Interior Spaces Of Buildings Research Articles

Unravelling the User Perception: Evaluating Kenadsa's Heritage Office Building Performance Through Perceptual Dimensions and Behaviors

This study investigates the complex relationship between user perceptions and subsequent behaviors in the multisensory environment within Kenadsa’s heritage office building, located in the oasis of Bechar, Algeria. Using a combination of quantitative and qualitative subjective data collection methods, the research aims to assess the perceptual dimensions of the office building's interior space, thermal conditions and lighting environment, as well as to evaluate its performance based on users' perceptions and behaviors. The methodology includes in situ questionnaire surveys conducted after each user's work experience, complemented by thermal and visual assessments observation of the lighting during the winter and summer seasons. The results highlight the dynamic interplay between user perception and behavior, and provide valuable information for improving the design and functionality of heritage buildings in similar contexts.

Design method of axial compression stability for cross-section corrugated plate steel special-shaped column

Obtaining a larger moment of inertia and overall stability with smaller material input, which is an effective way to improve the bearing capacity and reduce the self-weight of structural columns. This paper proposes a cross-section corrugated plate steel special-shaped column (CCSC), which is based on the optimization design idea of steel profiled-shaped column section, combined with the comprehensive consideration of the overall stability of steel structure column members, material use efficiency and building interior space utilization rate. The new CCSC is composed of three parts: core square steel pipe, corrugated plate, and flange plate. The high-out-of-plane stiffness characteristic of corrugated plate is utilized to improve the section rotation radius. The three parts above are coordinated to resist lateral load. The square steel pipe and flange plate are the main vertical bearing plates. The new special-shaped column can obtain a larger moment of inertia and overall stability with a smaller material input, thus improving the bearing capacity. Through the combination of theoretical analysis and numerical simulation, the overall stability of the axial compression of CCSC are analyzed, and the instability modes and failure modes of CCSC are revealed. The design method and suggestions for the stability of CCSC under axial compression are put forward. Then, the overall stability design and application suggestion based on conventional square steel tube is given. The results show that the stability design method of CCSC under axial compression can effectively judge the instability mode of CCSC and obtain the ultimate bearing capacity of the whole member. Compared with square steel tube columns with regularized slenderness ratio greater than 0.8 in structural design, the CCSC has obvious advantages in overall stability and steel consumption.

Progressive Model-Driven Approach for 3D Modeling of Indoor Spaces

This paper focuses on the 3D modeling of the interior spaces of buildings. Three-dimensional point clouds from laser scanners can be considered the most widely used data for 3D indoor modeling. Therefore, the walls, ceiling and floor are extracted as the main structural fabric and reconstructed. In this paper, a method is presented to tackle the problems related to the data including obstruction, clutter and noise. This method reconstructs indoor space in a model-driven approach using watertight predefined models. Employing the two-step implementation of this process, the algorithm is able to model non-rectangular spaces with an even number of sides. Afterwards, an “improvement” process increases the level of details by modeling the intrusion and protrusion of the model. The 3D model is formed by extrusion from 2D to 3D. The proposed model-driven algorithm is evaluated with four benchmark real-world datasets. The efficacy of the proposed method is proved by the range of [77%, 95%], [85%, 97%] and [1.7 cm, 2.4 cm] values of completeness, correctness and geometric accuracy, respectively.

An Evaluation of Space Use Efficiency in Residential Houses, Kabul City

Space efficiency is one of the significant segments of building that requires consideration. This study focuses on the evaluation of space use efficiency in existing residential buildings and seeks to look at the current space use practices in interior design. The study analyzes (1) how the interior space of buildings is used. (2) Considering the architectural guidelines to evaluate the space deficit of buildings. Therefore, the study takes the form of a literature review, with direct observation used for data collection. A total of six residential houses were observed, with interior space dimensions and areas measured using measurement tools. Comparative analysis is a technique used for data analysis. The findings of this study revealed that most residential buildings are not meeting space use regulations and standards ascribed to not considering the interior design process and governmental building guidelines. Most of the constructed buildings were not properly designed, the architectural design procedure was not considered. The study concluded with suggestions for raising public awareness about architectural design significance, imposing governmental regulation and building laws, and eradicating nonengineered construction in the city. Findings will serve clients and municipalities; policymakers should concentrate on public awareness and imposing building laws to ensure affordable houses in Kabul city.

