Building Standard Law Of Japan Research Articles

Comparison of Individual Bored Pile Bearing Capacity Using the Results of Standard Penetration Test (SPT) and Pile Driving Analysis (PDA) Test of the Railway Bridge Foundation

Prediction of the bearing capacity of deep foundations using analytical methods from the results of the standard Penetration Test has been carried out until now due to practical consideration. However, with the many types of empirical formulas proposed by various researchers, it is necessary to test the validity of the values predicted by the empirical formulas. During the construction stage, the bearing capacity of deep foundations can be checked using the Pile Driving Analysis (PDA) Test. This study aimed to compare the foundation bearing capacity prediction results using analytical methods of Luciano Decourt (1982), Reese and O'Neil (1999), and Building Standard Law of Japan with the results from PDA test. The comparison indicate that the analytical method of Luciano Decourt (1982) predict bearing capacity with the smallest error rate, which is 1.97% to 38.99% with safaty factor (SF) 2 to 3 on a relatively homogeneous and heterogeneous soil conditions. Prediction of bearing capacity of bored pile foundations using analytical methods O'Neil & Reese (1999) and Building Standard Law of Japan provide better performance for soil types which is dominated by cohesive soils with safety factor (SF) 2.

Comparison between the seismic codes of Nepal, India, Japan, and EU

In this paper, we compare the seismic provisions of building codes from Nepal, India, Japan, and EU. A brief history of the development of Nepal National Building Code (NBC), Indian Standard Code (ISC), Building Standard Law of Japan (BSLJ), and Eurocode-8 (EC8) is presented. The main steps and considerations to calculate the fundamental natural period and base shear are highlighted. Thereafter, we computed the fundamental natural period and base shear of a prototype building from the high seismic region following the code provisions of NBC, ISC, BSLJ, and EC8. The sum of computations and reviews contend that NBC, ISC, and EC8 depict close results than the Japanese building code.

Fire propagation over combustible exterior facades exposed to intensified flame in Japan

With regard to fire safety for exterior walls of a building, fire-resistance performance is considered, according to the current Building Standard Law of Japan. And it was revealed that the fire safety is not specifically regulated from the viewpoint of reaction-to-fire performance, such as fire propagation caused by combustible materials or products installed on the exterior side of fire-resistant load-bearing walls. Actual fire incidents in the world have shown that massive facade fire could occur at the exterior side of building wall even when the wall itself is fire resistant. In previous studies of the authors, a test method of facade fire was proposed for evaluating the vertical fire propagation over an external wall within the same building [1,2]. Based on these studies, new domestic standard test method was established in Japan as JIS A 1310: 2015, Test method for fire propagation over building at the end of January 2015 [3]. But there was the argument that heat output of burner inside the combustion chamber was not sufficiently high in the previous study. In this paper, results of fire tests on combustible facades are discussed from the viewpoints of different strength of flame exposing facade. In this research, it was clearly found that JIS A 1310 with heat output of 900kW could be applicable for evaluating fire propagation behaviour over various types of combustible exterior facades. Language: en

Reaction-to-fire performance of fire-retardant treated wooden facades in Japan with respect to accelerated weathering

Wood has been used for building facades to enhance the aesthetic design of buildings since the revision to the evaluation method associated with the amendment of the Building Standard Law of Japan in 2000. In response, wood that has been pressure-impregnated with fire retardants (fire-retardant treated wood) is often used to ensure it is safe in the event of a fire. Currently, when fire-retardant-treated wood is tested for certification of reaction to fire performance, a cone calorimeter test is conducted in Japan. This test applies radiant heat to the surface of a square specimen, 100 mm each side, immediately after it has undergone fire-retardant treatment. However, when applying fire-retardant treatment to wood, aqueous chemical injection is the standard procedure. When wood is actually used to construct a building, there is a concern about environmental forces such as wind and rain that could cause the wood to deteriorate, and concerns about performance degradation associated with aging. One of the past studies in Japan [1] conducted a cone calorimeter test after an outdoor exposure test and accelerated weathering test, compared the post-test performance with the initial performance and confirmed the amount of remaining fire retardant in the treated wood had been reduced. However, no comparison of the fireproof performance of fire-retardant wood in actual use in a building facade had been conducted in Japan. There have been already valuable researches [e.g. 2, 3] on this issue internationally, but this paper is the first step in Japan and authors hope to focus on the wooden façade construction technique and the standard façade test in Japan.

