Building Microclimate Research Articles

АНАЛИЗ КЛИМАТА И УЧЕТ ЕГО ОСОБЕННОСТЕЙ ПРИ ПРОЕКТИРОВАНИИ ЗДАНИЙ В Г.СИМФЕРОПОЛЬ

The purpose of the work is to develop typological recommendations for the designed buildings in Simferopol based on the architectural analysis of natural and climatic conditions. The study requires a detailed study of the temperature regime, temperature and humidity regime, temperature and wind regime, solar radiation and the bioclimatic characteristics of the construction area. Subject of the study: Human heat sensations are influenced by the interaction of factors such as temperature, solar radiation, air humidity and the speed of its movement. Depending on the combination of these factors, a person's heat perception can vary. Materials and methods: To achieve this goal, the following values were analyzed: average monthly outdoor temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and direction, and solar radiation. To assess the effect of climate on the human body, an equivalent-effective temperature and a normal equivalent temperature were calculated. AutoCAD and Microsoft Excel software were used to build the graphs. Results: The conducted research allowed us to determine the boundaries of comfort zones, the influence of the Simferopol climate on the human body. Conclusions: The results of the analysis of natural and climatic factors allow us to determine the typological requirements for the choice of architectural solutions: architectural planning, structural and engineering means of regulating the microclimate in buildings and buildings for Simferopol, taking into account its climate.

COMPARATIVE EXERGY ANALYSIS OF ADIABATIC AND ISOTHERMAL HUMIDIFICATION IN A DIRECT-FLOW CENTRAL AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM

Central air conditioning systems of buildings and structures are significant consumers of electric and thermal energy of different temperature levels and are the least economical in terms of energy consumption. When designing these systems, due attention is not always paid to assessing their energy efficiency and no variant design is carried out with a comparison of the relevant indicators. This is due to the lack of proven engineering methods. The exergy method of analysing energy-consuming systems provides a correct numerical assessment of energy efficiency and enables a comparative analysis of circuit solutions and system elements. In contrast to the energy method, the peculiarity of the exergy method in relation to air conditioning systems is the possibility of taking into account all available mass and energy flows in the system in exergy units. The extension of the exergy method to systems for creating and maintaining a microclimate in buildings and structures has not yet acquired the status of practical engineering support. This article presents an example of an exergy analysis based on the original methodology for comparing methods of humidification in a central air conditioning system for a public building in order to select the best method in terms of energy efficiency. Two traditional methods of air humidification for the cold season - adiabatic and isothermal - were used for the study and comparison. The results of analytical studies are presented in the form of relative values of exergy.

Retrofits of multi-storey office building facade

The city of Jakarta is the 7th big city in the world that has the most high-rise buildings. High-rise buildings in Jakarta were built from 1971 until now and in the 90s it was the peak of the construction of high-rise buildings such as offices and apartment. Tall Buildings with glass facade, concentrating plans are the most typology of office high-rise buildings in Jakarta. Buildings with the dominance of glass facade that reflect heat cause an increase in temperature in the microclimate and a decrease in building performance resulting in the amount of energy used by buildings, especially air conditioners. Building facade play an important role in reducing the improvement of the microclimate and energy use in buildings. Therefore, an analysis was carried out on the BRI II building on Jalan Sudirman Jakarta as a case study that represents the typology of the most office buildings in Jakarta. It turns out that this building has a high OTTV (Overall Thermal Transfer Value) value, so the largest AC cooling load comes from the building casing. Therefore, facade retrofit is one of the alternatives that can be done to reduce energy use, especially air conditioning. After that, a simulation of the casing retrofit to obtain a significant retrofit action can reduce the AC energy used through ottv value reduction analysis.

Indoor Parameters of Museum Buildings for Guaranteeing Artworks Preservation and People’s Comfort: Compatibilities, Constraints, and Suggestions

Since people tend to spend more and more time visiting museums, more accurate requirements are needed for the indoor environmental conditions of these confined spaces where two primary requisites coincide in defining their optimal indoor microclimate: the need for the appropriate artwork preservation and suitable levels of indoor comfort conditions for people visiting the exhibition buildings and/or working there. Regrettably, people and artwork requirements are sometimes characterized by different reference limits of the environmental parameters that, not rarely, could potentially conflict. Another important point to consider is that museums hosted by heritage buildings (particularly in Mediterranean climates, as is often the case in Italy) are often not equipped with climatization systems because of difficulty in installing generally bulky equipment such as HVAC systems. This circumstance represents another important limit for achieving suitable conditions for the two requisites. In addition, the recent pandemic-related occurrences are pushing technicians and designers to rethink the criteria for controlling the microclimate of public buildings, and museums among them. In this paper, this issue is addressed by reviewing current regulations, standards, and handbooks (and by means of a real case example related to the Italian context) in order to ascertain whether such documentation could facilitate the development of effective rules/guidelines for proper management of indoor parameters in museums.

