Build-up System Research Articles

Soil Dynamics for Carbon Buildup in Different Land Use Systems in the South Region of Gujarat, India

Soil dynamics for carbon build-up vary across different land use systems. Understanding the soil dynamics and land use system management practices that contribute to carbon build-up is essential for designing effective carbon sequestration strategies. In a recent study, fifteen different land use systems were examined, including agriculture land-use systems, tree plantation land-use systems, and agroforestry land-use systems. The study assessed the potential of these land use systems to store carbon based on the extent of tree components. Various physical and chemical characteristics of the soil and their impact on soil carbon conservation were also investigated. The results showed that as the number of tree components increased, the soil pH and bulk density decreased from 6.10 to 5.55, and 1.48 to 1.33g/cm3. The available soil nitrogen was significantly higher in tree plantation land-use systems than in agriculture land use systems while soil moisture was higher in the latter. Tree components increase soil carbon build-up and agroforestry land use systems fulfill the requirement for human and environmental balance.

Surface strain at the cervical area and fracture strength of flared root canals reinforced using a zirconia tube and glass-fiber post

Background/purposeRecently, an effective core build-up system for teeth with flared root canals is needed. This research aimed to evaluate the effect of foundation restorations using a composite resin core with a fiber post reinforced with a zirconia tube for the surface strain at the cervical area and the fracture load of teeth with flared root canals. Materials and methodsBovine teeth were shaped to mimic human premolars with flared root canals and restored using three types of composite resin foundation restorations with each materials described below: a fiber post (FC), a zirconia tube (ZC), a fiber post and zirconia tube (ZFC). Each specimen was restored with a zirconia crown. The surface strains of the specimens at the cervical area and fracture loads were analyzed using a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by Tukey's honest significant difference test. ResultsThe surface strains of Groups ZFC and ZC were significantly lower than that of Group FC in the buccal root. The fracture strengths of Groups ZFC and ZC were significantly higher than that of Group FC. The strength of Group ZFC was significantly higher than that of Group ZC. ConclusionThe use of a composite resin core with a zirconia tube for the simulated premolar with flared root canals reduced surface strain at the cervical area and provided higher fracture strength compared to using a composite resin core with a fiber post. And the zirconia tubes provided even higher fracture strength when used with a fiber post.

Investigation of temperature gradient and solidification rate in laser-based powder bed fusion using a high-speed camera to evaluate local microstructure characteristics

Laser-based powder bed fusion of metallic materials is widely used in industrial application with major challenges for safety-critical components. However, the layerwise build-up and process parallel monitoring systems offer the potential of direct quality evaluation. This work proposes a novel process monitoring concept to enable the local evaluation of the solidification and consequently an estimation of the microstructure using an on-axis high-speed camera. Based on characteristic intensity values of the phase transitions, the solidification rate and temperature gradient in scan vector direction are determined. A linear regression model estimates the mean grain diameter along the melt path.

A composite resin core with a new zirconia tube reduces the surface strain at the cervical area of a mandibular molar: A model tooth study.

This study aimed to evaluate the surface strain at the cervical area of endodontically treated molars with a large pulp chamber restored using a composite resin core with three different types of core build-up systems. Reproduction models of human mandibular molars with prepared post spaces were used in this study. Roots duplicated with a composite resin were used as the experimental teeth. Three types of core build-up systems were used: composite resin core(RC), composite resin core with fiber posts (FC), and composite resin core with a prefabricated zirconia tube (ZC). Each group comprised eight specimens. Crowns made of yttria partially stabilized zirconia were cemented with dual-cure resin cement. Four strain gauges were attached to the surfaces of each specimen: the cervical area of the root and crown, on the buccal and lingual sides. The surface strain at each cervical area was measured using a static loading test and statistically analyzed. In the case of static loading to the buccal cusp inner slope, ZC showed a significantly lower strain than RC in the crown on the buccal side and in the root and FC in the root. In the central fossa, ZC showed a significantly lower strain than FC in the root on the lingual side. The prefabricated zirconia tube reduced the surface strain at the cervical area of the buccal/lingual root in molars; however, the effect was small in the cervical area of the crown.