Influence of the Heterogeneity of Spatial Distribution of Peripheral Radio Equipment of 4G/5G Networks on the Level of Electromagnetic Background Created in Buildings

Known results of studies of the radio frequency electromagnetic background generated in buildings by electromagnetic radiation from the peripheral equipment of 4G/5G mobile communications , including equipment for massive machine-type communication /Internet of things ( mMTC / IoT ) and user’s devices for wireless telephony and data transmission , are based on the use of a model of uniform random distribution of this equipment over the building internal space . The adequacy of this model for the analysis of a number of 4G/5G scenarios is questioned due to the fact that , excluding user’s devices , the main part of the mMTC / IoT peripheral radio equipment located in buildings is distributed along the walls of the premises with a tendency to concentrate them near the intersections of flat surfaces of walls , floors and ceilings . Paper presents the results of comparative estimates of the average intensity of electromagnetic background inside building for different types of distribution of the set of point sources of RF electromagnetic fields over the building interior space : for their uniform distribution over internal space and for two types of heterogeneity of this distribution : for uniform distribution of sources over building internal surfaces and with their uniform distribution along the lines of intersection of these surfaces . Results of this analysis indicate a relatively small effect of the considered types of heterogeneity in the spatial distribution of radiation sources on the estimates of the electromagnetic background average intensity created by these sources inside the building , when using a technique based on the representation of the internal space of a building as a set of solid angles , which internal space separate sections are characterized by the constancy of the sources average space density and by the average conditions for radio waves propagation in the direction of the observation point .

A vector conversion method of building indoor space data based on attribute classification

Aiming at the problems of low data conversion efficiency, low accuracy and low data utilization rate after conversion in traditional methods, this paper proposes a vector conversion method for building indoor space data based on attribute classification. Firstly, the transformation process of data vectors is analyzed. Secondly, block matching detection and fusion recognition were carried out on the building interior space images, and fuzzy feature extraction method was used to optimize the collection and feature recognition of the building interior space data. Then, the attribute classification method is used to obtain the condition attribute and decision attribute of the data, and realize the building interior space data mining. Then, the K-means algorithm is used to cluster the indoor spatial data samples, and the wavelet transform method is used to de-noise the noisy data in advance. Finally, the obtained data is processed by vector transformation. The experimental results show that the data conversion efficiency of this method is high, and the data conversion accuracy and data utilization rate have been improved.

Engineering and scaling-up ceramic tiles with humidity self-regulation functionality

The humidity regulation in the interior spaces of buildings by means of passive solutions that do not require energy consumption is a topic of great interest due to the current needs for comfort and energy efficiency. This paper addresses the engineering of humidity regulating ceramic tiles that incorporate a functional coating formulated from gibbsite together with other common raw materials whose moisture regulating capacity has been demonstrated previously. A multi-layer coating tile system has been proposed, consisting of the following elements: an engobe layer, the functional coating with the regulating capacity, a decoration by inkjet technology and a protective topcoat glaze.This system has been analysed with moisture adsorption–desorption tests. The moisture regulation capacity and the effect of the coating thickness on this property have been determined, allowing to optimise the functionality.Finally, an analysis of the humidity regulation has been performed on the basis of demonstrators or small-sized cubicles that simulate the conditions of final use in rooms of buildings. The results show the different behaviour of the demonstrator with functional tiles in relation to conventional tiles, with an indoor ambient humidity that remains in the comfort zone for longer periods of time.

Assessing Photopic and Melanopic Daylighting Performance of Special Glazing System: A Full-scale Experiments

Abstract Comparative research on the influence of daylight and visual environment on melatonin oscillations and the performance of space users was realized in two identical rooms with different glazing at the Faculty of Civil Engineering of the Slovak Technical University in Bratislava. The glazing in the windows had significantly different transmittances of melanopic light. This article presents measured changes in the intensity of photopic and melanopic daylighting values inside the rooms on horizontal and differently oriented vertical plane. Photopic and melanopic illuminances were measured under cloudy and partly clear skies during several months in 2021 and 2022. The article is also partially devoted to the effect of light from a computer monitor on the spectral composition of light on the eye of a person working with a computer. The article also analyzes the problems associated with the evaluation of non-visual aspects of daylighting of the interior spaces of buildings.