Fire Spread Caused by Combustible Facades in Japan

With regard to fire safety for exterior walls of a building, fire-resistance performance is considered, according to the current building standard law of Japan. And it was revealed that the fire safety is not specifically regulated from the viewpoint of reaction-to-fire performance, such as fire propagation caused by combustible materials or products which are installed on the exterior side of fire-resistant load-bearing walls. Actual fire issues in the world have shown that massive facade fire could occur at the exterior side of building wall even when the wall itself is fire-resistant. In previous studies of the authors, a test method of facade fire was tentatively proposed for evaluating the vertical fire propagation over an external wall within the same building. Furthermore, especially at the high-density residential areas in Japan, fire spreading would occur mostly from window to window between adjacent buildings, while walls are not burning by facade fire. But in case of combustible facades, such as insulating materials, combustible coating, or even sandwich panel are installed on the wall surface, once they are ignited, facade fire would occur and accelerate both the fire propagation in the same building and the fire spreading to the adjacent building. In this paper, results of fire tests on combustible facades are discussed from the viewpoints of both vertical fire spread along facades and fire spread between adjacent buildings assuming the densely populated residential area in Japan. The tentative criteria were determined based on the time to reach 500°C and duration time exceeding 500°C on facade surface for vertical fire spread along facade. As for intensively burned cases, at 2500 mm height from upper edge of the opening, specimens of exterior thermal insulation system with 200-mm thick expanded polystyrene (EPS), aluminum composite panel with polyethylene core and wooden facade without fire-retardant treatment continued exceeding 500°C for 3.1 min, 5.7 min, and 3.6 min, respectively, that were longer duration compared with specimens of resin painting (approximately 1 min). On the other hand, the another tentative criteria were determined for horizontal fire spread to an adjacent building based on the duration time exceeding the calibration test’s peak incident heat flux on opposite surface 2000 mm from facade surface for horizontal fire spread to an adjacent building. At 500 mm height from upper edge of the opening, specimens of exterior thermal insulation system with high-density 100-mm thick EPS and wooden facade without fire-retardant treatment continued exceeding the peak incident heat flux of calibration test for 13.1 min and 13.6 min, respectively, while one specimen of resin painting and aluminum composite panel with polyethylene core continued for shorter duration of 4.2 min and 5.8 min, respectively, even though they showed relatively high peak facade surface temperatures.

Development of a “Space-Saving Model” for a One-Family Dwelling Case Study of Japanese Architecture with Space Limitations

The rapid globalization of building standards and codes in regards of contemporary housing and the growth of populations during this century demands an immediate response from designers in terms of space rationalizing to fulfill the forthcoming lack of architectural habitat on earth. The differences in culture imply a difference in the way of living, and the way of living indicates a contrast in the way of designing houses. A western house does not need an extra room covered with tatami mats for relaxation as a modern Japanese home would most likely do, as a separate living-like space. Organizations, among others, like CABO (Council of American Building Officials) and, in our specific case study, BCJ (Building Center of Japan) together with BRI (Building Research Institute) try to overcome these differences to provide better housing conditions to the world through the formulation of global designing and building standards. International publications like UBC (Uniform Building Code), IBC (International Building Code), OTFDC (One and Two Family Dwelling Code) and BSLJ (Building Standard Law of Japan) have also played an important role to globalize safety and design codes to better understand global housing under normal conditions. However, space limitations and concentration of human masses in mega cities result in a crucial new consideration: the urgent need of investigating the possibilities of rationally living within less space. Minimums provided by most codes do not take into account the space issue and overpopulation of large cities. Providing with some design recommendations for one-family dwellings has been the departure point and main motivation to carry out this case study based on actual buildings with the lack of space conditioning in a country where these conditions turn into reality.

Façade Tests on Fire Propagation along Combustible Exterior Wall Systems

With regard to fire protection for exterior walls of a building, only fire-resistive performance is considered, according to the current building standard law of Japan. In previous authors' studies, a new test method for evaluation of fire propagation along combustible cladding was proposed using primarily test specimens of facade walls with exterior thermal insulation without vent layers. In this paper, newly made results of facade fire tests also with other specimens of combustible facades, such as sandwich panels, photovoltaic sheets, combustible coating materials, and exterior insulation with vent layer, are discussed.