Synthesis and Biological evaluation of some newer Pyrazole Derivatives

Pyrazoline is a 5-membered heterocyclic moiety has two adjoining nitrogen iotas and three carbon particles inside the ring. Pyrazoline subordinate are related wide scope of pharmacological and restorative exercises, for example, antibacterial, antifungal, pain relieving, calming, hostile to parasitic, against malarial, against oxidant. The ongoing work of exploration is fundamentally engaged at the revelation and improvement of a progression of 1,3,5-trisubstituted pyrazoline. A progression of new 1-phenyl-3-(4-nitrophenyl)- 5-(subbed phenyl) pyrazoline subordinates (2a-2j) were blended by the response of subbed acetophenone and subbed benzaldehyde within the sight of fluid sodium hydroxide arrangement by Claisen Schmidt buildup system. The subbed chalcone were integrated which is additionally dense with phenyl hydrazine in ethanol and results in the definition of conclusive subordinates of pyrazoline (2a-2j). The response blend was observed by TLC and the last mixes were refined by recrystallization from wanted dissolvable. All the structures of blended mixes were affirmed by FTIR, 1H NMR, mass unearthly information and essential investigation. All the recently combined mixes (2a-2j) were assessed for antibacterial and antifungal movement. Mixes 2f, 2i and 2h showed powerful inhibitory impact against on strains of both bacterial and parasitic species.

Practical investigation for the concept of a serial-type build-up force measurement system

This paper introduces a proposed design for the first Serial-type Build-Up System (S-BUS). The work includes the design and implementation of two S-BUS prototypes, the metrological characteristics of the prototypes were evaluated. The evaluation results prove the validity of the system practically. The paper also discusses the key differences between the Parallel Build-Up System (P-BUS) and the S-BUS, and what makes it important to study the S-BUS concept.

Calibration of Force Standard Machine by Build-up Force Transfer System in the Highest Range Up To 60 MN

There is an increasing demand for the large-scale force standard machine with a capacity higher than 20 MN. In this paper, the calibration method and procedure were developed according to a proposed traceability route and used to calibrate a 60 MN force standard machine. One 7.5 MN and six 20 MN force transducers and two 60 MN build-up systems were used as the force transfer standards. Uncertainty models of the build-up system and force standard machine were also developed. The calibration results show that it is possible to calibrate a 60 MN build-up force standard machine with a relative expanded measurement uncertainty smaller than 0.035% (k = 2) by two build-up systems, which were compared with themselves. The 60 MN build-up system, which worked as the force transfer standard, should be calibrated to confirm its systematic error and corrected by the error. Its uncertainty also could be estimated independently by the developed model.

Collaborative Agreement between the Regional Government of West Nusa Tenggara and the Private Sector through the Elements in the Build Operate Transfer System

This study aims to examine the arrangement of regional cooperation agreements with third parties through the Build-Up System based on Indonesian laws and regulations, and how the parties regulate the rights and obligations of the parties in the regional cooperation agreement with third parties in West Nusa Tenggara through the Build-Up pattern This research is a normative study so that the approach used is the legislative approach and case approach. The results of the research show that the legal source of cooperation in the management of goods belonging to the region is Law No. 23 of 2014 concerning Regional Government, Government Regulation No. 50 of 2007 concerning Procedures for Implementing Regional Cooperation, Regional Regulation of West Nusa Tenggara Province No. 8 of 2007 concerning Management of Regional Property.