Assessing built microclimate with building group frontal projection maps: A sun-path-dependent deep transfer learning neural network approach

Climate conditions play a pivotal role in estimating buildings' energy consumption. For urban-scale building energy dynamic simulation, the typical meteorological year weather represents a universal climate condition for the entire city. However, the varying terrain roughness, environment conditions, human-built architectures jointly formulate a unique microclimate condition for each building. This study intends to develop flexible and reliable approach to assess a building's microclimate condition based on its surrounding environment morphological features. The proposed approach leverages deep transfer learning neural networks that combines seasonal sun path trajectories and front projection maps of building groups. To validate the proposed method, a case study was conducted on a campus environment with wireless environmental sensing systems. The findings of this study demonstrate that the projection matrices and sun path can improve the assessment methods solely based on the dynamic impacts of urban morphological features and can forecast microclimate dynamics for urban-scale building energy simulation.

ПРИМЕНЕНИЕ ГЕОТЕРМАЛЬНОЙ ЭНЕРГИИ ДЛЯ СИСТЕМ ОТОПЛЕНИЯ И ОХЛАЖДЕНИЯ ЗДАНИЙ

This article discusses the advantages and prospects of using geothermal energy for heating and cooling systems of buildings. Geothermal systems are an environmentally friendly and energy-efficient solution for maintaining a comfortable microclimate in residential and commercial buildings. The article analyzes the operating principles of geothermal systems, their design features, as well as economic and environmental aspects of application. Particular attention is paid to the experience of implementing geothermal systems in various climatic conditions and examples of successful projects.

ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ВЕТРОВОГО РЕЖИМА СУЩЕСТВУЮЩЕЙ ЖИЛОЙ ЗАСТРОЙКИ В УСЛОВИЯХ ЖАРКОГО КЛИМАТА

The article focuses on the microclimate of dense residential buildings in a hot climate and ensuring the wind comfort of people there. It considers the aeration of a complex built up with high-rise and low-rise residential and public buildings. The numerical simulation method is used in the ANSYS Discovery Live software package. The paper presents the analysis of the comfort of the wind regime on the territory of the residential complex with the allocation of aeration zones according to wind speed and gives recommendations to reduce stagnant aeration zones. It also considers the aeration of a residential complex improved by the installation of wind screens. The results obtained and the revealed patterns will help to better assess the architectural and planning solutions of residential buildings, including buildings within existing districts, in terms of the comfort of people staying in these territories.

A system for monitoring the microclimate parameters of premises based on the Internet of Things and edge devices

Recent years have been characterized by the rapid development of Internet of Things (IoT) and edge device technologies. Systems of various purposes with IoT elements and edge devices are increasingly finding practical use in people’s lives, the IoT element base is expanding and improving, which makes it possible to develop effective measuring systems, including those with feedback control. An essential role in ensuring people’s lives is played by the microclimate of the premises where people live, work, and study. As you know, the excess or decrease of the environmental microclimate relative to the norm negatively affects the physiological state of a person, his performance, and concentration and reduces the efficiency of work and training. Therefore, in this work, the problem of round-the-clock monitoring of the microclimate of classrooms is solved by developing an autonomous IoT system using edge devices to measure climatic parameters such as temperature, relative humidity, carbon dioxide level in the air, and the concentration of light air ions with data recording on a smartphone and saving on a remote server. The principles of building microclimate monitoring systems are presented, the requirements for the system are set, the criteria for choosing the elemental base and the technical characteristics of each component are given. The structure of the air ion concentration sensor developed by the author and the method of measuring the air ion concentration in the room are also described. The structural diagram of the developed microclimate parameters monitoring system is also presented. The development is part of a system for studying the influence of microclimate parameters on the physiological state of applicants for education. The results obtained in the work will allow development measures to ensure the necessary normal conditions for training in confined spaces. Research conducted using the developed system will allow better formation of student learning conditions in order to achieve maximum performance indicators.