Axial Load Capacity of Cast in Place Piles from SPT and CPTU Data

This paper aims to deal with the assessment of axial load capacity for cast in place pile foundations, which are made by the earth drill method, by using the data taken from Standard Penetration Tests (SPTs) and Piezocone Penetration Tests (CPTUs). These tests were carried out as part of the investigation program for P.N.G. Terminal-Power Plant, near Semani beach, in Hoxhara marsh, in the western part of Albania. The design of axial load capacity of piles is based on empirical formula using SPT and CPTU values. This study presents the results of axial load capacity analysis of cast in place piles by different analytical calculation methods, which are based on in situ tests results, and also referring to the Building Standard Law of Japan. In the end of our work, differences between calculations methods by using different in situ tests results are shown in tables and graphs.

設計用エネルギースペクトル評価のための地盤増幅関数の提案

Establishment of a standard of seismic input ground motion, which prescribes its strength and characteristics, is recently an important issue in earthquake-resistant design of long-period structures. This report quantitatively evaluates the soil amplification characteristics which is one of the most important factors when determining seismic input ground motion. Most of the published reports on soil amplification are based on the evaluation of soil amplification characteristics. Soil amplification functions specifying design criteria are found only in the Notice of the Building Standard Law of Japan and a study by Akiyama. In previous report, therefore, the deep soil amplification function to estimate the energy spectrum for structural design was evaluated by multi-reflection theory according to the method proposed by Akiyama. In this report, soil amplification function for whole ground taking shallow soil layers in consideration is proposed. Shear-wave velocity structure of the ground is evaluated using trapezoidal models of both deep and shallow soil. For establishment of the soil amplification function, local features and unevenness of the soil characteristics are considered. Unevenness is evaluated by connecting soil amplification functions with a line segment to envelop them properly.

STUDY OF NEW TEST METHOD FOR EVALUATION OF FIRE PROPAGATION ALONG FAÇADE WALL WITH EXTERIOR THERMAL INSULATION

With regard to fire protection for exterior walls of a building, only ‘fire-resistive performance’ is considered, according to the current building standard law of Japan. And, fire propagation along combustible material installed at external side of fire-resistive wall is not specifically evaluated, even though combustion of external cladding could cause acceleration of the fire propagation along exterior walls, in some cases. In this study, new test method for evaluation of fire propagation along combustible cladding, was proposed and also, test specimens produced referring to facade wall with exterior thermal insulation were burned in order that the application of the method is demonstrated.

Comparison of Probabilistically Evaluated COF with the Base Shear Distribution of IBC and Japanese Code

In the earthquake resistant design concept, frame structures are usually designed with a column over design factor (COF) to ensure the preferable failure mode during earthquakes. Initially, in the present study, the failure modes of multistory ductile frame structures are investigated probabilistically by applying the first order reliability method (FORM). The base shear distribution of the International Building Code (IBC-2006), which adopted the seismic design provisions of ASCE 7-05, and the Ai distribution of the Building Standard Law of Japan are taken into account in this study. Based on the investigations, the target values of the COF that probabilistically ensure the preferable entire beam hinging failure mode prior to story collapse are evaluated and compared. The study has been conducted for different reliability levels and the corresponding COF values are presented in this paper.

Seismic Response of Moment Resistant Steel Frame with Hysteretic Damper Designed with ASD according to The Building Standard Law of Japan

Seismic Response of Moment Resistant Steel Frame with Hysteretic Damper Designed with ASD according to The Building Standard Law of Japan

COMPLIANCE OF BUILDING STANDARD ACT WITH BIM

The application of 3D CAD has been gradually expanded in Japan. However, the use of 3D CAD is limited. There is no methodology which makes full use of Building Information Modeling (BIM) especially for the compliance of the Building Standard Law of Japan. This research aims to make clear the structure of the Building Standard Law of Japan, and to establish the methodology of compliance of the Law with BIM. First, this paper analyzes the provisions of the law with a questionnaire for architects and inspectors from the standpoint of the application of BIM. Secondly, this paper extracts the necessary items to check the compliance of the law. They are numeral 3D shape data, text data and object position data. Thirdly, this paper shows two kinds of methodologies for the compliance of the law with BIM, and examines the maximum height of building, the height of eaves and the fire-resistance as case studies. Finally, this paper points out the effectiveness and problems of methodologies for the compliance of the Building Standard Law of Japan with BIM.