Utilization of Communal Land (Ulayat) for Property Businesses with a Build-Up System through a Notary in Padang City

Padang is a city in Indonesia in which the presence of Ulayat (Communal Land) is still existed in the middle of its community. However, the recent world’s economy development, especially in the field of property business, reveals a very significant improvement, so that it demans land availability. The present research uses normative judicial research method. The result of discussion from the problem studied in this research showing that the implementation of profit sharing agreement for housing reveals that after profit sharing agreement, ganggam bauntuak (a term for utilization distribution of communal land) that makes the essence and the existence of ulayat (communal land) becomes more forgotten. The implementation of profit sharing agreement for shophouse shows that after profit sharing agreement, it is more tendencious to be maintained and preserved. Then, to provide certainty guarantee in terms of cooperation between both parties, it uses an agreement before a Notary as the party that plays in making authentic deed which is highly essential, because it can provide legal inputs and advices for the parties involved for the sake of keeping the parties’ interests. In Padang, the technical process of land registration is conducted by fulfilling terms and conditions that have been set in Circular Letter of Regional Head of National Land Agency of West Sumatera Province Number 500/ 88/ BPN-2007 Dated 8 February 2007. However, the implementation of right over land registration, both the first time registration or conversion and the data maintenance done in form of transferring, merging, and splitting, it does not have significant difference when related to profit sharing cooperation system based on concept; everything is processed based on standard provision.

Influence of build-up structure on the output of force transducer build-up system

As the primary force standard in the super large force range, force transducer build-up system played an important role to calibrate the build-up force standard with a capacity over 20 MN. To enhance the accuracy of the build-up system, the influence of build-up structure on the output of the build-up system was investigated. The parasitic components, including the side force and the additional moment, in three different build-up structures were analysed, and compared by the finite element simulation. The experiments of three 300 kN build-up systems of the three structures and a 60 MN build-up system were carried out. The experiment showed that the side force and the additional moment applied to the transducer had significant influences on the output of the transducer. The larger side force and additional moment, the larger the position error and the indication error of the BUS were. The side force and the additional moment should be minimized during the build-up structure design. The pendulum used in the build-up system could significantly reduce the additional moment generating on the transducer, especially after the pendulums were fixed on the balanced platen. The special build-up structure with the pendulum fixed on a balanced platen was verified as a proper build-up structure.

Effect of the load pad size on the output of the column-type force transducer

The size of the load pad had a significant effect on the output of the column-type force transducer. It was important to eliminate the influence when the transducer was loaded in a force transducer build-up system which worked as the primary force transfer standard. A common model of the output about the column-type force transducer affected by the shape of load pad was analysed. Seven load pads with various dimensions were designed and fixed on a 300-kN force transducer to investigate the influence of the dimension on the indication error of the transducer. The results showed that the load pad of the sphere–plane contact design would cause the smallest indication error but the largest contact stress. It was better to use the load pad of the sphere–sphere contact design with the spherical radius ratio of ball to cup equalled to 0.2. The spherical radius of the ball should be small under the permission of material strength. In addition, it was important to enhance the stiffness of the build-up system to eliminate the effect of the load pad size on the indication error of the transducer.

Rotation effects of force transducer on the output of the build-up system

To investigate the Rotation effects of the force transducer on the output of the build-up system, a common model about the output of the column type force transducer affected by the parasitic components, including the side force and additional moment, was proposed. Based on the model, the indication error and position error of the build-up system, which was calibrated following different procedures with and without rotating the position of the force transducer, were discussed. The verification experiments were carried out using three 300 kN build-up systems of common build-up structure with various thicknesses of the upper platen as well as a 300 kN and a 60 MN build-up system of a special build-up structure. The results showed that the force transducer loaded in a build-up system had strong rotation effects especially when the stiffness of the build-up structure was low. The rotation effects would cause large uncertainty to the output of the build-up system. The build-up system should be calibrated with testing the force transducers in three uniformly distributed positions over 360° to eliminate the effect and reduce the indication error of the build-up system. The rotation effects of the force transducer had little effect on the position error of the build-up system, which verified that the position error of the build-up system was often much smaller than that of single force transducer. Besides, the stiffness of the build-up structure should be enhanced in the design of the build-up system. The special build-up structure was a proper design to eliminate the rotation effects.

