Build-up Of Bacteria Research Articles

Does Nesting Material Affect Wood Duck (Aix sponsa) Nest Box Selection, Reproduction, and Eggshell Bacteria?

Wood Ducks (Aix sponsa) are secondary cavity nesters that use natural cavities and artificial nest boxes, the latter of which has been attributed to the recovery of populations across the southeastern US. Continual use of these boxes results in a buildup of bacteria, parasites, and other pathogens. To avoid the accumulation of these deleterious organisms, best management practices include the occasional removal of old nesting material (i.e., wood shavings) and replacement with fresh wood shavings. No studies have been performed on the effects of shaving material on nest box selection, nest success, and bacterial growth. We monitored 142 and 111 nest boxes in Florida and Georgia, USA, respectively, and filled a random sample with aspen or cedar shavings. We then swabbed the surface of 144 and 150 eggs during 2020 and 2021, respectively, to screen for culturable bacteria. We detected no effect of shaving type on nest box selection, nest success, or egg surface bacterial growth. We found 3-8 bacterial colony types (1-123 colony-forming units [CFU]/box) and 1-8 bacterial colony types (3-382 CFU/box) among the Georgia and Florida samples, respectively. We detected no effect from shaving type on Wood Duck reproduction or bacterial growth in the sampled nest boxes. We concluded that both shaving types are suitable nesting materials for box-nesting Wood Duck populations and the continued use of either would be a reasonable decision for managers.

Optimization artificial neural network classification analysis model diagnosis Gingivitis disease

<span lang="EN-US">Gingivitis is a disease that can be caused by the buildup of bacteria and plaque caused by leftover food. This disease can attack anyone, especially children who are not aware of maintaining dental and oral health. This study aims to build and optimize the classification analysis model for the diagnosis of Gingivitis. The classification analysis model was built using the artificial neural network (ANN) method which was optimized using fuzzy logic and the multiple linear regression (MRL) method. Optimization with fuzzy aims to develop a pattern of rules in the detection. The MRL method is also used as a process of measuring analysis patterns to ensure the analytical model presents maximum results. The results study indicate that the optimization of fuzzy and MRL methods provides excellent output. These results are based on the fuzzy output which can provide a pattern of 40 rules. The MRL method is can present the level of correlation of each analysis variable with a significant output having an average value of 94.2%. Based on the results of this study, the analysis model that is optimized with the fuzzy logic method and MRL contributes to maximizing the process of diagnosing Gingivitis.</span>

The Efficacy of Dzarirah oil (Acorus calamus L.) Against Bacteria Propionibacterium Acnes that Induce Maskne Disease

Maskne is a pimple that occurs as a result of using a mask with hot ingredients and using it for too long. Maskne is a new term that comes from the word mask plus acne. According to dermatologists, the continuous use of masks causes a build-up of bacteria and dirt that clogs the skin pores and triggers acne and other skin problems. The reason is, the skin area around the cheeks and chin does not get air circulation because it is covered by a mask. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the World Health Organization require the use of masks for all people around the world to prevent exposure to the Corona virus which causes COVID-19 infection. However, there are effects from using this mask in the form of pimples and other facial skin irritations. The Maskne triggered by infection of Propionylbacterium acnes which plays a role in irritation of the follicular epithelium and facilitates the occurrence of Maskne. Medical treatment is mostly done is by giving topical and oral antibiotics which are relatively more expensive and can cause side effects. As an alternative medicine in the community, dzariroh (Acorus calamus L.) can be used which has been scientifically proven to have antibacterial activity. Dzarirah is a type of plant that is mentioned in the hadith to treat the acne of the wife of Rasulullah SAW. The prophet's wives told that one day the Prophet met them. Rasulullah then saw among them a kind of pimple grew. Rasulullah then asked, "Do you have the perfume of dzarirah ?." They said they had. Rasulullah said, "Put your pimples on while reading a prayer, 'O Allah, who reduce the large and the small ones, reduce my acne'." The α and β asarone compounds are antimicrobial compounds that can inhibit the growth of P. acne bacteria. The results showed that dzarirah oil could inhibit the growth of Propionibacterium acnes bacteria at a concentration of 2.5% while killing at a concentration of 25%. Dzarirah oil is effective in inhibiting the growth of Propionibacterium acnes bacteria at a concentration of 2.5% and is a MIC (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration). Dzarirah oil is proven to be effective in killing Propionibacterium acnes bacteria at a concentration of 25% and is an MBC (Minimum Bactericidal Concentration).

Prevalence of self-reported halitosis and associated factors in 15 years old male students in Karbala City-Iraq

Background׃ Halitosis is a common condition and is most often caused by a buildup of bacteria in the mouth because of gum disease, food, or plaque. It can result in anxiety among those affected, it is also associated with depression and symptoms of obsessive compulsive disorder. The aim of this study isto assess the prevalence of self-reported halitosis and associated factors (dental plaque, gingival condition and dental caries) in 15 years old male students in Karbala city in Iraq. Additionally, we studied adolescents’ concern with their own breath and whether anyone had ever told them that they had halitosis. Methods׃ A cross sectional observational survey was conducted to15 years old high school students from public and private schools in the city of Karbala, Iraq. The random sample consisted of 400 adolescents from 44 schools. An interview with a structured questionnaire was administered along with measurement of oral parameters (PI, GI, DMF). Results׃ The prevalence of self-reported halitosis was 48.50% according to question one. Prevalence of halitosis according to total score of questionnaire was 86.5%. 13.5% reported that they didn’t have halitosis. It is concluded that there is high prevalence of self-reported halitosis, which is associated with a socioeconomic pattern. Most adolescents report concern with their own breath. Dental plaque and gingival status are associated significantly with self-reported halitosis. The high prevalence of self-reported halitosis according to questionnaire among the students may be due to the consumption of garlic or spicy food, in addition dental plaque, gingivitis and dental caries cause increase in volatile silver compound level which cause increase in halitosis. Conclusion׃ Self-reported halitosis is a prevalent situation in about 50% of adolescents in Karbala city. Patients’ self-reported halitosis is found to be associated with dental plaque, gingivitis and dental caries.