The positive impact of wooden material on educational processes in the environment of Slovenian wooden kindergartens

Abstract Several scientific studies confirm that the colors, structures or materials used in the physical environment of interiors affect the human psyche. Wood, as a material applied in the interior spaces of buildings, is an attractor that, in addition to its static and structural properties with high environmental responsibility, also brings other benefits to users. It has a much greater impact on the society than we might think. The topic of applying sustainable materials and transforming them into newly-built, valuable and cultural architecture is currently also popular in connection with the new initiative the New European Bauhaus. The initiative has ambitions to use the existing national and international legislative frameworks, and to set sustainability rules with an interest in aesthetics and the involvement of communities in the creation of new living spaces. This paper aims to expand current scientific knowledge about the positive influence of wood material and its impact on educational processes in the architectural environment of kindergartens. Selected analyses and comparisons made it possible to assess whether the presence of wood material can positively affect the well-being of children in the physical environment of kindergartens. The article presents the results regarding children’s sensory perception, the feeling of safety, the feeling of a peaceful atmosphere. It aims to prove that interiors with exposed wood can improve the quality of teaching, can support social interaction and playful learning of children. The wood material is characterized in the presented author’s research as an interior, visible, massive material. Its design is authentic, with or without fine surface treatment, which does not degrade its visual-haptic-olfactory qualities. The study examines, analyzes and compares the architecture of kindergarten interiors in Slovenia. It interprets the results of practical research from the locations of Loče, Poljčane, Šoštanj, Polzela and Škofja Loka.

Characteristics of the electromagnetic environment created by radiations of user equipment of ...4G/5G/6G cellular (mobile) communications in buildings

The goal of the work is to substantiate the technique for assessing the intensity of electromagnetic background generated by the set of radiating user devices of mobile communications in multi-storey buildings. For known empirical models of radio wave propagation in buildings, expressions are obtained for the probability distribution density and expectation of the power flux density of electromagnetic fields generated inside building by these sources from various parts of the building's interior space: from the near zone with radio wave propagation conditions similar to free space; and from the far zone, for which, along with intense attenuation of radio waves due to internal obstacles, a «quasi-waveguide» propagation of radio waves along corridors and industrial premises is also possible in certain directions. Relationships are obtained for the average levels of individual components of the electromagnetic background, determined as scalar sums of power flux density values of the fields generated by the sets of radiating devices of both the near zone and the far zone as a whole or its individual parts, characterized by different conditions of radio wave propagation. A method is proposed for assessing the electromagnetic background inside buildings based on approximation of sections of the inner surface of the premises in which the observation point is located, and the outer surface of the building, in the inner space of which radiation sources are randomly distributed, by the corresponding sections of the inner and outer spherical surfaces that are the subtend areas of the corresponding solid angles, in space elements of which a different spatial densities and radiation powers of sources and different conditions of radio wave propagation are possible. The results can be used to analyze the electromagnetic ecology of habitat and the electromagnetic safety of population at the full-scale implementation of 4G/5G/6G mobile communications, as well as to analyze the electromagnetic compatibility of systems using frequency bands for mobile communications on a primary and secondary basis.

Implementation of a Ventilation Protocol for SARS-CoV-2 in a Higher Educational Centre

The most recent research confirms that airborne transmission may be the dominant mode of SARS-CoV-2 virus spread in the interior spaces of buildings. Consequently, based on some prescriptions that implemented natural ventilation during face-to-face lessons in a university centre, an experimental characterization of several complementary options aimed at reinforcing the prevention and safety of the occupants was carried out. The action protocol adopted was based on the combination of mandatory natural ventilation, a maximum contribution of outdoor air supply in the air conditioning system, and the use of filtering devices located inside the classroom. All the strategies were incorporated concomitantly with necessary compliance with the basic conditions of social distance, occupation, use of masks and guidelines for use and cleaning within educational buildings. The suitability of this protocol was further evaluated throughout the teaching day with students and teachers by measuring the CO2 concentration. The results showed that the measures implemented successfully removed the possible pollutants generated inside.

Simulation method for indoor airflow based on the Industry Foundation Classes model

Indoor airflow is an important factor affecting indoor thermal comfort and human health; it is also an important consideration for architectural design, ideal living environments, and green building fields. Currently, most building models required for indoor airflow simulation have been manually created by researchers, which is inefficient and error-prone in modeling. To overcome this problem, this study examines the similarities and differences between the general standard data model Industry Foundation Class (IFC) in the BIM (Building Information Model) and the spatial grid required for indoor airflow simulation and proposes a conversion method from an IFC model to spatial grid. This method uses the rich semantic, geometric, and relational information in the IFC model to automatically extract building interior space, divide numerical calculation grid, and map semantic attribute information to the spatial grid. On this basis, an integrated simulation framework is constructed with OpenFOAM to simulate the airflow movement of the indoor space of the building. The simulation results show that the method used in this study can automatically construct the spatial grid using existing IFC models without re-modeling, which provides important support for indoor airflow modeling. In addition, the integrated simulation framework connects model construction, simulation analysis, and other steps through tool chain. This process simplifies the simulation operation, provides convenience for indoor airflow simulation, is conducive to the wide use of indoor airflow simulation in architectural design and architectural design optimization, and also provides reference for related numerical simulation research and digital city modeling.