Effects due to the misalignment of build-up systems for force measurements in the Meganewton range

Calibration of force transducers in the Meganewton range is typically performed by comparison with reference build-up systems (BUS) under hydraulic presses for high loads. The centring of a BUS is a difficult operation due to its weight and dimension, and possible misalignments and the resulting effects are usually neglected. In this work the effect on force measurements due to a 3 mm misalignment of a 3 MN BUS was evaluated. Measurements were performed at INRiM and at LNE in hydraulic presses. It is shown that the relative measurement errors due to misalignment were lower than the declared CMC uncertainty, thus the shift of the BUS did not influence the measurements.

Design for 2 MN dead-weight and build-up hybrid force standard machine

Based on the requirement for high accuracy and large range DWM in China. The paper describes a design of the 2 MN dead-weight and build-up hybrid force standard machine, which would be established by Fujian Province Institute of Metrology, Fuzhou, China. The design has covered 1) main specifications; 2) main construction; 3) Finite Element Analysis (FEA) of key units, etc. It solves the technology defects of counter-force phenomenon existing in traditional DWM through rational weights combination and independent loading of each weights. Setting up a servo control method to ensure the loading speed of the weights is controllable, so as to enhance the accuracy of the machine. The build-up system in the DWM is designed to preload and calibrate the dynamometer less than class 0.05. Besides the auxiliary systems designed make the machine more intelligent and convenient.

Calibration of a 30 MN Material Testing Machine According to ISO 7500-1 Using a Force-Transducer Build-Up System

New developments in the field of structural engineering and regenerative power engineering require new testing facilities with forces in the two-digit meganewton range. For this purpose, a 30 MN testing machine for tensile and compressive testing was built at MPA Braunschweig and TU Braunschweig. The nominal load of this machine is thus greater than the largest European primary standard for tensile and compressive forces. To enable traceability to this standard up to 30 MN, a parallel connection of force transducers, a so-called build-up system (BU system), was used. For this purpose, the results of a EURAMET-funded research project (EMRP SIB 63) were used and further developed to enable a connection according to Standard ISO 7500-1. The procedure and the results are described in the following.

Preparation of 50 kN Specialized Standard Force Device at CQMQ

The Specialized Standard Force Device (in short: SSFD) was designed to keep the metrology of the working dynamometers (300N∼50kN). The push-pull gauge (digital display type and pointer type) (in short: PP) and tension-meter were the main measurement objects. The working principle of the SSFD was introduced in the paper. It was a build-up type system, innovative designs have been applied: the 1st, the precision angle changing mechanism has been developed to study the affection of the loading direction; the 2nd, the fixture system has been designed to assemble and disassemble working dynamometers conveniently and efficiently; the 3rd, the specified arrangement was adopted to control the movement of the movable beam. The machine was designed to apply the force up to 50kN in compression direction and pull direction respectively.

Design and metrological evaluation of the new 5 MN hexapod-shaped multicomponent build-up system

The new 5 MN hexapod-shaped multicomponent build-up system (HSM-BUS) represents significant progress in the field of reference transducers in the high force range. As with any build-up system, the presented hexapod-shaped multicomponent force transducer can lead, not only to measure forces 5 times higher than the capacity of a each single uniaxial force transducer (UFT), but gives also information about the other components of the force vector and of the moment vector. Furthermore, the calibration of such types of multicomponent force transducer regards only the calibration of the signal outputs coming from each UFT and the calibration of the geometry of the system. In this work, an a priori evaluation of the expected uncertainty is performed. As a first approximation, the effects of the calibration uncertainties of UFTs and of the geometrical tolerances given on the construction drawing were considered. Subsequently, with a finite element simulation of the mechanical behavior of the 5 MN HSM-BUS under load, a mathematical model of elastic deformations has been evaluated and applied for evaluating and correcting the systematic errors due to the deformation of the geometry under load.