Analysis of proposed technical solutions for maintaining the microclimate of livestock buildings

Technical solutions to ensure the necessary values of parameters are studied. Considered scientific research on the subject of control of microclimatic parameters. Identified the main components of the living conditions, ways to maintain their regulated values in the room. The methods of influencing them are considered. Developed a simplified model of the farm in the software package SketchUp 2020, simulations were carried out in the software package SolidWorks 2020. General parameters set for the calculation: heat emitted by the cows — 1000 W; amount of carbon dioxide — 4% in the exhaled air; wind speed at the window inlet — 2 m/s, humidity — 70%, temperature — 25 ºC. The materials used in the study are displayed. Parametric models for the nature and velocity of air flows are presented. The main ways of regulating the indicators of interest are analyzed. The most suitable solutions for modernization and re-equipment of production facilities to improve the microclimate in the cattle housing are identified and described. The functional and structural scheme of technical solutions to ensure the parameters of the microclimate is formed. The technological map of conceptual proposals is made and displayed. On their basis, the main solutions for modernization of farms are defined: natural ventilation, axial and suspended fans, light ridge, nozzles, lifting curtains, artificial lighting.

INTEGRATION OF DYNAMIC INFORMATION ON ENERGY PARAMETERS IN HBIM MODELS

Abstract. The conservation of cultural heritage can be affected by different changes in temperature and humidity within architectural spaces, so energy performance and interior microclimate of historic buildings require adaptation to new maintenance and prevention studies. The search for these new investigations brings cultural heritage closer to new digital technologies such as Historic Building Information Modelling (HBIM). In this work, a new interdisciplinary methodology is developed between energy operators and BIM operators, so that a new framework is created to monitor energy parameters through intelligent sensors that measure temperature and humidity in the fully interoperable and semantically enriched 3D model itself. The study's commitment involves solving the interoperability workflow between sensors and the BIM platform, taking advantage of this new interconnectivity. For the study, a methodology applied to the Church of the Sacred Heart of Jesus in Seville was carried out, where from a survey through a georeferenced terrestrial laser scanner with topographic equipment, it is modelled from the point cloud, incorporating the sensors in the HBIM Project. In the workflow, it has been shown that the integration of microclimate data inside churches can be managed directly in the environment of an HBIM-based model and transfer a reverse flow in the process.

A tiled multi-city urban objects dataset for city-scale building energy simulation

City-scale building energy simulation provides a significant reference for planning and urban management. However, large-scale building energy simulation is often unfeasible due to the huge amount of computational resources required and the lack of high-precision building models. For such reasons, this study developed a tiled multi-city urban objects dataset and a distributed data ontology. Such a data metric not only transforms the conventional whole-city simulation model into patch-based distributed simulations but also incorporates interactive relationships among objects in cities. The dataset stores urban objects (8,196,003 buildings; 238,736 vegetations; 2,381,6698 streets; 430,364 UrbanTiles; 430,464 UrbanPatches) from thirty major cities in the United States. It also aggregated morphological features for each UrbanTile. To validate the performance of the developed dataset, a sample test was conducted in one city subset (Portland). The results conclude that the linear increase of time usage of modeling and simulation with the increase of building numbers. With the tiled data structure, the proposed dataset is also efficient for the building microclimate estimation.

Multilayer External Enclosing Wall Structures with Air Gaps or Channels

Precise meanings of thermophysical processes taking place in air gaps have decisive importance in composite cladding structure systems’ calculation and modeling. The climatic load conditions in Kazakhstan can significantly affect the microclimate of premises in general. In this work, a review study is carried out to obtain the relevant scientific literature on enclosing structures with air gaps under various climatic conditions. The review mainly covers research institutes from Sweden, Norway, France, Saudi Arabia, Russia, and China. On the issue of the air gap parameter’s influence on thermophysical processes, 16 papers were analyzed, and on the issue of air infiltration, 12 papers were analyzed. However, the review shows a lack of research in this area under various climatic conditions. At the same time, experience has shown that the principle of multilayer protection from climatic influences creates a favorable microclimate in buildings, but due to a possible temperature drop, wall structures made of composite building materials can be quite favorable under some conditions, and under others they may be less favorable. Therefore, working out a new energy-saving design with air gaps for climatic conditions with large temperature fluctuations during summer and winter is an urgent task.