SPATIAL CONTINUITY OF THE PASSAGE SPACE IN STATION BUILDINGS AND THEIR SURROUNDING URBAN SPACES IN CENTRAL TOKYO

This paper attempts to clarify spatial continuity of the interior space of buildings and urban space in the center of Tokyo by analyzing of the spatial continuity of passage spaces in station buildings and their surrounding urban spaces. The station buildings are composed with not only gate for railway user but also department store, office, hospital and so on as a consequence of repeated extension or reconstruction of building and functionalization for multipurpose use to accommodate social demands and commercial requests in Japan. In this paper, the station building is defined as buildings include ticket gates for railway user or passes from exterior space to those ticket gates, and the spatial construction and continuity of passage space (Photo1, Fig. 1) as a penetrated urban space in those station buildings is analyzed. The Chapter 1 mentions about those background, purpose, and methods of this study. In the Chapter 2, the total number of entrances of passage spaces of station buildings of all 55 station samples is analyzed by planar shape (Table1), and the continuity of the passage space and exterior spaces on its entrance is analyzed in terms of two aspects of surface's continuity and spatial scale continuity (Fig. 2). In the Chapter 3, the spatial characteristic of the constituent space and its collateral spaces is analyzed in terms of the planar shape of the constituent space (Table2) and the variety or spatial depth of collateral spaces of its walls (Table3), and the spatial construction is classified into the 9 patterns of spatial construction concerning collateral aspect (Table4). In the Chapter 4, by using these 9 collateral patterns, the spatial continuity of passage spaces can be described by collating of its constituent spaces, the passage space of HACHIOJI Sta. is described and analyzed as an example (Fig. 3). And the spatial continuity of passage space of station buildings is analyzed by describing with collate patterns the spatial construction of all samples, and consecutive spaces, which has spatial consistency by same or similar collateral pattern, are extracted and analyzed by those spatial characteristics (Fig. 4). And furthermore, the spatial characteristics is divided into 4 type by analyzing the position of consecutive spaces (Table5) and consistency of spatial continuity (Table6). As a result of this chapter, two paradigm of mechanism about spatial continuity of passage space as determined by collateral spaces are clarified, distinctive trend of complexity of spatial continuity and articulation of passage space are examined. In the Chapter 5, the spatial articulation of passage spaces and continuity to urban spaces is analyzed by collating the continuity of the passage space exterior spaces on its entrance and the spatial continuity of passage spaces, and four tendencies of spatial continuity of passage space of station building in Tokyo are determined through the relationship of these frames (Fig. 5). As a result of this chapter, four fundamental model of spatial continuity of the interior space of buildings and urban space in the center of Tokyo are examined by comparing these tendencies and urban space in Tokyo. Finally, two paradigm and four fundamental models were isolated by deploying the above-mentioned data, which may be said to represent one aspect of the urban form of contemporary Tokyo, and which afford one possibly useful way of describing the urban spatial character Tokyo today.

Passive Double Skin Façade (DSF) Basic Components and Functions

Efficient building design is not impossible to be achieved in construction industry. Due to the various environmental issues that related to the building design, architects and people in the construction industry try to create an environmental friendly building design. Function as the main transition building element, building facade plays a major role to control and prevent the unnecessary elements from outside to enter the interior building space. Double Skin Facade (DSF) possessed a high potential to provide multifunction benefits to the building design, human and environment. There are various definitions that being applied to defined each of the DSF design and functions. This paper reveals some of the definitions and functions that related to the basic components for DSF such as cavity, inner and outer skin glaze facade and shading device. Each of the DSF's components has its own functions to provide a better building design. Information regarding on each of the DSF's components are highlighted that base on the literature review. All of the information is tabulates to identify the percentage of each basic component for DSF. This research reveals the definitions and functions regarding on the basic component for passive DSF as a source to increase the understanding and knowledge especially for those who are involved in the construction industry.

Architectural characteristics and environmental performance of byzantine houses and streets

This article investigates the environmental performance of common houses and streets during the Byzantine period. The aim is to provide information on different parameters related to bioclimatic architecture and enhance the knowledge on the environmental performance of traditional architecture in areas around the Eastern Mediterranean by linking it to the preceding Byzantine architecture. To this end, hypothetical, typical street configurations and domestic buildings were defined from the available literature, in combination with the information provided by the Byzantine Building Codes, concerning the common architecture of that period. Through the use of Design Builder® software, the principal results provide both qualitative and quantitative information on insolation and shading in street configurations, as well as on thermal and daylighting conditions in the interior spaces of buildings. Calculations and graphical analyses of these data are provided and examined. Finally, the conclusions show that the bioclimatic performance of common Byzantine architecture bears resemblance to that of the subsequent traditional architecture of the areas formerly occupied by the Byzantine Empire, in terms of efficient use of the limited materials and resources.

