastructure and vehicles by exploiting the passive UHF RFID features to deploy a scalable platform that overcomes the limitation of current technology GPS, WIFI and camera used in intelligent transportation system (ITS). The limitations are GPS inaccuracy, camera failure in bad weather, WIFI extra time handshake, and high deployment cost. The suggested system provides fast communication in real time that's required in warning message transmission between Infrastructure and vehicles, like speed limit warning and curve warning that the driver always misses or ignores. The proposed system contains a UHF RFID reader with a built-in antenna installed in the front pamper of the car connected to a microcontroller Arduino UNO by serial interface and a passive RFID tag deployed inside the road surface in the same line of the intended warning signal and this tag store the road information related to the warning signal. When the go over the RFID tag, it will retrieve its information, and a warning message will display on an LCD screen. This paper simulates all possible weather conditions and tries the system under four communication environments: water, dust, asphalt and free Air and compares the result accordingly.

Natural Optimization Algorithms in Synthesis Problems of Built-In Antennas of IoT Devices (Review)

Natural Optimization Algorithms in Synthesis Problems of Built-In Antennas of IoT Devices (Review)

Design and Development for a Vehicle Tracking System

In recent years, the drastic increase in the number of vehicle thefts brings about at an alarming rate around the world. However, existing vehicle tracking devices have certain limitations including the lack of ability to determine if the vehicle is on the right route. To address this problem, this study focused on the design and development of a vehicle tracking prototype with route detection, emergency button, and STATUS command to monitor the current location of the vehicle. Arduino Mega 2560, SIM900 Global System for Mobile communication (GSM) module, and NEO-6M Global Positioning System (GPS) module were used to develop the prototype. The GPS module, push buttons, and SMS command served as an input. The Arduino Mega 2560 was programmed using an algorithm to determine if the device deviated from its route, detect if the emergency button was pressed, and if STATUS command was received. The system sends a SMS if the vehicle deviated from its path, emergency button is pressed, and a STATUS command from the operator is received. Results showed that after several trials the prototype was successful in performing its functional objectives. The prototype was only limited to the use of a prototyping grade GPS module. The GPS used a built-in antenna and took time to connect to satellites. It is recommended to use an industrial grade GPS module and connect an external antenna to improve signal strength.

Performance Evaluation of Single-Frequency Precise Point Positioning and Its Use in the Android Smartphone

The opening access of global navigation satellite system (GNSS) raw data in Android smart devices has led to numerous studies on precise point positioning on mobile phones, among which single-frequency precise point positioning (SF-PPP) has become popular because smartphone-based dual-frequency data still suffer from poor observational quality. As the ionospheric delay is a dominant factor in SF-PPP, we first evaluated two SF-PPP approaches with the MGEX (Multi-GNSS Experiment) stations, the Group and Phase Ionospheric Correction (GRAPHIC) approach and the uncombined approach, and then applied them to a Huawei P40 smartphone. For MGEX stations, both approaches achieved less than 0.1 m and 0.2 m accuracy in horizontal and vertical components, respectively. Uncombined SF-PPP manifested a significant decrease in the convergence time by 40.7%, 20.0%, and 13.8% in the east, north, and up components, respectively. For P40 data, the SF-PPP performance was analyzed using data collected with both a built-in antenna and an external geodetic antenna. The P40 data collected with the built-in antenna showed lower carrier-to-noise ratio (C/N0) values, and the pseudorange noise reached 0.67 m, which is about 67% larger than that with a geodetic antenna. Because the P40 pseudorange noise presented a strong correlation with C/N0, a C/N0-dependent weight model was constructed and used for the P40 data with the built-in antenna. The convergence of uncombined SF-PPP approach was faster than the GRAPHIC model for both the internal and external antenna datasets. The root mean square (RMS) errors for the uncombined SF-PPP solutions of P40 with an external antenna were 0.14 m, 0.15 m, and 0.33 m in the east, north, and up directions, respectively. In contrast, the P40 with an embedded antenna could only reach 0.72 m, 0.51 m, and 0.66 m, respectively, indicating severe positioning degradation due to antenna issues. The results indicate that the two SF-PPP models both can achieve sub-meter level positioning accuracy utilizing multi-GNSS single-frequency observations from mobile smartphones.