A Comparative Study on Building Standard Law of Japan and its Penal Provisions

A Comparative Study on Building Standard Law of Japan and its Penal Provisions

CYCLIC LOADING TESTS ON RETROFITTED RC FRAMES

This paper presents a new hybrid connection for installing an steel frame inside an existing RC frame. Three one-bay one-story non-ductile RC frames were retrofitted by steel braced frames with the help of hybrid connection technique. The scale factor of test specimens was 1/4-1/3, to model a low-rise school building designed according to the pre-1971 Building Standard Law of Japan. The specimens were tested under constant axial forces and cyclic horizontal loading. The experimentally observed behaviors exhibited that the propose hybrid connection can successfully transfer a relatively high shear force between the surrounding RC frame and the installed steel braced frame. Moreover, in case of non-ductile RC frames, the hybrid connection perfectly prevents the possible brittle shear failure of boundary RC columns. The hybrid connection method, in addition to obtaining superior structural performance, provides ease in construction at a building site, and minimizes the vibration, noise, and concrete dust of the retrofitting process.

Bond durability of kenaf core binderless boards I: two-cycle accelerated aging boil test

A two-cycle accelerated aging boil test was conducted on kenaf core binderless boards to estimate their bond durability. This is one of the methods to estimate the bond quality of kenaf core binderless boards, as stipulated by Notification 1539 of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, and Transport, October 15, 2001, for the Building Standard Law of Japan. Generally, retention ratios of modulus of rupture (MOR), modulus of elasticity (MOE), and internal bond (IB) strength after the boil test increased with increased pressing temperature. In particular, the MOR retention ratio of boards with a pressing temperature of 200°C (average 106.4%) was higher than that of a commercial medium-density fiberboard (MDF) (melamine-urea-formaldehyde resin) (average 72.7%), and the value sometimes exceeded 100%. The durability of kenaf core binderless boards with a pressing temperature of 200°C compared favorably with that of the commercial MDF (melamine-urea-formaldehyde resin), having almost the same retained strength values after the boil test.

天空率規定の適用建築物の実態に関する研究―東京都千代田区の実態から―

This study introduce “paragraph 7 of article 56” of The Building Standard Law of JAPAN from revision at 2003. It called “relaxation rule of setback regulation by sky factor (The Sky Factor)”. So, it is predicted of disorder townscape from a skyline and an open space layout at narrow road area.In this study, we investigate the actual condition and grasp it to clarify how the Townscape changed by The Sky Factor. Furthermore, we clarify the reality such as height of a completion building, site shape, site arrangement of a building, and analyze relation with the outskirts, disclose to influence on Townscape by The Sky Factor. Finally we reveal from now on The Sky Factor.

Buildings and Structures Specified in the Building Standard Law of Japan

Buildings and Structures Specified in the Building Standard Law of Japan

Wind Turbine Tower Optimization Method Using a Genetic Algorithm

A wind turbine tower optimization program was developed, using a genetic algorithm. This allowed a rational analysis to reduce the mass of turbine towers, by considering, for example, the distributions of diameter and wall thickness, and the positions of flanges and access ports to navigation lights. Both extreme and fatigue loads were calculated, based on wind turbine design requirements and the Building Standard Law of Japan. Therefore, the aero-elastic characteristics and the controller of each turbine were considered. Furthermore, sensitivities to some representative design parameters were also investigated in case studies of the SUBARU80/2.0, 2 MW turbine.

A Short Note for Dr. Watabe’s Review in 1974

In the preceding article, I reviewed two seismic design codes of the Building Standard Law of Japan, revised in 1981 and 2000, with the transition of Japanese seismic design codes. Having read the 1974 review by Dr. Makoto Watabe, I was most impressed by his comprehensive understanding of seismic structural systems for buildings – an understanding that is fresh even today, more than 3 decades later. He moves from the basic principles for seismic building design to earthquake-resistant properties of building. The general seismic design principles of buildings he has reviewed are very sound and introduced both in current seismic design codes I have reviewed and the seismic design of super high-rise buildings over 60 m high.