Factors influencing the value of daylight factor

Daylight has been used for centuries as the main source of light in the interior and has always been an implicit part of architecture since the buildings existed. Not only does it replace electrical lighting during the day, reducing electric power consumption, but it also affects heating and cooling, making it an important parameter in energy efficient design. Research has shown that daylight is a great asset to health and comfort, so it is crucial for building occupants. Daylighting of the interior spaces of buildings and their functionally defined parts is proposed according to visual activities. The minimum values for daylight factor are set for individual visual activities. This article deals with factors influencing the value of the daylight factor.

Modern Glass Constructions and Comfortable Urban Environment

The paper deals with the glass designs use for creating a comfortable living environment for urban people. Examples of a harmonious combination of building structures and natural objects are shown. Attention is paid to the external facade and the interior space of buildings, where glass constructions were used.

The colour rendering index and correlated colour temperature of dye-sensitized solar cell for adaptive glazing application

The colour rendering index (CRI) and correlated colour temperature (CCT) of transmitted daylight through a DSSC glazing is an essential parameter for building interior space comfort. Six small-scale dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) were fabricated by varying TiO2 electrode thickness, which offered luminous transmittance between 0.19 and 0.53. Below 0.5 transmittance, the CRI for this TiO2 electrode based DSSC glazing was less than 80. A strong linear correlation was found between CCT and CRI. The CRI of 53% transparent DSSC glazing had only 2.7% lower CRI than 77% transparent double glazing and 72% transparent vacuum glazing.

ICCM2015: A Comparison of RANS and LES Computational Methods in Analyzing Ventilation Flow Through a Room Fitted with a Two-Sided Windcatcher

A windcatcher is a structure for providing natural ventilation using wind power; it is usually fitted on the roof of a building to exhaust the inside stale air to the outside and supplies the outside fresh air into the building interior space working by pressure difference between outside and inside of the building. In this paper, the behavior of free wind flow through a three-dimensional room fitted with a centered position two-canal bottom shape windcatcher model is investigated numerically, using a commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software package and LES (Large Eddy Simulation) CFD method. The results have been compared with the obtained results for the same model but using RANS (Reynolds Averaged Navier–Stokes) CFD method. The model with its surrounded space has been considered in both method. It is found that the achieved results for the model from LES method are in good agreement with RANS method’s results for the same model.

The Behavior – Milieu Synomorphy of Communal Space in Desa Adat Tenganan Pegringsingan Bali Indonesia

Since hundreds of years ago, people of vernacular traditional <i>Desa</i> (Village) <i>Adat</i> (Custom) Tenganan Pegringsingan in Bali Indonesia, perform ritual activities throughout the year besides their non–ritual daily activities, in <i>desa</i> communal space. The activities mostly ritual, have been performed as manifestation of desa people life philosophy called “the cycle of life”, and based on their principles of mutual cooperation and togetherness called “sangkep”. It is not only the activities, but configuration and the lay out of buildings on communal space of <i>desa</i>, considered as persistent as well. In the context of spatial–behavior study, constellation between the activities, desa people, and the use of spaces, shown as a group of many standing pattern of behaviors–physical milieux, in other words circumjacent of physical milieu to standing pattern of behavior and vice versa occur, determine the behavior setting. It is known that the objective of cultural structure can be achieved, when interdependency between standing pattern of behavior with the physical milieu in a setting behavior occurs, called synomorph. The constellation indicates also correlation between behavior–milieu with <i>sangkep</i>, mostly with physical milieu in particular. This possibility comes up since most of buildings, other than housing compound residential units, were designed without or with half full building envelopes then a large amount of continuous space being formed by process of permeation of outdoor spaces into interior space of buildings. Based on those facts this paper is intended to discover the behavior–milieu synomorphy of traditional vernacular village Tenganan Pegringsingan behavior setting. Qualitative research as a source of universal method applied for assessment of whole objects, while descriptive analytical method applied for structuring in order to perform primary and secondary data concerning activities, desa people, and use of spaces. The spatial–behavior theory applied to assess <i>desa</i> communal space, in order to see the effectiveness of behavior–milieu of the communal space through the synomorphy of them. The results can give a new perspective of behavior–milieu synomorphy of different behavior setting, for all this time it has always been in the non–vernacular traditional perspective. Besides to reveal its correlation with <i>sangkep</i>, then the possibilities of evolving the behavior–milieu synomorphy of behavior setting with the more dynamic or endurable physical milieu.