Ultra-low profile solar-cell-integrated antenna with a high form factor

This paper presents an ultra-low-profile copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) based solar cell integrated antenna with a high form factor. A tiny slot was etched from the solar cell to develop an ultra-low-profile solar-cell-integrated antenna. This tiny slot increases the form factor due to the small clearance area from the solar cell. A ground-radiation antenna design method was applied in which lumped elements were employed inside the tiny slot for antenna operation. Another substrate was used under the solar cell for designing the feeding structure with lumped elements connected to the tiny slot using via holes. A prototype was fabricated and measured to verify the operation of a built-in solar-cell antenna and validate the simulated results. The measured results demonstrate that the solar-cell-integrated antenna covers the entire frequency range of the Industrial Scientific Medical band, from 2.4 to 2.5 GHz, with a maximum gain of 2.79 dBi and radiation efficiency higher than 80% within the impedance bandwidth range. Moreover, the proposed design has an ultra-low-profile structure of only 0.0046 λo, where λo represents the free space wavelength at 2.45 GHz, and a high form factor of 99.1% with no optical blockage. The antenna and solar cell were designed to avoid affecting the performance of each other using the radio-frequency decoupler.

Photovoltaic Cell With Built-In Antenna for Internet of Things Applications

A compact and low-profile photovoltaic (PV) cell with a Built-In antenna is proposed for Internet of Things (IoT) applications. The proposed design exploits the gallium arsenide (GaAs)-based PV cell for antenna operation; for this purpose, a hexagonal slot with a trapezoidal perturbation is cut from the active area and bottom contact of the PV cell for resonance. The bottom contact of the PV cell is also used as the ground plane for the antenna. An AC blocking circuit is designed to prevent the flow of RF current toward the PV cell, and a chip inductor is used as an RF choke in the circuit. Thus, a single device simultaneously functions as a PV cell and an antenna. The GaAs PV cell shows a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 13.25% without antireflection coating, with an open-circuit voltage (V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">oc</sub> ), a short-circuit current density (J <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">sc</sub> ), and a fill factor (FF) of 0.963 V, 21.00 mA/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> , and 65.52%, respectively. Furthermore, the optical transparency of the proposed PV-cell antenna is greater than 90%. The complete structure occupies an overall volume of 31.4 mm ×33 mm ×0.639 mm ( 0.25λ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">o</sub> ×0.26λ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">o</sub> ×0.0052λ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">o</sub> at 2.45 GHz), and the antenna operates in the range of 2.14 to 2.94 GHz, with a gain of 2.8 dBi at 2.45 GHz.

3D Point Cloud Generation with Millimeter-Wave Radar

Emerging autonomous driving systems require reliable perception of 3D surroundings. Unfortunately, current mainstream perception modalities, i.e., camera and Lidar, are vulnerable under challenging lighting and weather conditions. On the other hand, despite their all-weather operations, today's vehicle Radars are limited to location and speed detection. In this paper, we introduce MILLIPOINT, a practical system that advances the Radar sensing capability to generate 3D point clouds. The key design principle of MILLIPOINT lies in enabling synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging on low-cost commodity vehicle Radars. To this end, MILLIPOINT models the relation between signal variations and Radar movement, and enables self-tracking of Radar at wavelength-scale precision, thus realize coherent spatial sampling. Furthermore, MILLIPOINT solves the unique problem of specular reflection, by properly focusing on the targets with post-imaging processing. It also exploits the Radar's built-in antenna array to estimate the height of reflecting points, and eventually generate 3D point clouds. We have implemented MILLIPOINT on a commodity vehicle Radar. Our evaluation results show that MILLIPOINT effectively combats motion errors and specular reflections, and can construct 3D point clouds with much higher density and resolution compared with the existing vehicle Radar solutions.

Evaluation of SAR sensor design parameters on remote sensing missions

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to investigate the design parameters of an optimal SAR satellite sensor on remote sensing missions. Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) satellite missions, with the advantages of using all weather conditions, repetition of a pass, high spatial resolution and adequate balance, can not only provide timely coverage in disaster areas but also environmental monitoring and accident assessment. It also provides resources. The product of images depicts the needs of government organizations not only before and after the crisis but also during the crisis. Therefore, low-cost SAR satellite loading efforts have begun with SAR satellites and key technologies.Design/methodology/approachInformation about the basic parameters of SAR satellites such as antenna dimensions, image resolution, pulse and relationship repetition, as well as the tradeoff between required parameters and design needs’ evaluation was achieved. In this paper, the tradeoff methods between some technical requirements are presented, and the limitations in the design of a SAR prototype sensor in the X band are examined. Diagrams can provide a complete overview of the predicted fluctuations and tradeoffs between them for a designer.FindingsAnalysis of findings reveals that data transmission rate with PRFmin is independent of antenna incidence angle, but in contrast, it is dependent on PRFmax, and afterward its relationship was analyzed. Drawn diagrams approved presented design and calculations. Other important parameters in the design of the SAR sensor such as antenna dimensions, tilt angle, amplitude and resolution of azimuth can be achieved as significant elements in systematic design according to the results of this paper. Regarding the displayed diagrams, it can be understood that the angle of the antenna should not be from 15 to 60 degrees.Originality/valueThis paper provides an overview of the new observational capability offered by the second generation of SAR sensors, especially in the field of remote sensing applications. The built-in antenna is built for the small SAR sensor. This array antenna is designed with a parallel screen to work in X-frequency with vertical polarity.