Research on the influence of courtyard space layout on building microclimate and its optimal design

The inner courtyard is an important transition space for mass exchange and heat transfer between the internal space of courtyard buildings and the external environment. A good layout of courtyard space is conducive to building energy efficiency and human thermal comfort. In the paper, we analyze the impacts of different design schemes of the spatial layout on the microclimate of inner courtyard space using field measurements and numerical simulation methods. The analysis of the measured data presents the main meteorological factors affecting the thermal comfort of the courtyard. The magnitude of the effects is ranked as air temperature, total solar radiation intensity, near-surface air flow rate, and relative humidity. Results of the ENVI-met simulation show that changing the cover of different underlying surface types leads to different microclimate regulation effects in the sense that the temperature and relative humidity in summer drops up to 3.53 °C and 15.59%, respectively and in winter increase up to 3.97 °C and 37.21%, respectively. This paper proposes that lawn ground, marble ground, water surface and landscape tree coverage of 25%, 25%, 50% and 75%, respectively, are suitable design schemes for the inner courtyard space of library.

Maintaining microclimate in livestock buildings by anaerobic processing of own materials (Manure)

Environmental problems with a growing trend and the shortage of traditional fuel and energy resources make it relevant to use alternative renewable energy sources in agriculture. From this position, the processing of manure as an energy renewable raw material using biogas technology, which is based on the process of methanogenesis, is able to autonomously provide remote small farms with energy – biogas, biofertilizer and electricity. The results of experimental studies have shown: the speed of air entering the barn with 150 heads of cattle varies across the width of the room at different sections, in the range of 0.1 … - 0.1 m / s, along the length in the range of 0.2 … -0.2 m / s from the standard temperature, air velocity (0.25 m / s); the air temperature across the width of the barn in different sections along the height varies within 3 … -3 ° C from the standard temperature (+ 12 ° C), the gas composition within five hours varies within: ammonia (0.1 … 0.23 mg / kg); carbon dioxide (0.21-0.26 mg/kg); hydrogen sulfide (0.01-0.025 mg/kg), which meets the regulatory requirements of the microclimate of the premises for cattle.

Analysis of the Interior Microclimate in Art Nouveau Heritage Buildings for the Protection of Exhibits and Human Health.

Poor air quality inside museums can have a double effect; on the one hand, influencing the integrity of the exhibits and on the other hand, endangering the health of employees and visitors. Both components can be very sensitive to the influence of the internal microclimate, therefore careful monitoring of the physical parameters and pollutants is required in order to maintain them within strict limits and thus to reduce the hazards that can be induced. The current study considers the determination and analysis of 15 indicators of the internal microclimate in an Art Nouveau museum built at the beginning of the 20th century in the Municipality of Oradea, Romania. The monitoring spanned a period of seven months, between September 2021 and March 2022, targeting three rooms of the museum with different characteristics and containing exhibits with a high degree of fragility. The results show that, although there are numerous indicators that have exceeded the thresholds induced by international standards, the possible negative impact on the exhibits and/or on human health remains moderate. This is due to the fact that, most of the time, exceeding the permitted limits are small or only sporadic, the values quickly returning to the permitted limits. Thus, only 22 of the 212 days of monitoring recorded marginal conditions regarding the quality of the indoor air, the rest having acceptable and good conditions. To improve the indoor conditions, a more careful management is needed, especially regarding the values of temperature, humidity, particulate matters, natural and artificial light, volatile organic compounds (VOC) and formaldehyde (HCHO), which during the measurements recorded high values that fluctuated in a wide spectrum. The obtained results can represent the basis for the development and implementation of long-term strategies for stabilizing the microclimatic conditions in the museum in order to preserve the exhibits preventively and to ensure a clean and safe environment for people.

Assessment of thermo-hygrometric environment of historic museum building in Constantine-Algeria

Assessing the indoor microclimate of heritage and historic buildings is important to preserve them and their contents and study their decay and damage processes. This study aims to evaluate the thermo-hygrometric environment, and its impact on the exhibited objects and visitors’ comfort of an old Ottoman Palace (Ahmed Bey) converted into a museum. The National Museum of Traditional Arts and Cultural Expressions-Ahmed Bey Palace-is located in Constantine, North East of Algeria, characterized by a semi-arid climate. The building has internal courtyards and does not have an HVAC system. The most critical thermo-hygrometric parameters have been calculated and assessed in the exhibition’s permanents rooms using the HD32.3 datalogger during the winter period from January to March of 2019. The measured data were compared to acceptable values suggested by the Italian Standard UNI 10829 for artefact preservation and to the corresponding external outdoor conditions. The results show that the interior conditions of exhibition rooms are mainly dependent on the external climatic conditions. The air temperature values are out of the acceptable range, while the relative humidity values are higher than the acceptable values. Thus, the monitoring parameters are not reasonably acceptable for the preservation of the kind of objects exhibited and the thermal comfort of visitors.

ЕКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНІ ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ ТЕПЛОПРОВІДНОСТІ ТЕПЛОІЗОЛЯЦІЙНИХ МАТЕРІАЛІВ ІЗ МІНЕРАЛЬНОЇ ВАТИ

According to the analysis of domestic and foreign literature sources, it is noted that reducing energy consumption to create an optimal microclimate of buildings involves reducing heat loss through external enclosing structures. Construction of new buildings and thermal modernization of existing ones is carried out with the use of different properties of thermal insulation materials, passport data of manufacturers on their characteristics need to be clarified in determining the energy efficiency of buildings. Mineral wool was selected for experimental studies of thermal insulation material used to improve the thermal insulation shell. The energy efficiency of mineral wool was studied using an installation with a climate chamber with a homogeneous heat flux over the cross-sectional area of ​​the sample. To register the change in the amount of heat flux, thermocouples were used, which are located at different points of the climate chamber with a sample of mineral wool. Data on the change in temperature during the observation period before the stabilization of the heat flux was determined by the automatic registration unit. The change in time of the temperature regime at different points of the mineral wool sample is obtained. The thermal conductivity, which characterizes the efficiency of the thermal insulation material made of mineral wool, was calculated according to the known Fourier formula for stationary thermal regime from the values ​​of the temperature difference in the characteristic cross sections of the sample. The discrepancy between the values ​​of thermal conductivity of the investigated sample and the passport data of thermal conductivity of mineral wool provided by its manufacturer is revealed.

MODERN REQUIREMENTS FOR MAINTAINING INDOOR MICROCLIMATE PARAMETERS

The article deals with the problematic issues of compliance with the parameters of the microclimate of the premises. These problems are especially relevant for regions with a sharply continental climate in Southern Siberia and Northern Kazakhstan. The actual specific heat losses through building envelopes in these regions are twice as high as those regulated by building codes. The solution of this problem will ensure the normative parameters of the microclimate in buildings.

Analysis of the air exchange in livestock building through the computational fluid dynamics

Increasing consumption of meat and meat products worldwide is closely linked to improving the living environment for livestock. According to zoo experts, the appropriate microclimate in buildings leads to improved metabolic processes in their cultivation and contributes to their rapid weight gain. The issue of raising new-borns and young animals is especially relevant. Achieving optimal parameters of the microclimate in the premises, together with the necessary veterinary care for new-borns reduces stress and mortality in them. The above requires the implementation of new and modern engineering solutions in the design and construction of livestock buildings. The use of numerical simulations, through CFD programs for modelling and solving engineering problems, as well as the creation of adequate mathematical models, is a prerequisite for reducing the time and resources to solve a problem. Based on the accumulated experience of the authors on the microclimate in livestock farms in this publication, a numerical simulation of air exchange in a livestock building for breeding sows with young piglets is presented. The physical model, research and analysis are realized in the middle of Ansys Fluent. Two models of air exchange organization in the livestock building are proposed. The obtained data on the temperature and speed fields in the building will lead to an improvement of the microclimate in the considered site. In addition, they could serve as a basis for conducting the next series of computer simulations. The built models can be adapted for other building constructions for breeding other types of animals. The analysis of the data and a more in-depth examination of the factors related to animal husbandry could help to increase pork yields on livestock farms

Analysing the Main Standards for Climate-Induced Mechanical Risk in Heritage Wooden Structures: The Case of the Ringebu and Heddal Stave Churches (Norway)

Studying, controlling and extrapolating the indoor microclimate of historical buildings have always been at the forefront among numerous preventive conservation strategies, especially in case of buildings made of organic hygroscopic materials, e.g., wood. The variations and fluctuations of the microclimatic variables, namely temperature (T) and relative humidity (RH), could have a detrimental effect on the mechanical properties of wooden objects, works of art and structures. For this reason, through the years, several guidelines have been provided by standards and protocols about the optimal microclimatic conditions that should be ensured to avoid the decay and the eventual catastrophic failure of heritage objects and buildings. In this work, two historical buildings entirely made of Scots pine wood have been analysed: the Ringebu and Heddal stave churches (Norway). These churches store several wooden medieval statues and paintings that are also susceptible to the effects of the microclimate. For this reason, the timeseries of the indoor relative humidity of the two churches have been analysed, in the framework of the indications provided by the standards. The criticalities of the existing protocols have been pointed out, emphasizing the need for systematically and periodically updated specifications, tailorable to a given case study of concern, without forgetting the ever-present needs of energy- and money-saving approaches.