Bonding effectiveness and multi-interfacial characterization of two direct buildup resin core systems bonded to post-space dentin.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the bonding effectiveness of two resin core buildup systems using conventional methods in the field of adhesive dentistry and a new non-destructive method. Twenty-four single-rooted human teeth were built up with dual-cure one-step self-etch adhesive and composite systems (SY1: Clearfil DC bond and Clearfil DC core automix, SY2: Clearfil bond SE one and Clearfil DC core automix one). The prepared samples were sectioned into approximately 1×1-mm-thick beams and subjected to micro-tensile bond strength (μTBS) testing (n=24). The fractured beams after μTBS testing were analyzed by SEM and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectrometry. The three teeth filled with each resin core system were sectioned and embedded in epoxy resin to observe the dentin-bonding interface under TEM (n=6). Moreover, three of each resin core-filled teeth without any processing were examined using μCT (n=6). Two-way ANOVA revealed that the two factors "root region" (p<0.001, F=15.22) and "system" (SY1<SY2; p<0.001, F=22.52) had a significant influence. The μTBS gradually decreased from the coronal side to the apical side of the root canal. Morphological evaluation revealed that SY2 was superior in terms of resin curing at the apical side. μCT non-destructive evaluation clearly revealed gap formation in SY1. SY2, which included a new light-independent catalyst, showed better bonding effectiveness and adhesive interface to dentin compared to that of SY1. The new catalyst, which is activated by contact with adhesive and resin composite, can be used for resin core buildup restorations.

The influence of a balanced structure on the rotation effect of a build-up system

The influence of a balanced structure on the rotation effect of a build-up system was investigated using an orthogonal array, which can efficiently reduce the total number of experiments. Based on mechanical analysis, four primary influence factors of the balanced structure were specified, including the thickness, material and shape of the balanced platen, and the height of the bearing outer ring. Finite element method (FEM) was employed to investigate the relationship between four factors and the maximum differential of the horizontal side force (Fm) on a force transducer in the measurement of different orientations. We found that by decreasing the Fm, less rotation effect of the build-up system would be. The results of FEM simulations and the related assumption were validated by orthogonal-array experiments results. Furthermore, FEM simulations for the effects of the height of the bearing outer ring demonstrated that the magnitude of Fm initially decreases with increasing the height of the bearing outer ring, but then levels off.

Influence of Light Intensity on Surface Free Energy and Dentin Bond Strength of Core Build-up Resins

We examined the influence of light intensity on surface free energy characteristics and dentin bond strength of dual-cure direct core build-up resin systems. Two commercially available dual-cure direct core build-up resin systems, Clearfil DC Core Automix with Clearfil Bond SE One and UniFil Core EM with Self-Etching Bond, were studied. Bovine mandibular incisors were mounted in acrylic resin and the facial dentin surfaces were wet ground on 600-grit silicon carbide paper. Adhesives were applied to dentin surfaces and cured with light intensities of 0 (no irradiation), 200, 400, and 600 mW/cm(2). The surface free energy of the adhesives (five samples per group) was determined by measuring the contact angles of three test liquids placed on the cured adhesives. To determine the strength of the dentin bond, the core build-up resin pastes were condensed into the mold on the adhesive-treated dentin surfaces according to the methods described for the surface free energy measurement. The resin pastes were cured with the same light intensities as those used for the adhesives. Ten specimens per group were stored in water maintained at 37°C for 24 hours, after which they were shear tested at a crosshead speed of 1.0 mm/minute in a universal testing machine. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and a Tukey-Kramer test were performed, with the significance level set at 0.05. The surface free energies of the adhesive-treated dentin surfaces decreased with an increase in the light intensity of the curing unit. Two-way ANOVA revealed that the type of core build-up system and the light intensity significantly influence the bond strength, although there was no significant interaction between the two factors. The highest bond strengths were achieved when the resin pastes were cured with the strongest light intensity for all the core build-up systems. When polymerized with a light intensity of 200 mW/cm(2) or less, significantly lower bond strengths were observed. CONClUSIONS: The data suggest that the dentin bond strength of core build-up systems are still affected by the light intensity of the curing unit, which is based on the surface free energy of the adhesives. On the basis of the results and limitations of the test conditions used in this study, it appears that a light intensity of >400 mW/cm(2) may be required for achieving the optimal dentin bond strength.