Sanitary Ware with Easy Cleaning and/or Antibacterial Properties

Abstract When the sanitary ware (ceramicplus) was launched it was one of the first product in consumer market that offered a surface based on nanotechnology. (ceramicplus) is a ceramic material that is modified by sol-gel methods, the so called wet-chemical nanotechnology thus creating a material of very low surface energy which results in a particularly dirt-repellent and easy-care surface. A further innovative surface is called (activecare). This ceramic glaze contains small quantities of antibacterial silver ions which prevent the build-up of bacteria and ensures hygienic cleanliness. Independent tests by renowned research institutes have verified the properties and long-term effect of (ceramicplus) and (activecare). Because of its water- and dirt-repellent properties (ceramicplus) requires minimum care without influencing the established good properties typical of ceramic materials. The roughness and hardness of ceramicplus is not significantly different from those of conventional ceramic glaze for sanitary ware. Scrubbing tests have proven that only the long-run use of highly abrasive cleaning agents – like scouring powder – may scratch the surface and impair the properties of (ceramicplus) as well as conventional ceramics. Thanks to the easy-care properties of these functionally modified ceramic surfaces such aggressive cleaning agents are not required for cleanliness.

Improved Techniques for Production of Tobacco Budworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Eggs

An improved method for production and collection of tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F.), eggs is described. Small wooden cages were replaced with a larger cage constructed of metal that provided more space for moths to move and oviposit. Replacement of pupa containers with wire-mesh trays permitted emerging moths easier access to oviposition screens. Removing feeding dishes from inside the cage and placing them on top gave moths easy access to food. An antibiotic added to adult diet prevented buildup of bacteria. In 1984 we increased egg production 4-fold compared with previous years and reduced the hours of labor required from 8 to only 4 per day.

Bacteria in the coelenteron of Anthozoa: Control of coelenteric bacterial density by the coelenteric fluid

Coelenteric bacterial densities of four Mediterranean anthozoan species, Parazoanthus axinellae (Schmidt), Anemonia sulcata (Pennant), Leptopsammia pruvoti (Lac.-Duth.), Cladocora cespitosa (L.) and one tropical species, Stoichactis giganteum (Forskal) were investigated in situ and under controlled laboratory conditions. Bacterial densities of the coelenteric fluid (CF) of all species obtained from in situ investigations were generally higher than those of the ambient water. Incubation experiments with the CF indicate that all species release bacteriolytic substances if bacterial number exceeds a threshold density; below this critical value there is a build-up of bacteria in the coelenteron.

Xanthomonas oryzae . [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria

Abstract A description is provided for Xanthomonas oryzae . Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On Oryza sativa . Natural infection of Leersia oryzaides, Leersia oryzaides var. japonica and Zizania latifolia [Zizania aquatica] is known (Mizukami & Wakimoto, 1959). Natural infection of Cyperus rotundus and C. difformis was reported in India (48, 460), but inoculation of these hosts in the Philippines failed (48, 1689). By inoculation many wild species of Oryza (45, 1789), Leptochloa filiformis (48, 1689), L. chinensis, L. panacea and Zizania aquatica (48, 1683) have all been found susceptible. DISEASE: Bacterial blight of rice and kresek disease of rice. Blight most commonly appears on leaves of young plants, after planting out, as water-soaked stripes at the margins. These enlarge and coalesce to give the characteristic yellowish lesions with wavy edges that occur mainly along the margins of the upper parts of the leaves. These lesions may later expand to cover much of the leaf, which turns whitish or greyish and dies. Leaf sheaths of the more susceptible varieties may be affected. Kresek, which occurs in tropical regions, is a strong systemic infection in which leaves or whole young plants wither and die. In older plants the leaves become pale yellow. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Limited to Asia (CMI Map 304, ed. 2, 1964). Occurrences not shown on this map include Korea, Taiwan and Indonesia (Mizukami & Wakimoto, 1969). TRANSMISSION: Spread locally by wind and rain and also by flood and irrigation waters; gains entry to the field in infected planting material, to the nursery in seed, and to both nursery and field from volunteer rice plants and weed hosts usually via the irrigation water. Overwintering may occur on volunteers, on or in the rhizospheres of weed hosts, in stored infected straw and in seed, but it is unlikely in soil and plant debris exposed to the weather, at least under Japanese conditions (Mizukami & Wakimoto, 1969). Infection is through hydathodes and wounds. Penetration through stomata results in a build-up of bacteria in the intercellular spaces, but it is not until they have been exuded on to the leaf surface and re-admitted through the hydathodes and thence into the vascular system, that symptoms of the disease appear (46, 2720).

Studies on the laboratory soiling of milking equipment

SummaryA laboratory method has been developed for studying the action of chemical disinfectants on milking equipment using a wet film and both metal and rubber surfaces. It was shown that milking machines may be soiled as effectively with fresh milk of low bacterial content as with aged milk of high bacterial content. When a single heat treatment preceded the soiling with milk and subsequent treatment with detergent and chemical disinfectant, a build-up of bacteria began on the third day. However, when the surfaces were heat treated daily 18 h before soiling, followed by cleaning and disinfection, no build-up occurred. These findings support the hypothesis that contamination of milk results from bacteria developing on the milking equipment and not merely from those added to it at each milking. The sites of bacterial contamination were shown to be the under surfaces of lid gaskets and the joints of the short milk tubes and the metal clawpiece nipples.