Low-cost MEMS accelerometer network for rotating machine vibration diagnostics

In this paper a wireless sensor network (WSN) with low-cost nodes (less than $US 30.00) is presented. The nodes are based on microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) accelerometers and a highly-integrated microcontroller with built-in antenna for Wi-Fi and Bluetooth Low-Energy (BLE). The system was specially designed to analyze unbalance, load, and rotor obstructions in a rotating machine. Two sensor nodes were installed on an apparatus: one in the shaft and the other on the support table. The acceleration signals were used to analyze the machine vibration in the frequency domain by its Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). This spectrum was pre-analyzed on the sensor node, and the most significant features were sent to a cloud platform. These nodes were mounted to acquire vibration from an electric bicycle motor. Three situations were simulated: unbalance, using weights at the endings of rim spokes; mechanical load, using neodymium magnets, through the principle of eddy currents; and rotor obstruction, using an object made with a nylon cable. The solution presented was used to measure vibration and calculate its spectrum and send it to the cloud. The signals were analyzed using three strategies: an FFT amplitude level comparison, logistic regression, and neural network (NN). The analyses were carried out using the signals of each sensor independently and as a sensor network, this last showing better results. It was possible to diagnose each type of fault inserted in the tests, proving that the device developed can be used in industries as a low-cost alternative to monitor the health of rotating machines.

Experimental Evaluation of the Shadowing of a Planar Antenna Caused by a Quadcopter Frame

Abstract The use of mobile data transfer can significantly increase the range of the remote-controlled operation of multirotor aerial vehicles. The planar antennas of ready-to-use 3G/LTE cellular communication dongles provide a low-cost and lightweight communication solution. In this paper, antenna shadowing caused by a quadcopter frame is experimentally investigated. The communication module is a 3G/LTE “Huawei 3372h” dongle with two planar built-in antennas and a receiver diversity function. The quadcopter frame is a widely used “F450” with Nylon arms and a PCB centre. It has been found that in order to minimize the antenna shadowing effect, planar antennas should be installed at the bottom of the frame, in parallel with the frame, with an air gap not less than the distance to the outer boundary of the reactive Near Field (NF).

Study on Electromagnetic Radiation of Human Brain by PIFA Antenna

This paper mainly studies the single frequency GSM900MHz PIFA antenna effect of the human brain. Firstly, using high frequency simulator structure (HFSS) software established antenna and the model of the human brain. Secondly, performing PIFA antenna simulation, and analyzing the effect of the structure of the antenna parameters on its performance and PIFA antenna effect of the human brain. Finally, focusing on the analysis of the specific absorption rate (SAR) in the human brain, and the size of SAR shows that the electromagnetic radiation is consumed or absorbed the degree by human brain. It can be proved that the simulation results show that the built-in antenna in mobile phones has little impact on the human brain, but with the increase of antenna power, the absorption of electromagnetic radiation is increasing.

Brain SAR of average male Korean child to adult models for mobile phone exposure assessment

This paper aims to implement average head models of Korean males and investigate age-related differences in the brain for exposure from radiation from mobile phones. Four male head models composed of a total of 69 structures were developed through a statistical investigation of the anatomical morphology for the age groups of 6, 9, 15 and 20–24 years in age, which are named KR-6, KR-9, KR-15, and KR-22 herein. Three numerical bar phone models with a dual-band built-in antenna were applied to calculate the specific absorption rate (SAR) in the brain; the body lengths of models Mavg and Mlong have the mean value and upper 5th percentile value of commercial bar phone models, respectively, with an antenna at the bottom, whereas Mrev has an antenna on top of the phone body, which is the same as in Mavg but rotated 180°. The cheek and tilt positions were employed for SAR simulations. As a result, a higher peak spatial-average SAR (psSAR) was observed in the brain for the child groups of KR-6 and KR-9 than for the adult groups of KR-15 and KR-22. In most configurations, the position-averaged psSAR10 g in the child brain was 62% (Mlong, 835 MHz), 61% (Mavg, 835 MHz), 102% (Mlong, 1850 MHz), 108% (Mavg, 1850 MHz), and 125% (Mrev, 1850 MHz) higher than in the adult brain. The higher frequency of 1850 MHz showed a wider difference in the brain psSAR between the child and adult groups owing to the shorter penetration depth. When a long phone with an antenna at the bottom operates at a higher frequency, it significantly reduces the brain exposure.

Однокристальный приемный модуль со встроенной антенной на диапазоне частот 66–67 ГГц для систем сотовой связи 5G

Однокристальный приемный модуль со встроенной антенной на диапазоне частот 66–67 ГГц для систем сотовой связи 5G

Встраиваемая антенна для аварийных радиомаяков второго поколения системы КОСПАС–САРСАТ

Встраиваемая антенна для аварийных радиомаяков второго поколения системы КОСПАС–САРСАТ

Design of a New Built-in UHF Multi-Frequency Antenna Sensor for Partial Discharge Detection in High-Voltage Switchgears.

In this study a new built-in ultrahigh frequency (UHF) antenna sensor was designed and applied in a high-voltage switchgear for partial discharge (PD) detection. The casing of the switchgear was initially used as the ground plane of the antenna sensor, which integrated the sensor into the high-voltage switchgear. The Koch snowflake patch was adopted as the radiation patch of the antenna to overcome the disadvantages of common microstrip antennas, and the feed position and the dielectric layer thickness were simulated in detail. Simulation results show that the antenna sensor possessed four resonant points with good impedance matching from 300 MHz to 1000 MHz, and it also presented good multi-frequency performance in the entire working frequency band. PD detection experiments were conducted in the high-voltage switchgear, and the fabricated antenna sensor was effectively built into the high-voltage switchgear. In order to reflect the advantages of the built-in antenna sensor, another external UHF antenna sensor was used as a comparison to simultaneously detect PD. Experimental results demonstrated that the built-in antenna sensor possessed high detection sensitivity and strong anti-interference capacity, which ensured the practicability of the design. In addition, it had more high-voltage switchgear PD detection advantages than the external sensor.

Placement optimization of integrated circuits for reduced radio-frequency interferences in mobile devices

In this article, an optimization procedure for the placement of integrated circuits (ICs) for reduced radio-frequency interference (RFI) in mobile devices is presented. The concept of a power conversion factor (PCF) is introduced to quantify the near-field radiation of ICs based on near-field measurement techniques. For PCF extraction, equivalent source antennas are designed to represent the radiation chracteristics of ICs. In addition, the concept of a power transfer function (PTF) is also introduced to characterize the near-field propagation from RFI noise sources to the built-in antennas in mobile devices. From the combination of the PCFs and the PTFs, a spatial near-field specification of ICs for reduced RFI is proposed. Based on the proposed specification, the application example of an optimized IC placement in mobile platform design is presented. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 58:31–37, 2016

WLAN 시스템 적용 가능한 무선 USB 동글용 변형된 모노폴 안테나의 설계 및 제작

ABSTRACT In this paper, we propose a built-in antenna for wireless USB dongle which has a modified structure from the existing planar monopole antenna. The proposed antenna implemented a dual-band characteristic by inserting Strip1, Strip2, Strip3 into the monopole structure combined with ‘n’ shape and feeded 50- Ω using coaxial cable. The antenna is designed on an FR-4 substrate of which the dielectric constant is 4.6, and its overall size is 10 mm × 50 mm × 1mm. Based on the measurement results of the return loss, it was confirmed to satisfy the dual band resonance characteristics of 740 MHz (2.3 ~ 2.7 GHz) and 1,200 MHz (5.15 ~ 5.825 GHz) by -10 dB. In addition, we obtain the omni-directional radiation pattern measurements in the operating frequency bands, and the maximum gain of the proposed antenna has 2.26~3.81 dBi in the 2.4 GHz band and 2.21~5.79 dBi. in the 5.5 GHz band, respectively. 키워드 : 무선 USB 동글, 이중대역 안테나, WLAN 응용 Key word : Wireless USB Dongle, Multiband antenna, WLAN applicationJournal of the Korea Institute of Information andCommunication Engineering

Yagi Antenna Design and Analysis 11 Folded Dipole Feeding Elements for VoIP Networks

The problem that often occurs in VOIP networks using wireless media is the weak signal received and transmitted by the transceiver device at a long distance from the wireless router, so that the quality of VOIP service is often disconnected. The purpose of this research is to design and realize an 11 element yagi antenna with folded feed elements. dipole as an antenna for a transceiver device whose gain is better than a built-in antenna, so that it can support VOIP services. Yagi antenna is an antenna consisting of 3 elements, namely a reflector element, a driven element and a director element. The reflector element and the director element cause the yagi antenna to be directional so that a large gain is obtained from a certain point, while the driven one is used is a folded dipole antenna which has an impedance of 300 ohms so that the matching technique to the 50 ohm transmission line becomes easier. Ghz is less than 1.5 and RL is less than -14 dB. The bandwidth obtained is 620 MHz, the gain is 16.08 dBi with directional radiation and linear polarization. In implementation, the VOIP service is stable at a distance of 50 m using a yagi antenna, compared to the less stable built-in antenna.

МИС усилителей со встроенными антеннами СВЧ-диапазона на наногетероструктурах

МИС усилителей со встроенными антеннами СВЧ-диапазона на наногетероструктурах